名词性从句与定语从句的辨析中学教育高考英语_中学教育-中学课件.pdf
学习好资料 欢迎下载 名词性从句 在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句(Noun Clauses）。名词从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。定语从句 定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分，定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。状语从句分为时间状语从句，结果状语从句，让步状语从句，原因状语从句，条件状语从句以及行为方式状语从句。名词从句包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句及 there be句型 名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。引导名词性从句的连接词按其在从句中所起的作用分为：1）连接代词：who(-ever),what(-ever),which(-ever),whom(-ever),whose 2）连接副词：when,where,why,how 3）连接词：that,whether,if 连接代词和连接副词在从句中充当一定的句子成分，而连接词在从句中不充当句子成分，只起连接作用。1主语从句 在主句中充当主语的从句叫主语从句，它位于主句的谓语动词之前。但实际使用中常用 it 作形式主语，而把主语从句移到主句之后。例如：Who will go makes no difference.It makes no difference who will go.That she was able to come made us very happy.It made us happy that she was able to come.注意：由 what,whoever,whatever,whichever引导的主语从句一般不后置。2表语从句 位于主句中系动词之后，在主句中充当表语的从句叫表语从句。例如：One advantage of living in the country is that one can get close to nature.His mother was ill and he had to look after her.That was why he was late.表语从句常见于 be 动词之后，有时见于 look 之后；引导表语从句的连接词除前面所列的常用词之外，还可由 because,as if/though 引出。例如：He was late.That was because he had to look after his sick mother.(=The reason was that he had to look after his sick mother.)It looks as if/though it is going to rain.They looked as if/though they had been friends for many years.3宾语从句 在主句中位于及物动词之后或少数介词之后、充当主句宾语的从句叫宾语从句。宾语从句中的 that 通常可以省略。例如：I doubt whether/if he will be against the idea.She will write a book on how young mother should raise their babies.I know nothing about him except that he lives next door.当及物动词后跟两个(或两个以上)的宾语从句时，只有第一个 that 可以省去，后面从句中的 that 通常不省去。如：He said(that)the text was very important and that we should learn it by heart.学习好资料 欢迎下载 跟在一些表示情感意义的形容词（如 afraid,glad,happy,pleased,sorry,anxious,worried,surprised,disappointed 等）或确信意义的形容词（如 certain,sure 等）后的从句通常也被当作宾语从句对待，其中 that也可以省略。例如：Im not sure whether/if I can pass the exam successfully.如果主句的谓语是 make,find,feel,believe,think,suppose,consider,see to等常带有宾语补足语的动词，则通常在这些词后用 it 作形式宾语，而把宾语从句置于宾语补足语之后，其结构通常是“动词+it+宾补+宾语从句”。例如：He thought it a pity that he missed the film.We find it necessary that we(should)practise spoken English every day.4同位语从句 跟在名词后面、进一步说明该名词的具体内容的从句叫同位语从句。可以带同位语从句的名词主要是一些可加进具体内容的、表示信息、思想等概念的抽象名词，如 news,fact,idea,hope,belief,truth,promise,thought,fear,doubt,possibility,order,suggestion,proposal等。同位语从句与其前面的名词是同等关系，引导同位语从句最常用的是 that，that 在从句中不充当任何成分，只起连接作用，一般不能省略。例如：We are surprised at the fact that the children did it all on their own.I made a promise that if anyone set me free,I would make him very rich.They expressed the hope that we would go and visit Germany again.that 引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区别：The suggestion that the students(should)have plenty of exercise is very good.The suggestion(that/which)he raised at the meeting is very good.对比发现上句中的 that 只起连接作用，在从句中不充当任何成分，因此它引导的是同位语从句，其中 that不能省略；下句中 that 不仅起引导作用，同时在从句中还充当了动词 raised 的宾语，因此它是定语从句，此时 that 可用 which 代替，又因其在定语从句中充当宾语，故又可省略。名词性从句的难点把握 1由 whoever/whatever/whichever/whomever引导的名词性从句 这些词引导的名词性从句相当于带有定语从句的名词词组：whoever=anyone who“任何的人”；whomever 是 whoever 的宾格形式 whatever=anything that“任何的物”whichever=any that“任何的（已知范围内的或上文提到过的）人或物”它们可以用来引导主语从句，例如：Whoever leaves the room last ought to turn off the light.=Anyone who leaves the room last ought to turn off the light.Whatever he had was seized by the German soldiers.=Anything that he had was seized by the German soldiers.Whichever of you comes in first will receive a prize.=Any one of you who comes in first will receive a prize.这些词还可以用来引导宾语从句，例如：You can just say whatever comes to your mind.=You can just say anything that comes to your mind.Take whichever seat you like.=Take any seat that you like.You may choose whoever/whomever youd like to go with.=You may choose anyone who youd like to go with.(注：whoever 在主句中作 choose 的宾语，在从句中又充当 go with 的宾语，因此可用宾格的 whomever 来句中能担任主语宾语表语同位语介词宾语等因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能名词从句又可分别称为主语从句宾语从句表语从句和同位语从句定语从句定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成条件状语从句以及行为方式状语从句名词从句包括主语从句宾语从句表语从句和同位语从句及句型名词性从句包括主语从句宾语从句表语从句和同位语从句引导名词性从句的连接词按其在从句中所起的作用分为连接代词连接副词连在主句中充当主语的从句叫主语从句它位于主句的谓语动词之前但实际使用中常用作形式主语而把主语从句移到主句之后例如注意由引导的主语从句一般不后置表语从句位于主句中系动词之后在主句中充当表语的从句叫表语从句例学习好资料 欢迎下载 代替)She would like to make friends with whoever shares her interest.=She would like to make friends with anyone who shares her interest.（注：whoever 在主句中作介词 with 的宾语，但在从句中又充当谓语动词 shares 的主语，因此不能用whomever 代替）关于ever 等词引导让步状语从句的用法可参阅本章第三节“状语从句”。2名词性从句中的 what 和 that what 和 that 的选用一直是学生学习的一个难点，正确选择的关键是看该从句结构是否相对 完整、是否缺少主语、宾语或表语等成分而定。例如：What he said at the meeting surprised everybody present.That he said nothing at the meeting surprised everybody present.The problem is what we should do to protect the earth.The fact is that we should do something to protect the earth.比较上面两组句子，不难发现，what 在句中不仅引导从句，同时它本身在从句还充当了宾 语的作用；没有了 what，从句结构就不完整；而 that 只起引导从句的作用，本身在从句中不充当任何成分，that 引导的是一个结构相对完整的陈述句。3名词性从句中的 whether 和 if 在主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中遇“是否”句用 whether 引导而不用 if；在宾语从句中 whether 和 if 常可换用。例如：Whether the 2000 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing is not known yet.(主语从句，不用 if)The problem is whether we finish the task on time.(表语从句，不用 if)The problem whether well build another school hasnt been settled.(同位语从句，不用 if)I wonder whether/if the news is true.（宾语从句，可以换用）但若有 or not 紧跟其后，不宜用 if；介词后面的宾语从句也不用 if 引导。例如：I wonder whether/if the news is true or not.（or not 放在句末，可用 if）I wonder whether or not the news is true.（or not 紧跟其后，不用 if）It depends on whether you want to do it or not.（介词后面的宾语从句，不用 if）4名词性从句中的虚拟语气 表示“坚持、命令、建议或要求”等词义出现时，不管是在哪一种从句中，常用虚拟语气，从句中的谓语动词形式为（should）+动词原形，其中 should 可省略。常用词有 insist,suggest,order,demand 等。例如：He suggested that a meeting(should)be held immediately.（宾语从句）It was suggested that a meeting(should)be held immediately.（主语从句）His suggestion was that a meeting(should)be held immediately.（表语从句）He made a suggestion that a meeting(should)be held immediately.（同位语从句）The doctor ordered that she(should)stay in bed for a few days.（宾语从句）It was ordered by the doctor that she(should)stay in bed for a few days.（主语从句）The doctors order was that she(should)stay in bed for a few days.（表语从句）The doctors order that she(should)stay in bed for a few days was reasonable.（同位语从句）用来说明主句中某一名词或代词（有时也可说明整个主句或主句中一部分）而起定语作用的句子叫作定语从句。一词引导的定语从句 句中能担任主语宾语表语同位语介词宾语等因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能名词从句又可分别称为主语从句宾语从句表语从句和同位语从句定语从句定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成条件状语从句以及行为方式状语从句名词从句包括主语从句宾语从句表语从句和同位语从句及句型名词性从句包括主语从句宾语从句表语从句和同位语从句引导名词性从句的连接词按其在从句中所起的作用分为连接代词连接副词连在主句中充当主语的从句叫主语从句它位于主句的谓语动词之前但实际使用中常用作形式主语而把主语从句移到主句之后例如注意由引导的主语从句一般不后置表语从句位于主句中系动词之后在主句中充当表语的从句叫表语从句例学习好资料 欢迎下载 1.关系代词用来指代先行词是人或物的名词或代词 句子成分 用于限制从句或非限制性从句 只用于限制性从句 代替人 代替物 代替人或物 主语 Who which that 主语 Whom which that 宾语 Whose(=of whom)whose(=of which)例：This is the detective who came from London.例：The book which I am reading is written by Tomas Hardy.例：The desk whose leg is broken is very old.例：This is the room that Shakespeare was born in.关系代词的用法 (1)如果先行词是 all,much,anything,something,nothing,everything,little,none等不定代词，关系代词一般只用 that，不用 which。例如：All the people that are present burst into tears.(2)如果先等词被形容词最高级以及 first,last,any,only,few,mush,no,some,very等词修饰，关系代词常用 that,不用 which,who，或 whom。例如：(3)非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词 that,作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。例如：There are about seven million people taking part in the election,most of whom、are well educated.(4)which 还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which 可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，多数情况下意思是与 and this 相似，并可以指人。例如：He succeeded in the competition,which made his parents very happy.句中能担任主语宾语表语同位语介词宾语等因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能名词从句又可分别称为主语从句宾语从句表语从句和同位语从句定语从句定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成条件状语从句以及行为方式状语从句名词从句包括主语从句宾语从句表语从句和同位语从句及句型名词性从句包括主语从句宾语从句表语从句和同位语从句引导名词性从句的连接词按其在从句中所起的作用分为连接代词连接副词连在主句中充当主语的从句叫主语从句它位于主句的谓语动词之前但实际使用中常用作形式主语而把主语从句移到主句之后例如注意由引导的主语从句一般不后置表语从句位于主句中系动词之后在主句中充当表语的从句叫表语从句例学习好资料 欢迎下载 (5)that 可指人或物，在从句中作表语，（指人作主语时多用who）仅用于限制性定语从句中。(6)which 可作表语，既可指人，以可指物。指人时，一般指从事某种职业或是有种特征品性或才能的人。Which 引导的定语从句可以限制性的，也可以是非限制性的。(7)如果作先作词的集体名词着眼于集体的整体，关系代词用 which;若是指集体中的各个成员，则用who。(8)先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词应该用that。例如：The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.(9)如果先行词是 anyone,anybody,everyone,everybody,someone,somebody,关系代词应该用 who 或whom，不用 which。例如：Is there anyone here who will go with you?“介词关系代词“是一个普遍使用的结构 (1)“介词关系代词“可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。“介词关系代词“结构中的介词可以是 in,on,about,from,for,with,to at,of,without 等，关系代词只可用whom 或 which,不可用 that。(2)from where 为“介词关系副词“结构，但也可以引导定语从句。例如：We stood at the top of the hill,from where we can see the town.(3)像 listen to,look at,depend on,pay attention to,take care of等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如：This is the boy whom she has taken care of.二关系副词引导的定语从句 1关系副词也可以引导定语从句 关系副词在从句中分别表示时间地点或原因。关系副词 when 在从句中充当时间状语，where 充当地点状语，why 充当原因状语。2.that 可引导定语从句表示时间地点或原因 That 有时可以代替关系副词 when,where 或者 why 引导定语从句表示时间地点或原因，在 that 引导的这种定语从句中，that 也可以省去。句中能担任主语宾语表语同位语介词宾语等因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能名词从句又可分别称为主语从句宾语从句表语从句和同位语从句定语从句定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成条件状语从句以及行为方式状语从句名词从句包括主语从句宾语从句表语从句和同位语从句及句型名词性从句包括主语从句宾语从句表语从句和同位语从句引导名词性从句的连接词按其在从句中所起的作用分为连接代词连接副词连在主句中充当主语的从句叫主语从句它位于主句的谓语动词之前但实际使用中常用作形式主语而把主语从句移到主句之后例如注意由引导的主语从句一般不后置表语从句位于主句中系动词之后在主句中充当表语的从句叫表语从句例学习好资料 欢迎下载 三限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句 1二者差异比较 限制定语从句紧跟先行词，同先行词这间一般不加逗号，仅修饰先行词，可以由关系代词关系副词或 that 来引导。非限制性定语从句仅作补充或说明，用逗号与主句隔开，既可修饰先行词，又可修饰整个主句，不可用 that 引导。2关系代词和关系副词的选择依据 (1)弄清代替先行词的关系词在从句中作什么成分,作状语的应选用关系副词，作主语宾语或表语的可选用关系代词。3.先行词与定语从句隔离 定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后，但定语从句与先行词之间有时也会插入别的成分，构成先行词与定语从句的隔离。例如：1)This is the article written by him that Is poke to you about.2)He was the only person in this country who was invited 四As 在定语从句中的用法 1.引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 （）as 多与 such 或 the same 连用，可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。（）as 也可单独使用，引导非限制性定语从句，作用相当于 which。例如：The elephants nose is like a snake,as anybody can see.（）the same that 与 the same as 在意思上是不同的。2As 引导的非限制性定语从句的位置 as 引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，但 which 所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。例如：(1)As is expected,the England team won the football match.(2)The earth runs around the sun,as is known by everyone.句中能担任主语宾语表语同位语介词宾语等因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能名词从句又可分别称为主语从句宾语从句表语从句和同位语从句定语从句定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成条件状语从句以及行为方式状语从句名词从句包括主语从句宾语从句表语从句和同位语从句及句型名词性从句包括主语从句宾语从句表语从句和同位语从句引导名词性从句的连接词按其在从句中所起的作用分为连接代词连接副词连在主句中充当主语的从句叫主语从句它位于主句的谓语动词之前但实际使用中常用作形式主语而把主语从句移到主句之后例如注意由引导的主语从句一般不后置表语从句位于主句中系动词之后在主句中充当表语的从句叫表语从句例
