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? November 2008Altera CorporationAN 548: Nios II Compact Configuration System for CycloneIIIAN-548-1.0? November 2008AN 548: NiosII Compact ConfigurationSystem for Cyclone IIIIntroductionThis application note discusses how you can use a Nios? II processor based configuration system in your design to actively manage one or more configurations from commodity flash. You can reduce the cost and simplify your FPGA based embedded system design by eliminating the need for an external configuration controller. You can use various configuration schemes with Altera Cyclone? III FPGAs. These schemes include active serial (AS), active parallel (AP), passive serial (PS), fast passive parallel (FPP), and Joint Test Action Group (JTAG). You can configure the Cyclone III devices using one of these schemes, depending on the device densities and package options. Active configuration allows an intelligent controller within the FPGA (such as the Nios II processor) to perform configuration while passive configuration relies upon an external controller (a microprocessor, Complex Programmable Logic Device (CPLD) or EPCS configuration device) to configure the FPGA.The example design demonstrates the use of the AP configuration scheme and Cyclone III remote system upgrade feature for reconfiguration purposes. To enable the design to fit easily into your existing system, it is optimized to achieve the smallest possible utilization of FPGA resources and software code footprint. You can easily adapt this design to any existing design to add reconfiguration capability to the application. fFor more information on other configuration schemes, refer to the Configuring Cyclone III Devices chapter in volume 1 of the Cyclone III Device Handbook .Active Parallel (AP) Configuration SchemeIn the AP configuration scheme, Cyclone III devices read configuration data via the parallel interface, which configures their SRAM cells. This scheme is referred to as active because the FPGA device controls the configuration interface. Depending on the available package options, some of the smaller Cyclone III devices do not support the AP configuration scheme. Table 1 shows which combinations of Cyclone III family devices and package options support the AP configuration scheme.Table1. Active Parallel (AP) Configuration Scheme Supported by Cyclone III Devices (Part 1 of 2)DevicePackage Options (Note 1)E144M164Q240F256F324F484F780U256U484EP3C5NONON/ANON/AN/AN/ANON/AEP3C10NONON/ANON/AN/AN/ANON/AEP3C16NONONONON/AYESN/ANOYESEP3C25NON/ANONOYESN/AN/ANON/AEP3C40N/AN/ANON/AYESYESYESN/AYESEP3C55N/AN/AN/AN/AN/AYESYESN/AYESPage 2IntroductionAN 548: Nios II Compact Configuration System for CycloneIII? November 2008Altera CorporationThe AP configuration scheme uses a parallel flash memory for storing configuration data. The flash memory provides a fast interface to access configuration data, mainly due to the parallel data bus. Since a flash memory has an inexpensive memory per cost ratio, it is feasible to store multiple configuration images in a single flash. This is useful when the application requires switching between a default factory image and application images. To enable the AP configuration scheme for your Quartus? II design, perform the following steps in the Quartus II software:1.On the Assignments menu, click Device .2.On the Device page, click Device and Pin Options.3.Click the Configuration tab and select Active Parallel under the Configuration scheme list. 4.Click OK .fFor more information on Cyclone III AP configuration scheme, refer to the Configuring Cyclone III Devices chapter in volume 1 of the Cyclone III Device Handbook .Cyclone III Remote System Upgrade FeatureCyclone III devices that support active configuration schemes have dedicated built-in remote system upgrade circuitry. This circuitry allows you to upgrade the system from remote locations through a communication interface. You can add a factory image and multiple application images to your product. The factory image is a user-defined fall-back, or safe configuration that administers remote updates in conjunction with the dedicated circuitry. The application images implement user-defined functionality in the target Cyclone III device. You can include the default application image functionality in the factory image. For example, by using remote system upgrade feature, you can update one of the application images stored in the flash memory of the embedded product through an Ethernet connection. After the update is complete, you can initiate a reconfiguration cycle to use the newly updated configuration image. The dedicated remote system upgrade circuitry detects any errors that occur during or after this cycle. If an error occurs, the remote system upgrade circuitry causes the device to automatically revert to the factory image. The factory image then performs error processing and recovery. While error processing functionality is limited to the factory configuration, both factory and application configurations can download and store remote updates and initiate system reconfiguration. EP3C80N/AN/AN/AN/AN/AYESYESN/AYESEP3C120N/AN/AN/AN/AN/AYESYESN/AN/ANote to Table 1:(1)N/A indicates that the device is not available with the specific package option.Table1. Active Parallel (AP) Configuration Scheme Supported by Cyclone III Devices (Part 2 of 2)DevicePackage Options (Note 1)E144M164Q240F256F324F484F780U256U484Example DesignPage 3? November 2008Altera CorporationAN 548: Nios II Compact Configuration System for CycloneIIIWhen the AP configuration scheme is powered up with remote system upgrade feature, the Cyclone III device loads the configuration image stored in the flash memory at offset of 0 x010000 (for 16-bit word addressing) or 0 x020000 (for 8-bit byte addressing). A default factory image is stored at this address so that the device is configured with this design once the configuration is powered up.To use the remote system upgrade feature for your design, perform the following steps in the Quartus II software:1.On the Assignments menu, click Device .2.On the Device page, click Device and Pin Options.3.Click the Configuration tab and select Remote under the Configuration modelist. 4.Click OK .fFor more information on Cyclone III remote system upgrade feature, refer to the Remote System Upgrade With Cyclone III Devices chapter in volume 1 of the Cyclone III Device Handbook .Example DesignThis section demonstrates a compact example design that uses remote system upgrade feature with the AP configuration scheme for reconfiguration. To maintain its compactness, the design contains minimal number of SOPC Builder components. This design is targeted to the Cyclone III FPGA Starter Kit and the Nios II Embedded Evaluation Kit (NEEK), which uses the EP3C25 device. However, the design can be fitted into the smallest Cyclone III device that supports AP configuration scheme, which is the EP3C16 device (refer to Table 1).Example Design HardwareFigure 1 shows the block diagram of this example design. Figure 1. Block Diagram of Nios II Compact Configuration Example DesignJTAG Debug ModuleOn-chip Memory (RAM) JTAG-UART Nios II/e CoreRESET_NCLK 50BUTTON 0-3ADDR 1-23DATA 0-15READ_NWRITE_NSELECT_NLED 0-1PLLSystem IDTristate BridgeCFI FlashControllerRemoteUpdateControllerPush Button PIOLED PIOPage 4Example DesignAN 548: Nios II Compact Configuration System for CycloneIII? November 2008Altera CorporationThis design uses Nios II/e “ economy ” processor. The Nios II/e processor is chosen over other implementations of the Nios II processor because it requires the least amount of resources. The processor boots from an on-chip memory which holds the software program. A Common Flash Interface (CFI) flash controller is used for interfacing between the system and the flash memory. The remote update controller interfaces with the Cyclone III dedicated remote system upgrade circuitry for reconfiguration purpose. This system has a 50-MHz input clock fed to a Phase-Locked Loop (PLL). The PLL generates two output clocks 60 MHz and 40 MHz. The 60 MHz clock is used by all the components in the system, except the remote update controller that requires the 40 MHz clock as its supported frequency.There are three user interactive peripherals in the system: the LED parallel input/output (PIO), the push button PIO, and the JTAGUART. The LEDs indicate which configuration image is in use. The push buttons allow you to choose a specific image for reconfiguration. You can display messages via the JTAGUART. You can add or remove these peripherals from the system according to your application needs. The peripherals are included in this example design for demonstration purpose.Example Design SoftwareFigure 2 on page 5 shows the flowchart of the software program for this example design.Example DesignPage 5? November 2008Altera CorporationAN 548: Nios II Compact Configuration System for CycloneIIIThe push button PIO is initialized at the beginning of the software execution. The initialization process includes enabling the PIO interrupt, resetting the interrupt edge capture register, and registering the interrupt handler. The program prints messages to the host and blinks the LEDs, indicating which configuration image is in use.fFor more information on the interrupt behavior of the PIO, refer to the PIO Core chapter in volume 5 of the Quartus II Development Software Handbook. The LED keeps on blinking until a push button is pressed. Once a push button interrupt occurs, the reconfiguration process starts to take place in the following sequence:Figure 2. Software Program Flowchart for Nios II Compact Configuration Example DesignMake sure flash memoryis in read modeInitialize Push Button PIOClose host s terminal sessionDisable RSUs watchdog timerWrite configuration address to RSUPrint message to console/blinking LEDInitiate reconfigurationStartEndPush Button interrupt?YesNoc)ojcPage 6Example DesignAN 548: Nios II Compact Configuration System for CycloneIII? November 2008Altera Corporation1.The terminal on the host is closed. 2.The flash memory is set to Read mode. 3.The watchdog timer of the remote update controller is turned off. 4.The offset of the configuration image in flash memory is written to the remote update controller. 5.The reconfiguration is triggered.fFor more information on the software programming model of the remote update controller, refer to the Cyclone III Remote Update Controller Core chapter in volume 5 of the Quartus II Development Software Handbook . TutorialThis section describes the steps to run the example design on the Cyclone III FPGA Starter Kit or the Nios II Embedded Evaluation Kit. This tutorial requires the following items:1.The QuartusII software version 8.1 or later.2.The NiosII Embedded Design Suite (EDS) version 8.1 or later.3.The Cyclone III FPGA Starter Kit or the Nios II Embedded Evaluation Kit.4.The compact_config.zip file, which can be downloaded from StartedIn order to install the example design, unzip the compact_config.zip file to a working directory in your hard disk. This location is referred to as in the rest of this document. The directory structure appears as shown in Figure 3 on page 7.Example DesignPage 7? November 2008Altera CorporationAN 548: Nios II Compact Configuration System for CycloneIIIThe Quartus II projects for both factory and application images are located in the factory_image_ex and application_image_ex directories respectively. In this example, the hardware designs for both images are the same it is the software designs that differ. The factory image reconfigures the device with the application image and vice versa. You can implement other factory and application images if the need arises. Running the Example DesignThe operation flow of this example design is as shown in Figure 4.The following steps guide you through the process of configuring and running the example design:1.Connect your board to your local PC using the provided USB cable and connect power to the board.Figure 3. Directory Structure of compact_config.zipFigure 4. Example Design Operation Flowappapp_imageContains the software pact_configInstallation directory.application_image_exContains the Quartus II project files.softwareutilitiesContains flash files, conversion and programming scripts.bsphal_reduced_footprintContains the board support package files.factory_image_exContains the Quartus II project files.softwareappfactory_imageContains the software project.bsphal_reduced_footprintContains the board support package files.Factory Image in operationLED3 is blinkingApplication Image in operationLED4 is blinkingPush Button 2 pressedPush Button 1 pressedn-n1-n454Page 8Example DesignAN 548: Nios II Compact Configuration System for CycloneIII? November 2008Altera Corporation2.Open a NiosII command shell.a.On the Windows Start menu, point to All Programs, Altera , Nios II EDS , and then click Nios II Command Shell.3.Set the directory to /compact_config/utilities.4.To program the onboard flash memory with output.flash file, type the following in the command shell:./program_flash.sh output.flash1 is the name of the programming hardware that connects your board to the host. If you are not certain about the name, type jtagconfig in the command shell for a list of detected cables.1Programming the flash memory on the Nios II Embedded Evaluation Kit erases the application selector program. Refer to “ Restoring the Application Selector” on page13 to restore the application selector on the Nios II Embedded Evaluation Kit.5.Press the RECONFIGUREbutton on the board once the flash programming completes. Upon the completion of the configuration process, the factory image runs and LED3 on the board blinks.6.Open a terminal session by typing nios2-terminal in the command shell. A message appears ( Example1) in the terminal.7.Press BUTTON1 to reconfigure the device with application image. The following message ( Example2) appears before the terminal closes. The application image runs and LED4 on the board blinks.8.Open a new terminal session by typing nios2-terminal in the command shell. The following message (Example3) appears in the terminal.Example1. Message Running Factory ImageRunning Factory ImagePress Push Button 1 for App ImageExample2. Message Configuring to Application ImageButton1 is pressed, configuring to App ImageThe nios2-terminal will now close. Please open a new one for App ImageExample3. Message Running Application ImageRunning App ImagePress Push Button 2 for Factory ImageExample DesignPage 9? November 2008Altera CorporationAN 548: Nios II Compact Configuration System for CycloneIII9.Press BUTTON2 to go back to the factory image. The following message (Example4) appears before the terminal closes.10. You can reconfigure back and forth with factory or application image by pressing the corresponding push buttons. cRemember to open a new terminal session every time before you reconfigure the device. The example software uses
