主语和谓语精讲学习资料.docx

主语和谓语精讲一、主谓一致三原则主谓一致是指谓语动词与主语在人称和数上保持一致，主谓一致必须遵循三原则:语法一致原则，意义一致原则，就近一致原则。1、语法一致原则：指主语是单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式，主语是复数形式，谓语也用复数形式。Tom is a good student.汤姆是个好学生。They often play football on the playground.他们经常在操场上踢足球。2、意义一致：指主语形式上为单数，但意义为复数，因此谓语动词用复数形式，或主语形式上为复数，但表示单数意义，这是谓语动词用单数形式。My family are having lunch now.我们一家人现在正吃午饭。Twenty dollars is too expensive for the book.这本书20美元太贵了。3、就近一致:指谓语动词用单数形式还是用复数形式，取决于最靠近他的主语。例如:Not only the teacher but also his students like playing football.不仅老师喜欢踢足球，而且他的学生也喜欢踢足球。There is a pen and some books on the desk.课桌上有一支钢笔和一-些书。01动名词、动词不定式、不定代词作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。 Looking after the children is his full- time job.  照看这些孩子是他的全职工作。 To hold the Olympic Games is a rich prize for a country.举办奥运会对于一个国家来说是一种无上的荣耀。 Nothing is impossible for a willing heart. 心之所愿，无所不成。【特别注意】what引导的从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；但如果从句表示复数含义，则谓语动词用复数形式。What she told me is none of your business. 她告诉我什么与你无关。( What she told me.属于单数的抽象概念，因此谓语动词用单数形式)What I need for the cleaning are a pair of rubber gloves and some plastic bags.我需要一副橡胶手套和几个塑料袋来进行大扫除。(主语 What I need指的是一副橡胶手套和几个塑料袋,是复数概念,因此谓语动词用复数形式)02集体名词作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式要根据主语所指的意义而定。若把集体名词看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式；如果强调的是集体中的个体(各个成员)，谓语动词用复数形式。常见的集体名词有：family家庭   class班级   team团队   group组   public公众   audience观众  committee委员会 government政府   army军队   crowd人群   club俱乐部   staff职员The class is made up of twenty boys and fifteen girls.  这个班由20个男生和15个女生组成。The whole class were told to stay behind after school. 全班的学生被告知放学后留下。【特别注意】people, cattle, police等集体名词作主语时，谓语动词必须用复数形式。The police are searching for the murderer in the mountain.    警察正在山里搜寻凶手。03由or,  either.or, neither.nor , not only. but also., not.but.等连接并列主语时，谓语动词常和与它最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。 Neither he nor I am going to the cinema.他和我都不会去看电影。Not only the students but also the teacher was grateful for your help.不仅是学生们,而且这位老师也感谢你的帮助。04如果主语后面带有 as well as,  as much as, no less than, with, along with, together with, like, rather than, but, except, besides, including, in addition to等词或短语连接的成分时，谓语动词应与主语在人称和数上保持一致。The famous musician, as well as his students, was invited to perform at the opening ceremony.那个著名的音乐家和他的学生被邀请在开幕式上表演Six people, including a policeman, were praised at the awards ceremony.颁奖仪式上，有六人被嘉奖,包括一名警。05由and连接的两个单数名词或不可数名词作主语时，如果两个名词表示不同的人或物，谓语动词用复数形式。A hammer and a saw are useful tools.    锤子和锯都是有用的工具。【特别注意】如果用and连接的两个单数名词或不可数名词表示同一个人或物，谓语动词用单数形式。The writer and professor, who I often refer to at the meetings,is popular among those people.我在会议上经常提到的那位作家兼教授，在那些人中很受欢迎。06 each, every, no所修饰的单数名词作主语时，即使有and连接，谓语动词仍用单数形式。Every boy and every girl wishes to attend the English Evening to be held on Saturday.每个男生和女生都希望参加将在星期六举办的“英语之夜”晚会。07“ more than one/ many a+可数名词单数”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式More than one boy likes to play basketball while many a girl is good at playing baseball.很多男孩喜欢打篮球,而很多女孩擅长打棒球。【特别注意】“more+复数名词+ than one"”作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数形式。08“分数/百分数+of+名词”或“ the rest of/ plenty of/ the majority of/ lots of/part of+名词”等结构作主语时,谓语动词的单复数形式一般取决于of后名词的数以及其所表示的意义。About one third of the books are worth reading.   这些书中大约有三分之一的书值得一读。Altogether more than 70 percent of the surface of the earth is covered by water.地球表面总共有超过70%的部分被水覆盖。09表示时间、金钱、距离、重量等的复数名词，在表示单位数量且用作主语时，通常被看作整体，谓语动词用单数形式。Three thousand miles is a long distance.    3,000英里是一段很长的10表示由两部分构成的物体的名词，如trousers, pants,  jeans,  glasses , shoes,  gloves等作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数形式。但如果这类名词前用了 a pair of/two/three. pairs of来修饰，谓语动词的单复数形式往往取决于pair的单复数形式。 His trousers were slightly short.    他的裤子有点短。 A pair of glasses is on the desk.    桌上有一副眼镜。11关系代词who, that, which 等在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数保持一致。当先行词是“ the only one of+复数名词”时，从句谓语动词用单数形式；当先行词是“one of+复数名词”时，从句谓语动词用复数形式。Guilin is a city that has a history of more than 2,000 years.   桂林是一座具有2,000多年历史的城市。He is the only one of persons who has known the secret so far.   他是到目前为止唯一一个知道这个秘密的The Great Wall is one of the world-famous buildings that draw lots of visitors.长城是世界著名建筑之一,吸引了大批游客。12 a number of, a variety of等后接复数可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；the number of, the variety of 等后接名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。 A number of options were suggested.    好几种选择被提出。The number of medical schools reached 18 in the early 1990s and has remained around that level ever since.在20世纪90年代初,医学院的数量达到了18所,从那时候起一直保持在这个水平。13 a quantity of和 quantities of后既可接可数名词复数，也可接不可数名词。如果 a quantity of和quantities of 后接不可数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数形式；如果 a quantity of和 quantities of后接可数名词复数作主语，谓语动词通常用复数形式。an amount of和 amounts后都常接不可数名词，谓语动词的单复数取决于的amount单复数形式。当代英语中， an amount of和 amounts of后也可接复数名词，谓语动词用复数形式。A quantity of money has been wasted on the project. =Quantities of money have been wasted on the project. 在这个项目上浪费了大量的金钱。动词时态01一般时一般现在时用法：·目前的状况：We are still young. 我们还年轻。··经常或习惯动作：They often get some useful informationfrom the Internet.··真理或客观存在：Two heads are better than one.··时间、条件状语从句表将来：If it rains tomorrow, I wont go.·构成：·一般加s：attack, donate, occur, recover, respond, clap, escape, ache, survive··以s,x, sh,ch,o结尾加es：focus, fix, crash, flash, establish,approach, attach, go, do··辅音字母+y结尾，yies：study, carry, fly, worry, apply, fancy··特殊变化：have has, be am/is/are·一般过去时用法：1.在过去确定时间里：·存在的状态：Atthat time he was young.··发生的动作: He came here three days ago.·2.在过去某个时间内经常发生的事：We often went boating when we were children.3.时间、条件状语从句表示过去将来：He telephoned me to say that he wouldntcome if it rained the next day.构成：·一般直接加ed：want, work, clean, click, attack, crash,prevent, deliver··结尾有e(不发音)只加d：survive, tie, donate, breathe, escape,ache··重读闭音节，双写尾字母再加ed：jog, hug, chat, refer, occur, clap··辅音字母+y结尾，yied：study, marry, apply, fancy·一般将来时用法：在将来某个时间里会发生的动作或存在的状态：The guides will entertain you withstories.构成：·be going to+原形：Were going to meet outside the schoolgate.··am/is/are +现在分词：Im leaving for Shanghai tonight.··按时刻表或日程表上将要做的事：When does the plane arrive?··be to +原形(公务安排或必须做的事)：He is to visit Japan next year.··be about to+原形(即将)：That package is about to come unwrapped.(不与时间词连用)·过去将来时用法：在过去某个时间看来，将要发生的动作或存在的状态构成：·would +原形：She told me she would have to dine withHelen that night.··was /were +现在分词：She told me she was coming to see me.··was /were going to+原形：We focused on digging into the characterswe were going to play.·02进行时现在进行时用法：表示说话时刻或现阶段正在发生的动作·说话时刻：Dontmake so much noise. He is sleeping.··现阶段: I am translating a book these days.·构成：am /is /are +现在分词·一般加ing：reflect, crash, apply, earn, suffer, prevent, deliver··去e加ing：explore, bite, hesitate, breathe, escape,ache··双写加ing：quit, permit, chat, refer, occur, clap·过去进行时用法：表示在过去某一时刻或某阶段正在发生的事·某时：I was doing my lessons this time yesterday.··某阶段：During the summer of 2016 he was travelling in China·构成：was/were+现在分词将来进行时用法：表示在将来某时正在进行的动作：By this time tomorrow, Ill be lying on the beach.构成：will be +现在分词03完成时现在完成时用法：·表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果。常与already, yet, ever, never, before, just,once, twice, three times等连用··表示从过去某一时刻开始，一直延续到现在并可能继续延续下去的动作或状态。常与“for+时间段”, “since+时间点”，以及in/ over the past few years, in the lastthree years, so far, till now, up to now, these days等连用·构成：have/has+过去分词·He has already obtained ascholarship.··Great changes have taken place in my village since 1978.·过去完成时用法：·表示在过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”··表示从过去某一时刻开始，一直延续到另一个过去时间的动作或状态·构成：had+过去分词·When I got there, the train had alreadyleft.··He said he had worked in that factorysince 1949.·现在完成进行时用法：表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在，并且还要继续下去的动作或状态构成：have /has been +现在分词：Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years.被动语态概念主动语态：主语是动作的执行者。如：We study English every day.被动语态：主语是动作的承受者。如：English is studied all over the world.构成be(体现时态) + 过去分词概念1. 一般现在时构成：am /is /are +过去分词：Rice is grown in South China. 华南种植水稻。2.一般过去时构成：was/were +过去分词：She was asked to sing a song. 大家要求她唱一支歌。3.一般将来时构成：will be +过去分词：The conference will be held in Beijing. 这次会议将在北京举行。4.过去将来时构成：would be +过去分词：He knew he would be punished for it. 他知道他会为此受到惩罚。5.现在进行时构成：am /is /are being +过去分词：The road is being widened. 马路正在加宽。6.过去进行时构成：was /were being +过去分词：The road was being repaired then. 那时正在修路。7.现在完成时构成：have /has been +过去分词：All the tickets have been sold out. 票已售完。8.过去完成时构成：had been +过去分词：When all those had been done, the roadsurface was replaced. 当所有这些都完成后，路面被替换了。9.含情态动词构成：情态动词+ be +过去分词：More space stations may be built. 可能建造更多的太空站。情态动词一般式can/could·表能力“能，会”：I can answer the question. 我能回答这个问题。··表请求“能，可以”：Can you help me with it? 能帮我一下吗？··表允许“能，可以”：Can I read your newspaper? 我能看看你的报纸吗？··提建议“可以”：You can ask MrLi about it.这件事你可以问问李先生。··表可能性“可能”：What can they be doing? 他们可能在干什么呢?·may/might·表允许：You may come if you wish.你愿意来可以来。··表可能：This coat may be Peters. 这件大衣可能是彼得的。··表祝愿：May you succeed!祝你成功!·must·表必要“必须”：Imust study hard.我必须努力学习。··表坚持“偏要，非要”：Must you make so much noise? 你就非得弄出这么大声吗?··表不可避免“必定会”：All men must die.人总有一死。··表推断“一定，准是”：You must be tired after your long walk.你走了那么远的路，一定累了。·shall·在疑问句中征求意见(主语是I, we, he)：Shall he wait for you outside?要不要他在外面等你?··表示说话者给对方的承诺、决心、警告等：You shall have a new dress for your birthday.你生日时会得到一件新裙子。··表示强制，意为“必须，应该”：Each competitor shall wear a number. 每个参赛者要戴一个号码。·should·表示责任或义务：He should work harder.他应该更加努力。··表示推断“可能，该”：He should arrive soon.他可能很快就到了。··表示“竟然”：Its strange that he should be late.真奇怪，他竟会迟到。··表示不感兴趣、惊讶：How should I know? 我怎么知道呢?··表示“一旦”(条件句)：If I should be free tomorrow, Ill come.一旦明天有空，我就来。·will/would·表示愿意：Hewill take you home.他愿意送你回家。··表示请求：Will/Would you go with me?你愿意和我一起去吗?··表示请求：Will/Would you go with me?你愿意和我一起去吗?··表示过去的习惯：He would get up early when he lived inthe country.他住乡下时总是早起。··表示要求“一定”：You will report to me afterwards.你稍后一定要向我报告。··表示目前情况的预测“一定，大概”：This will be the house youre looking for.这大概就是你要找的房子。·完成式对过去的推测·must have done sth一定已经做了某事：I must have forgotten to tell you. 我一定是忘记告诉你了。··might /may have done sth可能已经做了某事：She may have left yesterday. 她可能昨天走了。··ought to /should have done sth应当已经做了某事：He should have finished the work by now.··cannot /couldnt have done sth不可能做了某事：They cannot have gone out because the light is on!··can/could+主语+ have done sth可能做了某事吗？：The money has disappeared! Who could have taken it?·表示轻微的责备或后悔·could have done 本可以做而实际上未做：You could have started a little earlier.··might have done 本可以做而实际上未做：You might have done it better that day.··neednt have done 本不必做但却做了：You neednt have said that.··ought to/should have done 本该做而实际上没做：You should have told us earlier.··ought not to /shouldnt have done 本不该做而实际上做了：You oughtnt to have spoken to yourteacher like that. 你本不该那样对你的老师说话的。·主谓一致01基本概念谓语动词在人称和数方面要和主语保持一致。02三个原则语法一致概念：谓语动词在单复数形式上要和主语的单复数保持一致。例句：1. 谓语与主语的数一致：We take exercise every day. /Tom takesexercise every day.2. 主语是“many a/an +单数名词”，谓语用单数：Many a person has read the novel.3. 主语是“more than +单数名词”，谓语用单数：More than one teacher gets the flowers.4. 主语是“neither +单数名词”, 谓语用单数：Neither boy is to blame.5. 主语是复合不定代词, 谓语用单数：Everything around us is matter.意义一致概念：谓语动词要和主语在意义上的单复数保持一致。例句：1. 主语是people, the police, cattle等, 谓语用复数: Cattle eat grass.2. 主语是family, audience, crew, crowd, class,group, company, committee等时，强调整体是单数，强调各个成员时是复数：The class were /was interested in hislecture.3. 主语是“the+形容词或分词”，如the rich, the poor, the dead, the living,the injured等表示某一类人时，谓语用复数：The rich are not always happier than thepoor.4. 主语是the Chinese (中国人), the British (英国人), the Irish (爱尔兰人)等时，谓语用复数：The Chinese use chopsticks instedfrftmeans, works (工厂), species (种类)等，要与实际意义一致：Every means has been tried./All possiblemeans have been tried.fgv就近一致概念：谓语动词要和靠近它的主语部分保持一致。例句：1.There be结构·There is a pen and several books on the desk.··There are several books and a pen on the desk.·2.平行结构·Either you or I am wrong. 不是你错，就是我错。··Either you or she is wrong. 不是你错，就是她错。·3.here, there引导：Here is a pen, a few envelops and somepaper for you. 03十二个难点1. 动名词、不定式、从句做主语，谓语用单数：Remebering English words is difficult./ What he says is important. 2. each of+复数名词，谓语动词用单数：Each of us has a new computer.3. either /neither of+复数名词，谓语动词用单数或复数：Neither of the texts is /are interesting.4. none of +不可数名词, 谓语动词用单数：None of the money here is mine.none of +复数名词或代词, 谓语用单数或复数：None of them speak(s) English.5. half/most/all/the rest/thirtypercent/one third of+名词，谓语动词与of后的名词的数保持一致：The rest of the bread was thrown away./The rest of the eggs have gone bad.6. 指同一人、同一物、同一概念的并列结构，谓语动词用单数：The poet and writer is coming to ourschool tomorrow.7. 有no, each, every, many a修饰的并列单数主语，谓语动词用单数形式：Each boy and each girl has a beautiful dream.8. one of +复数名词+who. 谓语动词用复数：She is one of the students who have passed the exam.    the only one of +复数名词+who. 谓语动词用单数：She is the only one of the students whohas passed the exam.9. a number of +复数名词，谓语动词用复数: A number of foreigners are working in China.     the number of +复数名词，谓语动词用单数：The number of foreign visitors is increasing.10. a quantity of+名词，谓语与所接名词的数一致：A large quantity of nuts are on thetable.     quantities of+名词，谓语一律用复数：Largequantities of fuel are used by modern industry.11. A + with/together with/along with/like/ except/but/no less than/as well as +B,谓语与A一致：The teacher, together with some students,has gone to a nursing home.12. all指the only thing或everything时, 是单数：All I want is peace and quiet.虚拟语气01用过去式表示If引导的虚拟条件句现在：If I were you, I should take my time.过去：If he had worked hard, he would have succeeded.将来：If it rained /were to rain /should rain tomorrow, the sports meet would be put off. 含蓄虚拟条件句·Without air, no one could live./ But for his pension, he would starve.··Its lucky that he bounded away,otherwise he would have been hurt.··If it were /Were it not for your help, I would still be homeless.··If it hadnt been for your help, I wouldnt have made so much progress.·错综时间条件句You would be much better now if you had taken my advice. wish后的宾语从句现在: I wish I had a house in Guangzhou, but I cant afford one.过去: I wish I hadnt wasted so much time.将来: I wish he could come tomorrow.if only后的句子现在：If only I were rich.过去：If only I had listened to your advice!将来：If only it would stop raining soon.would rather后的句子现在：Id rather you were happy.过去：Id rather you hadnt said that.将来：I would rather you came next Sunday.as if/though后的句子现在：MrLi treats me as if I were his own son.过去：He behaved na