ARDS及呼吸支持.ppt
内容wARDS的概念及流行病学wARDS的病理生理w指南中ARDS的诊断标准的思考wARDS与无创通气w压力容积环wARDS的肺保护性通气w肺复张的理论与实践w肺复张与PEEPw不同复张方法的差异w肺复张的副作用w肺复张存在的问题第1页/共98页内容wARDS的概念及流行病学wARDS的病理生理w指南中ARDS的诊断标准的思考wARDS与无创通气w压力容积环wARDS的肺保护性通气w肺复张的理论与实践w肺复张与PEEPw不同复张方法的差异w肺复张的副作用w肺复张存在的问题第2页/共98页wALI/ARDS是在严重感染、休克、创伤及烧伤等非心源性疾病过程中,肺毛细血管内皮细胞和肺泡上皮细胞损伤造成弥漫性肺间质及肺泡水肿,导致的急性低氧性呼吸功能不全或衰竭。急性肺损伤急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征诊断治疗指南急性呼吸窘迫综合征诊断治疗指南(2006)中华医中华医学会重症医学分会学会重症医学分会第3页/共98页w临床上表现为进行性低氧血症和呼吸窘迫,肺部影像学上表现为非均一性的渗出性病变。第4页/共98页第5页/共98页w2005年ALI/ARDS发病率分别在每年79/10万和59/10万。wKingCountyisthe12thmostpopulouscountyintheUnitedStates.RubenfeldGD,CaldwellE,PeabodyE,etal.Incidenceandoutcomesofacutelunginjury.NEnglJMed,2005,353:1685-1693第6页/共98页w严重感染ALI/ARDS患病率25%50%;w大量输血40%;w多发性创伤11%25%;w严重误吸时,ARDS患病率也可达9%26%;w同时存在两个以上危险因素时,患病率进一步升高。第7页/共98页w危险因素持续作用时间越长,ALI/ARDS的患病率越高,危险因素持续24、48及72h时,ARDS患病率分别为76%、85%和93%。IribarrenC,JacobsDR,SidneyS,etal.Cigarettesmoking,alcoholconsumption,andriskofARDS:a15-yearcohortstudyinamanagedcaresetting.Chest,2000,117:163-168.第8页/共98页内容wARDS的概念及流行病学wARDS的病理生理w指南中ARDS的诊断标准的思考wARDS与无创通气w压力容积环wARDS的肺保护性通气w肺复张的理论与实践w肺复张与PEEPw不同复张方法的差异w肺复张的副作用w肺复张存在的问题第9页/共98页wALI/ARDS的基本病理生理改变是肺泡上皮和肺毛细血管内皮通透性增加所致的非心源性肺水肿。急性肺损伤急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征诊断治疗指南急性呼吸窘迫综合征诊断治疗指南(2006)中华医中华医学会重症医学分会学会重症医学分会第10页/共98页正常肺泡毛细血管结构w肺泡毛细血管膜间质部毛细血管肺泡第11页/共98页ALI早期w肺泡毛细血管膜损伤、肺泡结构存在w间质轻度水肿影响气体交换肺泡毛细血管膜间质部第12页/共98页ALI间质水肿期w肺泡毛细血管膜损伤w间质明显水肿,呼气期肺泡受压萎陷显著影响气体交换肺泡毛细血管膜间质部第13页/共98页ALI实变肺泡w肺泡毛细血管膜和表面活性物质损伤w间质、肺泡明显水肿、肺泡内无气体显著影响气体交换肺泡毛细血管膜间质部第14页/共98页肺水肿间质肺泡水肿期w肺泡毛细血管膜结构完整w肺泡进入液体,气水混合,明显影响气w体交换肺泡毛细血管膜间质部第15页/共98页w急性左心衰竭导致的高静水压性肺水肿wARDS的弥漫性肺泡损伤引起的是高通透性肺水肿,高蛋白性肺泡水肿第16页/共98页w肺容积减少:ARDS机械通气治疗着眼点和难点。w肺顺应性降低;w通气/血流比例失调;急性肺损伤急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征诊断治疗指南急性呼吸窘迫综合征诊断治疗指南(2006)中华医中华医学会重症医学分会学会重症医学分会第17页/共98页肺容积肺组织容积肺气体容积功能残气量(FRC)的减少,参与气体交换的肺泡减少第18页/共98页w肺容积减少的原因和机制:w肺组织重量增加导致肺泡和终末气道塌陷;w肺泡水肿导致通气减少;w心脏和腹腔导致的压迫性肺不张;第19页/共98页海绵模型(spongymodel)学说GattinoniL,CaironiP,PelosiP,etal WhathascomputedtomographytaughtusabouttheacuterespiratorydistresssyndromeJ.AmJRespirCritCareMed,2001,164(9):17011711第20页/共98页内容wARDS的概念及流行病学wARDS的病理生理w指南中ARDS的诊断标准的思考wARDS与无创通气w压力容积环wARDS的肺保护性通气w肺复张的理论与实践w肺复张与PEEPw不同复张方法的差异w肺复张的副作用w肺复张存在的问题第21页/共98页w目前ALI/ARDS诊断仍广泛沿用1994年欧美联席会议提出的诊断标准:急性起病;氧合指数200mmHg不管呼气末正压(PEEP)水平;正位X线胸片显示双肺均有斑片状阴影;肺动脉嵌顿压18mmHg,或无左心房压力增高的临床证据。如PaO2/FiO2300mmHg且满足上述其它标准,则诊断为ALI。第22页/共98页w氧合指数200mmHg不管呼气末正压(PEEP)水平;w为什么不在乎“PEEP”的水平?第23页/共98页w第4个诊断标准:PAWP18mmHgw难道ARDS的患者,就不能有左心衰竭或高容量状态,而有左心衰竭或高容量状态的患者,就不能患有ARDS?第24页/共98页wPAWP18mmHg一定是急性左心衰竭所致?w液体复苏导致高容量状态、高PEEP或平台压,甚至测定方法不当。w有研究显示PAWP18mmHg患者预后差。FergusonND,MeadeMO,HallettDC,eta1HighvaluesofthepulmonaryarterywedgepressureinpatientswithacutelunginjuryandacuterespiratorydistresssyndromeIntensiveCareMed,2002,28:1073-1077第25页/共98页内容wARDS的概念及流行病学wARDS的病理生理w指南中ARDS的诊断标准的思考wARDS与无创通气w压力容积环wARDS的肺保护性通气w肺复张的理论与实践w肺复张与PEEPw不同复张方法的差异w肺复张的副作用w肺复张存在的问题第26页/共98页wALI/ARDS患者氧疗的目的是改善低氧血症,使动脉血氧分压(PaO2)达到6080mmHg。wNIV在ARDS中的应用却存在很多争议。第27页/共98页w一项RCT研究显示,与标准氧疗比较,NIV虽然在应用第一小时明显改善ALI/ARDS患者的氧合,但不能降低气管插管率,也不改善患者预后。DelclauxC,LHerE,AlbertiC,etal.Treatmentofacutehypoxemicnonhypercapnicrespiratoryinsufficiencywithcontinuouspositiveairwaypressuredeliveredbyafacemask:Arandomizedcontrolledtrial.JAMA,2000,284:23522360.第28页/共98页w指南推荐:ALI/ARDS患者慎用NIV。w哪些病人可以使用?第29页/共98页wARDS患者神志清楚、血流动力学稳定,并能够得到严密监测和随时可行气管插管时,可以尝试NIV治疗。w如果预计患者的病情能够在4872h内缓解。第30页/共98页w合并免疫抑制的ALI/ARDS患者。w实体器官移植w血液系统肿瘤w恶性肿瘤患者第31页/共98页w如NIV治疗12h后,低氧血症和全身情况得到改善,可继续应用NIV。若低氧血症不能改善或全身情况恶化,提示NIV治疗失败,应及时改为有创通气。w禁忌症与无创通气禁忌症一致。第32页/共98页内容wARDS的概念及流行病学wARDS的病理生理w指南中ARDS的诊断标准的思考wARDS与无创通气w压力容积环wARDS的肺保护性通气w肺复张的理论与实践w肺复张与PEEPw不同复张方法的差异w肺复张的副作用w肺复张存在的问题第33页/共98页第34页/共98页第35页/共98页w曲线为S形状,可分为三个部分:w下端曲线平坦部分w假使呼气末肺容量太低,是因呼气末小而远端肺泡将发生萎陷。在每一次吸气时必须使用额外的“打开肺泡的压力”,使这些萎陷的肺区能够开放。第36页/共98页w曲线中间陡直(直线)部分:压力和容积的变化呈线性关系容积显著增大、压力轻度升高人工气道机械通气气压伤发生的机会少对循环功能的抑制轻呼吸做功少w陡直段的容量是肺组织能耐受的潮气量是自主呼吸和机械通气的适宜部位第37页/共98页w上部曲线平坦部分:曲线的这一部分表示肺泡弹性最大。压力进一步增加不会引起较大容量的增加(UIP),肺泡间隔过度牵张可导致弹性的丧失。有损害肺泡结构的危险,即肺泡气压/容积伤。第38页/共98页Jonson B,Richard JC,Straus C,Mancebo J,Lemaire F,Brochard L.PressureVolume Curves and Compliance in Acute Lung Injury:Evidence of Recruitment Above the Lower Inflection Point.Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;159:1172-1178低位转折点低位转折点之上仍有肺之上仍有肺组织复张组织复张第39页/共98页TheP-VCurvewOntheexpiratorylimbw呼气支的最大曲率点压力wthepointofmaximumcurvature(PMCEX)theareawherethemaximumvolumechange/unitpressureoccursduringexhalationthemaximumPEEPrequiredtopreventderecruitment第40页/共98页TheP-VCurvewthesetwo“points”identifytherangeofPEEPneededinARDSPflex=theminimumPMCEX=themaximumwIdeally,acompleteP-VshouldbepreformedonallpatientsidentifyingthesepointstoallowaccuratesettingofPEEP第41页/共98页内容wARDS的概念及流行病学wARDS的病理生理w指南中ARDS的诊断标准的思考wARDS与无创通气w压力容积环wARDS的肺保护性通气w肺复张的理论与实践w肺复张与PEEPw不同复张方法的差异w肺复张的副作用w肺复张存在的问题第42页/共98页w指南推荐:对ARDS患者实施机械通气时应采用肺保护性通气策略,气道平台压不应超过3035cmH2O。第43页/共98页ARDS的肺保护性通气策略w小潮气量(6ml/kgIBW)避免过度膨胀造成的容积伤(volutrauma)w足够的PEEP防止肺泡复张造成的剪切力损伤(atelectrauma)第44页/共98页w允许性高碳酸血症(PHC)是采用小潮气量(46mlkg),允许动脉血二氧化碳分压一定程度增高(4080mmHg)。wPHC是肺保护性通气策略的结果,并非ARDS的治疗目标。第45页/共98页w酸血症往往限制了允许性高碳酸血症的应用,目前尚无明确的二氧化碳分压上限值,一般主张保持pH值7.20,否则可考虑静脉输注碳酸氢钠。w颅内压增高是应用允许性高碳酸血症的禁忌证。Theacuterespiratorydistresssyndromenetwork:Ventilationwithlowertidalvolumesascomparedwithtraditionaltidalvolumesforacutelunginjuryandtheacuterespiratorydistresssyndrome.NEnglJMed,2000,342:1301-1308.第46页/共98页w压力控制或压力支持通气控制气道峰值压力,保证ARDS患者的气道压不会超过设定的吸气压力,避免高位转折点的出现。第47页/共98页ARDS的肺保护性通气策略患者数患者数潮气量潮气量病死率病死率作者作者小潮气量小潮气量对照对照小潮气量小潮气量对照对照小潮气量小潮气量对照对照P值值Amato29246.1 0.211.9 0.53871 0.001Stewart60607.2 0.810.6 0.250470.72Brochard58587.2 0.210.4 0.247380.38Brower26267.3 0.110.2 0.150460.60ARDSnet4324296.3 0.111.7 0.131400.007Villar50457.3 0.910.2 1.234550.041第48页/共98页小潮气量通气的问题LVt(n=15)CVt(n=15)P valueVt,ml411 55664 84 0.01Vt,ml/kg6 110 1 0.01setPEEP,cmH2O10 410 4n.s.PEEPtot,cmH2O11 411 4n.s.Pplat,cmH2O23 830 10 0.01Richard JC,Maggiore SM,Jonson B,Mancebo J,Lemaire F,Brochard L.Influence of Tidal Volume on Alveolar Recruitment:Respective Role of PEEP and a Recruitment Maneuver.Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;163:1609-1613第49页/共98页小潮气量通气的问题LVt(n=15)CVt(n=15)P valuePaO2,mmHg136 80156 82n.s.PaO2/FiO2,mmHg165 84183 83n.s.SaO2,%94.8 5.097.6 2.1 0.05PaCO2,mmHg60 3538 21 0.001pH7.21 0.17.36 0.1 0.001SBP,mmHg125 25121 20n.s.DBP,mmHg60 960 10n.s.HR,bpm101 1593 15n.s.Richard JC,Maggiore SM,Jonson B,Mancebo J,Lemaire F,Brochard L.Influence of Tidal Volume on Alveolar Recruitment:Respective Role of PEEP and a Recruitment Maneuver.Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;163:1609-1613第50页/共98页小潮气量通气的问题Richard JC,Maggiore SM,Jonson B,Mancebo J,Lemaire F,Brochard L.Influence of Tidal Volume on Alveolar Recruitment:Respective Role of PEEP and a Recruitment Maneuver.Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;163:1609-1613第51页/共98页内容wARDS的概念及流行病学wARDS的病理生理w指南中ARDS的诊断标准的思考wARDS与无创通气w压力容积环wARDS的肺保护性通气w肺复张的理论与实践w肺复张与PEEPw不同复张方法的差异w肺复张的副作用w肺复张存在的问题第52页/共98页ARDS的肺开放EditorialOpen up the lung and keep the lung openB.LachmannB.LachmannDept.of Anesthesiology,Erasmus University Rotterdam,The NetherlandsDept.of Anesthesiology,Erasmus University Rotterdam,The Netherlands(1992)18:319-321(1992)18:319-321第53页/共98页肺复张的各种方法wCPAP(SI)wincrementalPEEPwPCV(HighPEEP)wSigh(modified)wHFOVw俯卧位w第54页/共98页RM能够使肺开放RM:PIP45cmH2O,PEEP35cmH2Ox1minHalter JM,Steinberg JM,Schiller HJ,DaSilva M,Gatto LA,Landas S,Nieman GF.Positive End-Expiratory Pressure after a Recruitment Maneuver Prevents Both Alveolar Collapse and Recruitment/Derecruitment.Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;167:1620-1626第55页/共98页肺复张能够改善ARDS氧合Lapinsky SE,Aubin M,Mehta S,Boiteau P,Slutsky AS:Safety and efficacy of a sustained inflation for alveolar recruitment in adults with respiratory failure.Intensive Care Med 1999,25:1297-1301.A sustained inflation using a pressure of 30 to 45 cmH2O was applied for 20 s.第56页/共98页SI改善氧合Tugrul S,Akinci O,Ozcan PE,Ince,S,Esen F,Telci L,Akpir K,Cakar N.Effects of sustained inflation and postinflation positive endexpiratory pressure in acute respiratory distress syndrome:Focusing on pulmonary and extrapulmonary forms.Crit Care Med 2003;31:738-744Sustained Inflation:45 cmH2O x 30 s第57页/共98页SI改善氧合Frank JA,McAuley DF,Gutierrez JA,Daniel BM,Dobbs L,Matthay MA.Differential effects of sustained inflation recruitment maneuvers on alveolar epithelial and lung endothelial injury.Crit Care Med 2005;33:181-188Sustained Inflation:30 cmH2O x 30 sTwice with 1 min interval第58页/共98页叹气的设置Lim CM,Koh Y,Park W,Chin JY,Shim TS,Lee SD,Kim WS,Kim DS,Kim WD:Mechanistic scheme and effect of extended sigh as a recruitment maneuver in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome:A preliminary study.Crit Care Med 2001;29:1255-1260充气阶段,每30秒PEEP增加5cmH2OVt减少2ml/kg前2次呼吸除外直至Vt2ml/kg,PEEP25cmH2O暂停阶段CPAP30cmH2Ofor30s放气阶段第59页/共98页叹气改善氧合Lim CM,Koh Y,Park W,Chin JY,Shim TS,Lee SD,Kim WS,Kim DS,Kim WD:Mechanistic scheme and effect of extended sigh as a recruitment maneuver in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome:A preliminary study.Crit Care Med 2001;29:1255-1260第60页/共98页叹气的设置Patroniti N,Foti G,Cortinovis B,Maggioni E,Bigatello LM,Cereda M,Pesenti A.Sigh Improves Gas Exchange and Lung Volume in Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Undergoing Pressure Support Ventilation.Anesthesiology 2002;96:788-94Baseline:PSVSigh:BIPAPPEEPhigh=1.2 x PIPpsv or35 cmH2OTi,s=3 5 sf=1 bpm第61页/共98页叹气改善呼吸力学及氧合Patroniti N,Foti G,Cortinovis B,Maggioni E,Bigatello LM,Cereda M,Pesenti A.Sigh Improves Gas Exchange and Lung Volume in Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Undergoing Pressure Support Ventilation.Anesthesiology 2002;96:788-94第62页/共98页内容wARDS的概念及流行病学wARDS的病理生理w指南中ARDS的诊断标准的思考wARDS与无创通气w压力容积环wARDS的肺保护性通气w肺复张的理论与实践w肺复张与PEEPw不同复张方法的差异w肺复张的副作用w肺复张存在的问题第63页/共98页RMvs.PEEPLim CM,Lee SS,Lee JS,Koh Y,Shim TS,Lee SD,Kim WS,Kim DS,Kim WD.Morphometric Effects of the Recruitment Maneuver on Saline-lavaged Canine Lungs:A Computed Tomographic Analysis.Anesthesiology 2003;99:71-80第64页/共98页RMvs.PEEPLim CM,Lee SS,Lee JS,Koh Y,Shim TS,Lee SD,Kim WS,Kim DS,Kim WD.Morphometric Effects of the Recruitment Maneuver on Saline-lavaged Canine Lungs:A Computed Tomographic Analysis.Anesthesiology 2003;99:71-80第65页/共98页RMvs.PEEPLim CM,Lee SS,Lee JS,Koh Y,Shim TS,Lee SD,Kim WS,Kim DS,Kim WD.Morphometric Effects of the Recruitment Maneuver on Saline-lavaged Canine Lungs:A Computed Tomographic Analysis.Anesthesiology 2003;99:71-80第66页/共98页为什么肺复张作用不能持久?baseline3minpost-RM30minpost-RMPaO2/FiO2(mmHg)1394624611113839PaCO2(mmHg)48.612.147.61346.412SvO2(%)70.46.172.45.6706.2Qs/Qt(%)30.85.821.59.729.27.4Crs(ml/cmH2O)34.112.636.915.135.713.5Oczenski W,Hrmann C,Keller C,Lorenzl N,Kepka A,Schwarz S,Fitzgerald RD.Recruitment Maneuvers after a Positive End-expiratory Pressure Trial Do Not Induce Sustained Effects in Early Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome.Anesthesiology 2004;101:620-5第67页/共98页为什么肺复张作用不能持久?w肺复张的方法?SI:50cmH2Ox30sw作者认为Oczenski W,Hrmann C,Keller C,Lorenzl N,Kepka A,Schwarz S,Fitzgerald RD.Recruitment Maneuvers after a Positive End-expiratory Pressure Trial Do Not Induce Sustained Effects in Early Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome.Anesthesiology 2004;101:620-5第68页/共98页RM+PEEPvs.RMvs.PEEPLim CM,Jung H,Koh Y,Lee JS,Shim TS,Lee SD,Kim WS,Kim DS,Kim WD.Effect of alveolar recruitment maneuver in early acute respiratory distress syndrome according to antiderecruitment strategy,etiological category of diffuse lung injury,and body position of the patient.Crit Care Med 2003;31:411-418第69页/共98页RM+PEEPvs.RMvs.PEEPLim CM,Jung H,Koh Y,Lee JS,Shim TS,Lee SD,Kim WS,Kim DS,Kim WD.Effect of alveolar recruitment maneuver in early acute respiratory distress syndrome according to antiderecruitment strategy,etiological category of diffuse lung injury,and body position of the patient.Crit Care Med 2003;31:411-418RM+PEEPRM only第70页/共98页RM后的PEEP能够稳定肺泡Halter JM,Steinberg JM,Schiller HJ,DaSilva M,Gatto LA,Landas S,Nieman GF.Positive End-Expiratory Pressure after a Recruitment Maneuver Prevents Both Alveolar Collapse and Recruitment/Derecruitment.Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;167:1620-1626第71页/共98页RM后的PEEPLim CM,Adams AB,Simonson DA,Dries DJ,Broccard AF,Hotchkiss JR,Marini JJ.Intercomparison of recruitment maneuver efficacy in three models of acute lung injury.Crit Care Med 2004;32:2371-2377第72页/共98页PEEP的设置wRM之后通常将PEEP设置在能够维持PaO2(防止塌陷)的水平w最初将PEEP设置为20cmH2Ow然后将FiO2减小到最低水平维持SpO29095%w每2030分钟降低PEEP2cmH2O直至患者SpO2下降第73页/共98页PEEP的设置w氧合下降前的PEEP水平防止大部分肺泡塌陷的PEEPw一旦确认,则需重复肺复张操作,然后把PEEP和FiO2重新设置在上述水平w最佳氧合法最佳氧合法第74页/共98页PEEP的设置w如果将PEEP设置于20cmH2O后,仍发现PaO2/FiO2显著下降按照最初的PEEP设置25cmH2O重复肺复张然后按照上述方法调节FiO2和PEEP第75页/共98页PEEP的设置w将PEEP从不必要的高水平逐渐降低w不要将PEEP由低水平增加到高水平第76页/共98页PEEP/FiO2的调整推荐意见w降低PEEP之前应当首先降低FiO2,以避免肺泡塌陷w一般情况下FiO2应当减低到5min)时w如果没有观察到氧合下降,则需要每日进行一次或两次肺复张未知第91页/共98页Howhighapressure?Howlongatime?wpeakairwaypressureof46cmH2OtorecruitcollapsedlunginARDSpatientsGattinonietalAJRCCM1986w3540cmH2OCPAPfor3040secpriortoestablishingalungprotectiveventilatorystrategywhenevermechanicalventilationwasdisruptedAmatoetalNEJM1998第92页/共98页Howhighapressure?Howlongatime?wInapatientwithsepticARDSinitialrecruitmentmaneuverswith40cmH2OCPAPfor40secfailedPEEP40cmH2OPEEPandPCV20cmH2OatanI:Eratioof1:1witharateof10bpmfor2minutestofullyrecruitthelung第93页/共98页Whatisclearisthattheoptimalmethodoflungrecruitmentinsuringmaximalefficacyandsafetyhasnotbeendetermined第94页/共98页WhatisSuccessfulRecruitment?wPaO2/FIO2ratio300mmHg第95页/共98页w美国的ARDS临床网,由美国国家心肺血液研究所(NationalHeart,Lung,andBloodInstitute,NHLBI)和国家健康研究所(theNationalHeart,Lung,andBloodInstitute,NIH),于1994年开始建立,其工作目标是对有望改善ARDS病人状况的药品、器械、治疗方案和治疗策略,组织多中心的临床验证,提供规范地前瞻、随机、对照设计方案和统计总结发表研究结果。第96页/共98页whttp:/www.ardsnet.org/index.php第97页/共98页w谢谢大家!谢谢大家!w新春快乐!新春快乐!第98页/共98页