公共英语四级pets阅读练习.docx

公共英语四级pets阅读练习 Movie Music Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as silent, the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent. From the very beginning, music was regarded as an indispensable accompaniment; when the Lumiere films were shown at the first public film exhibition in the United States in February 1896, they were accompanied by piano improvisations on popular tunes. At first, the music played bore no special relationship to the films; an accompaniment of any kind was sufficient. Within a very short time, however, the incongruity of playing lively music to a solemn film became apparent, and film pianists began to take some care in matching their pieces to the mood of the film. As movie theaters grew in number and importance, a violinist, and perhaps a cellist, would be added to the pianist in certain cases, and in the larger movie theaters small orchestras were formed. For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, and very often the principal qualification for holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces. Since the conductor seldom saw the films until the night before they were to be shown (if indeed, the conductor was lucky enough to see them then), the musical arrangement was normally improvised in the greatest hurry. To help meet this difficulty, film distributing companies started the practice of publishing suggestions for musical accompaniments. In 1909, for example, the Edison Company began issuing with their films such indications of mood as pleasant, sad, lively. The suggestions became more explicit, and so emerged the musical cue sheet containing indications of mood, the titles of suitable pieces of music, and precise directions to show where one piece led into the next. Certain films had music especially composed for them. The most famous of these early special scores was that composed and arranged for D. W. Griffiths film Birth of a Nation, which was released in 1915. 电影插曲 尽管我们习惯于将1927 年以前的电影称为无声电影，但是就无声这个词完整的意义上来说，电影从未真正的无声过，从最初开头音乐就被视为必不行少的伴奏。当卢米埃尔 的电影在 1896 年 2 月美国首届影片公映展览上放映的时候，影片便用当时的流行曲临场钢 琴伴奏。最初，这些音乐伴奏与电影没有什么特殊的关系，用什么曲子伴奏都行。但在很短的时间内，为一部庄重的影片演奏愉快的音乐所产生的不协调感变得显而易见，因此钢琴家们开头留意将自己的作品与影片的情调结合起来。 随着影剧院在数量上与重要性上的不断增长，在一些场合，除了钢琴师外，还要加上小提琴师，或许还有一位大提琴师。较大的影剧院里还组成了小型的管弦乐队。在很长的时间内，为各部影片选择配乐完全把握在乐队指挥或队长手中，而通常把持这种职位的资格不是技巧或鉴赏品尝，而是拥有一个大的音乐作品的个人保藏。由于直到电影上映的前一天晚上乐队指挥才能看到影片(假如这个指挥真正有幸能够看到影片的话)，音乐安排通常是在特别匆忙的状况下临场进展的。 为了解决以上的困难，电影发行公司开办了为音乐伴奏印制提示单的业务。例如 1909 年爱迪生公司开头将一些诸如喜悦的、哀痛的、活泼的之类说明影片情调特征的提示与影片一起发行。这些提示渐渐变得更加详细，并且消失了包括影片情调说明、适用乐曲名称和乐曲转换点等内容的配乐说明单。 某些影片拥有特地为其创作的音乐。这些早期特创乐谱中最闻名的便是为 D. W. 格雷夫斯 1915 年上映的影片一个国家的诞生所创作的音乐。 拓展：英语四级阅读技巧 1. 说明大事发生的时间挨次：依据这些词理清事物的进展挨次 then, first, at once, next, after that, previously(从前), while, when, the following day, etc. 2. 说明文章的组织构造： 1) 排列(Listing): firstly, in the first place, secondly, thirdly, last/finally, etc. 2) 阐述，举例(Illustrating): for example/ for instance, to illustrate, an example/ instance of this is, lets take., take. for example, etc. 3) 重申，进一步说明(Re-stating): in other words, that is to say, to put it another way, let me put it this way, or rather, namely, etc. 4) 谈及，提及(Referring): in this respect, in that connection, as we said, apart from this, etc. 5) 返回之前话题(resuming): to resume, to return to the previous point, getting back to the argument, etc. 6) 总结(Summarizing):文章主旨观点句一般都消失在以下词之后 to sum up, in short, it amounts to this, what I have been saying is this, etc. 7) 强调(Emphasizing): it is worth noting, I would like to direct your attention to, let us consider, we must now turn to, I shall begin by, etc. 3. 说明的观点、态度 1) 进一步论证观点(Introducing further evidence): moreover, furthermore, in addition, whats more, as well, etc. 2) 引入缘由(Cause): because (of), since, owing to, on account of, due to, as a result of, etc. 3) 表示结果(Effect): as a result, hence, therefore, consequently, thus, so, etc. 4) 表示转折(Contrasting): in / by contrast, on the contrary, on the other hand, nevertheless, whereas, while, yet, however, but, etc. 5) 表示比照(Comparison): in like manner, likewise, in the same way, similarly, in comparison with, etc. 6) 表示目的(Purpose): to this end, for this purpose, with this in mind, in order to, so that, etc. 7) 二次解释(Intensification): indeed, in fact, in any event / case, at no time, to tell the truth, etc