高考定语从句详解练习中学教育高考英语_中学教育-高考.pdf

学习必备 欢迎下载 定语从句 一、基本概念：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。如：Do you know the man who spoke at the meeting just now?That is the house where he lived ten years ago.定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词；定语从句一般用关系代词或关系副词来引导，关系词放在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作从句中的一个成分。引导定语从句的关系代词有：that,who,whom,whose,which;关系副词有：when,where,why.根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去，非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。对于定语从句的理解：1.定语从句是由一个句子做定语修饰某个名词或代词 2.被修饰的这个名词或代词在从句中又要充当一定成份。可以把定语从句理解成是两个句子的合并。如果两个句子有交叉（相同）部分，则可以把这个交叉的部分做成被修饰成份，构成一个含有定语从句的句子，如：原句：My younger brother is an artist,and he is good at Chinese art.My younger brother who is good at Chinese art is an artist.The firemen havent managed to put out the fire;the fire broke out at 5 a.m.The firemen havent manag ed to put out the fire which broke out at 5 a.m.The president will visit our school,and it is very exciting.The president will visit our school,which is very exciting.二、关系词的用法：一句话语法：关系代词在从句中先行词，whose 除外，whose 先行词所有格 1.关系代词 who（指人），that（指人和物）,which（指物），作主语。例句:I thank the woman.She helped me.a.I thank the woman helped me.b.I thank the woman helped me.例句:Did you hear about the earthquake?It happened in San Francisco last week.a.Did you hear about the earthquake happened in San Francisco last week?b.Did you hear about the earthquake happened in San Francisco last week?你听说上星期在旧金山发生的地震了吗？2.关系代词 who(whom)（指人），that（指人和物）,which（指物）在从句中修饰、指代人或事物，在从句中作宾语.Whom 是宾格形式，常用于较正式的英语中。who 和 that,which 常用于口语和非正式的英语中。在口语和非正式英语中更多的情况下，作动词宾语的关系代词常被省略。例句:The man told me to come back.I saw him in the office.a.The man I saw in the office told me to come back.b.The man I saw in the office told me to come back.c.The man I saw in the office told me to come back.d.The man I saw in the office told me to come back.我在办公室见到的那位男士叫我回去。例句:The movie wasn t very good.We saw it last night.a.The movie we saw last night wasnt very good.b.The movie we saw last night wasnt very good.c.The movie we saw last night wasnt very good.我们昨晚看的那部电影不怎么样。注意：a.引导从句的关系代词一定要放在从句的最前面，例如：从句 whom I saw in the office，虽然关系代词 whom 在句子中作动词的宾语，也应放在从句的最前面。学习必备 欢迎下载 b.从句应尽可能地紧跟在所修饰的名词后面。从句 whom I saw in the office是用来修饰 the man,所以应放在the man 后面。3.关系代词作介词宾语 当关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语时，正式英语中，往往将介词提到关系代词前面。例句：The woman spoke French.I traveled with her.a.The woman I travelled spoke French.和我一起旅行的那位女士讲法语。注意：在这类句子中修饰、指代人物时，只能用 whom。关系代词不可以用 who 或 that。也不可以省略关系代词。在口语和非正式英语中，介词往往放在原来的位置，即：在谓语动词之后。在这种情况下，关系代词可以是who/whom/that，也可以省略。b.The woman whom I travelled with spoke English.c.The woman who I travelled with spoke English.d.The woman that I travelled with spoke English.e.The woman I travelled with spoke English.在从句中，如果关系代词是作介词的宾语，正式英语中需要前置，即，将介词置于关系代词之前。例句:He is standing on a chair.Is it firm enough?a.Is the chair he is standing firm enough?他站的那把椅子结实吗？b.Is the chair he is standing on firm enough?c.Is the chair he is standing on firm enough?d.Is the chair he is standing on firm enough?4.表示所有格关系 whose 用来表示所属关系，它的意思相当于：his,her,its,their 等等。Whose 可以用来修饰人，也可以修饰物。whose 和它所修饰的名词都置于句首。(1)修饰人物 例句：The man called the police.His wallet was stolen.a The man wallet was stolen called the police.钱包被窃的那个男人给警察打了电话。(2)修饰事物 例句：Im working in the house.Its walls are made of glass.(The walls of the house are made of glass.)a.Im working in the house walls are made of glass.b.Im working in the house are made of glass.我在那座四面墙都是玻璃的房子里工作。The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.=The classroom is broken will soon be repaired.Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?=Do you like the book is yellow?5.关系代词 that 和 which 的区别(1)只能用 that 的情况 1)如果先行词被最高级修饰。This is the best film (我曾经看过的)The tallest tree （发现的)is this.2)如果先行词被序数词修饰，关系代词常用 that,不用 which。This is the first book (用英语写的)3)如果先行词是 all,much,anything,something,nothing,everything,little,none,few.等不定代词。例如：叫先行词定语从句一般用关系代词或关系副词来引导关系词放在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用同时又作从句中的一个成分引导定语从句的关系代词有关系副词有根据定语从句与先行词的关系定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非之间有逗号分开起补充说明作用如省去意思仍完整对于定语从句的理解定语从句是由一个句子做定语修饰某个名词或代词被修饰的这个名词或代词在从句中又要充当一定成份可以把定语从句理解成是两个句子的合并如果两个句子有话语法关系代词在从句中先行词除外先行词所有格关系代词指人指人和物指物作主语例句例句你听说上星期在旧山发生的地震了吗关系代词指人指人和物指物在从句中修饰指代人或事物在从句中作宾语是宾格形式常用于较正式的英学习必备 欢迎下载 All the people (出席的)burst into tears.Everything (我们看到的)was interesting 4)如果先行词被 all,little,none，any,few,much,no,some 等词修饰。如：I read all the books that you gave to me.In this factory I saw little/much that was different from ours.5)如果先等词被 the only,the very,the same,the last 修饰，关系代词常用 that,不用 which This is the very book that I want to find.After the fire in his house,the old car is the only thing that he owned.6)先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物。如:The boy and the dog （在图画里的）are very lovely.7)who,which 开头的特殊疑问句中。(避免重复)Who is the person (刚才站在这里的)Which of us (懂英语的)doesn t know this?8)关系代词作表语时。He is not the man that he used to be.(2)只能用 which 的情况 1）非限制性定语从句中，指物无论做主语还是宾语，不能用关系代词 that,作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。如：There are about seven million people taking part in the election,most of whom are well educated.Beijing,which is C hinas capital,is rich in culture.2)“those/that+名词”后的定语从句用 which 引导。不能用关系代词 that。That pen which he took is mine.A shop should keep those goods which sells well.3)介词后只用 which,whom 不能用 that.This is the room in which he lived.4)which 还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which 可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，不用 that。例如：He succeeded in the competition,which made his parents very happy.5)先行词是 that 时，关系代词要用 which.Whats that which flas hed in the sky just now?（二）关系副词的用法：一句话语法：关系副词在从句中介词+先行词 关系副词 when 在从句中充当时间状语，where 充当地点状语，why 充当原因状语。1.when 表示时间,充当时间状语，用来修饰一个表示时间的名词，如：time,year,month,day,century 等等。when=on/in/of/at+which（1）I ll never forget the day.I met you then(on that day).a.Ill never forget the day I met you.b.Ill never forget the day I met you.（2）1949 is the year.The new China was founded then(in that year).a.1949 is the year the new China was founded.b.1949 is the year the new China was founded.(3)7:50 is the time.My plane arrives then(at that time).a.7:50 is the time my plane arrives.b.7:50 is the time my plane arrives.1)当先行词为 by the time,any time,the way,every time,the first time,the last time 时，(他们引导的是时间状语)关系词不用 when 而用 that 或者省略 This is the last time that I shall give you a lesson.The first time I saw him was in 1980 By the time he was 14 he had learned advanced mathematics 但如果 time 前无修饰语,关系词用 that 或 when 均可 叫先行词定语从句一般用关系代词或关系副词来引导关系词放在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用同时又作从句中的一个成分引导定语从句的关系代词有关系副词有根据定语从句与先行词的关系定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非之间有逗号分开起补充说明作用如省去意思仍完整对于定语从句的理解定语从句是由一个句子做定语修饰某个名词或代词被修饰的这个名词或代词在从句中又要充当一定成份可以把定语从句理解成是两个句子的合并如果两个句子有话语法关系代词在从句中先行词除外先行词所有格关系代词指人指人和物指物作主语例句例句你听说上星期在旧山发生的地震了吗关系代词指人指人和物指物在从句中修饰指代人或事物在从句中作宾语是宾格形式常用于较正式的英学习必备 欢迎下载 I will never forget the time when(that)we met for the first time.2)当先行词为 way 时，关系词用 in which,that,或省略均可。This is the way that/in which/不加 he smiles.2.where:表示地点。做地点状语，用来修饰表示地点的名词，例如：city,country,room,house 等。where=in/at/on/during+which Do you know the street where he lives?This is the factory where we worked.(1)The building is very old.He lives there(in that building).a.The building he lives is very old.b.The building he lives is very old.(2)That is the park.We are going to have a picnic there(at that park).a.That is the park we are going to have a picnic.b.That is the park we are going to have a picnic.3.why 表示原因（先行词只有一个 reason），做原因状语。Why=for which That is the reason why he was late 4.注意：关系代词和关系副词的选择,关键看先行词在从句中充当什么成份：a.若充当主语，宾语，表语，定语用关系代词 b.若充当状语（时间，地点，原因状语）应用关系副词。C,判断先行词在从句中做何成份可以采取先行词还原法。因为先行词（即被修饰的名词或代词）只可能是一个词，把它还原到从句中去，如果能直接放回去，句子不少词，即先行词在从句中做主语，宾语，或表语,若先行词放回从句中要加一些介词才能使句子通顺，则用关系副词，关系代词 whose 除外，它在从句相当于先行词后加所有格。所以以后看见先行词是time,day等和place,hous，reason等时，一定要注意分析从句的结构，不要盲目地就用关系副词。试比较：Ill never forget the day when my hometown was liberated.(when=on the day状语)Ill never forget the days which/that we spent together last summer.（which=the days 作宾语）His father works in a factory where radio parts are made.（where=in a factory 状语）His father works in a factory which/that makes radio parts.（which=factory 主语）I rent a house whose windows are very large.(whose=houses 定语)Is this the reason why you are late?(why=for the reason状语)Is this the reason(which/that)you give me?(which=reason宾语)May 1 is the day I will never forget That is the villiage I was born.This is the factory we visited That is the house he lived in.The shop we saw is beautiful.Have you asked her for the reason may explain her absence？I don t believe the reason he has given for his being late （三）限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句 1限制性定语从句说明先行词的情况，对先行词起限定作用，与先行词关系十分密切，不可用逗号隔开，也不可省略，否则全句意义就不完整。如：This is the telegram which he refers to.Is there anything(that)I can do for you?2非限制性定语从句只是对先行词作补充说明，没有限定作用，它与先行词的关系比较松散，因而不是关键性的，如果省略，原句的意义仍然完整。这种从句在朗读时要有停顿，在文字中通常用逗号与主句隔开。如：This note was left by Tom,who was here a moment ago.As a boy,he was always making things,most of which were electric.引导非限制性定语从句的关系词有：who,whom,whose,which,when 和 where，不可以用 that 和 why。3有时，非限制性定语从句所修饰的不是某一个词，而是整个主句或是主句中的一个部分，这时一般采用 which或 as 来引导。如：叫先行词定语从句一般用关系代词或关系副词来引导关系词放在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用同时又作从句中的一个成分引导定语从句的关系代词有关系副词有根据定语从句与先行词的关系定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非之间有逗号分开起补充说明作用如省去意思仍完整对于定语从句的理解定语从句是由一个句子做定语修饰某个名词或代词被修饰的这个名词或代词在从句中又要充当一定成份可以把定语从句理解成是两个句子的合并如果两个句子有话语法关系代词在从句中先行词除外先行词所有格关系代词指人指人和物指物作主语例句例句你听说上星期在旧山发生的地震了吗关系代词指人指人和物指物在从句中修饰指代人或事物在从句中作宾语是宾格形式常用于较正式的英学习必备 欢迎下载 He passed the exam,which/as he hoped he would.（）as 引导限制性定语从句 主要结构有：the sameas，asas，suchas，soas 主句中出现 the same,as,such,so 修饰先行词，需选择 as 做关系代词在定语从句中做主语或宾语。Its the same person as we want ed to find yesterday.我们昨天要找的是同一个人。Such girls as he knows are good at English.他所认识的女孩都擅长英语。Do you have such books as we like?你有我们喜欢那种书吗？She will marry as healthy a man as she can find.她将嫁给她能找到的任何一个有钱人。There is so warm a house as we want to live in.这里有如此暖和的房子，我们都想住在里面。He has so difficult a problem,as none of us can solve.他有如此难的一个问题，我们没有人能解决（）引导非限制性定语从句）as 引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句内容，从句可置于句首，句中或句尾 As everyone knows,China is a beautiful country with a long history.The earth,as we know,moves round the sun.Tom works hard and is willing to help others,as we all know.）非限制性定语从句中的谓语为被动式时，常用 as 做主语 be said/known/announced/reported/mentioned/expected/discussed Grammar,as has been said before,is not a set of dead rules.语法，就像以前所说，不是一套死规则。As is known to all,Taiwan is part of China.）as 引导非限制性定语从句，有“如，似，正像”的含义，因此，下列句式多用 as as has been said above 如上所说 as anybody can see 正像每个人所看到的那样 as we had expected 正如我们所预料的那样 eg.Things are not always as they appear.事情并不一直像他们表面那样。eg.The boy has as much progress as we had expected.正像我们所预料的那样，这个男孩取得了大的进步。（四）定语从句中需要注意的几个问题 1.从句中的主语和谓语一致 1）who,which,that 在从句中作主语时，要注意从句的谓语动词的人称和数须和先行词保持一致。The boy who is standing at the door is my son.Those who have great interest in English will learn it well.2）在 one of the+复数名词+定语从句”结构中，复数名词是先行词，关系代词在定语从句中作主语，其谓语动词用复数形式。This is one of the best books that have ever been written on the subject.3）在“the（only）one of the+复数名词+定语从句”结构中，one 是先行词，关系代词在定语从句中作主语，其谓语动词用单数。This is the only one of the best books that has ever been written on the subject.Li Lei is one of the students who play the piano beautifully.Li Lei is the(only)one of the students who plays the piano beautifully.2.误将强调句型当定语从句。比较下面的句子：It was in the kitchen where the fire broke out It was in the kitchen that the fire broke out Was it because it snowed last night when you didn t come？Was it because it snowed last night that you didn t come？3.注意“介词+where”引导的定语从句 有时我们可以见到“介词+where”引导的定语从句，此时要和“介词+which”引导的定语从句从意思上加以区别。如：1.His head soon appeared out of the window，from where he saw nothing but trees。他的头很快从窗口露出来，从那儿除了树木他什么也看不见。(from where 相当于 from out of the window。而不是 from the window)叫先行词定语从句一般用关系代词或关系副词来引导关系词放在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用同时又作从句中的一个成分引导定语从句的关系代词有关系副词有根据定语从句与先行词的关系定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非之间有逗号分开起补充说明作用如省去意思仍完整对于定语从句的理解定语从句是由一个句子做定语修饰某个名词或代词被修饰的这个名词或代词在从句中又要充当一定成份可以把定语从句理解成是两个句子的合并如果两个句子有话语法关系代词在从句中先行词除外先行词所有格关系代词指人指人和物指物作主语例句例句你听说上星期在旧山发生的地震了吗关系代词指人指人和物指物在从句中修饰指代人或事物在从句中作宾语是宾格形式常用于较正式的英学习必备 欢迎下载 2.They stood on the top of the building，from where they could see the whole city。他们站在楼顶上，从那儿能看到整个城市。(from where 相当于 from the top of the building，而不是 from the building)(五)定语从句中常见错误例析 1 从句中多余宾语 The finger I dipped into the cup was not the one I put it into my mouth.The finger I dipped into the cup was not the one I put into my mouth.2 从句中缺少主语 He is the professor gave us a speech yesterday.He is the professor who gave us a speech yesterday.3 从句中主谓不一致 I,who is your friend,will try my best to help you.I,who am your friend,will try my best to help you.主谓一致。如：I just spoke to the doctor who is an eye specialist.He was the only one of youngest girls who plays in the band.4 搭配错误 Don t talk about such things that you do not understand.Don t talk about such things as you do not understand.5 关系代词误用（1）what 与 that 误用 All what she could do was to go back home.All that she could do was to go back home.（2）Who 与 whom 误用 The citizens,most of who were workers,welcomed the new mayor.The citizens,most of whom were workers,welcomed the new mayor.（3）that 与 which 误用 Tom s dog,that was very old now,became ill and died,Tom s dog,which was very old now,became ill and died（4）that 与 who 误用 They talked about an hour of things and persons who theyre membered in the school.They talked about an hour of things and persons that they re membered in the school.6 关系代词与关系副词混淆 I ve been to the city where you visited last week.I ve been to the city that you visited last week 7 先行词混淆 Is this museum that you visited the other day?Is this museum the one you visited the other day?8 定词从句与强调句混淆 Is it in this museum where he works?Is it in this museum that he works?9 遗漏介词 The person whom I spoke just now is the manager The person whom I spoke to just now is the manager.10 错用先行词前面的限定词 My house which/that I bought last year has a lovely garden before it The house which/that I-bought last year has a lovely garden before it.My house,which I bought last year,has a lovely garden before it,11 错用关系词.有以下几种情况:（1）物主代词 his 不能引导定语从句 I met Tom,under his arm there was a book.叫先行词定语从句一般用关系代词或关系副词来引导关系词放在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用同时又作从句中的一个成分引导定语从句的关系代词有关系副词有根据定语从句与先行词的关系定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非之间有逗号分开起补充说明作用如省去意思仍完整对于定语从句的理解定语从句是由一个句子做定语修饰某个名词或代词被修饰的这个名词或代词在从句中又要充当一定成份可以把定语从句理解成是两个句子的合并如果两个句子有话语法关系代词在从句中先行词除外先行词所有格关系代词指人指人和物指物作主语例句例句你听说上星期在旧山发生的地震了吗关系代词指人指人和物指物在从句中修饰指代人或事物在从句中作宾语是宾格形式常用于较正式的英学习必备 欢迎下载 I met Tom,under whose arm there was a book.（2）应该用关系词 which 而不用人称代词 it.He lived in a house,in front of it stands a tall tree.He lived in a house,in front of which stands a tall tree.(3)应该用关系词 whom,不应该用人称代词宾格 them.I have two brothers,all of them are in Beijing.I have two brothers,all of whom are in Beijing.（六）专项练习 1.The kind-hearted couple decided to adopt the boy _ parents had been killed in an accident.A.whose B.who C.with whom D.his 2.Last week our school put on an English play _ Jim acted an important part.A.which B.when C.where D.what 3.I have reached a point in my life _ I am supposed to make decisions of my own.A.which B.where C.how D.why 4.This is an important subject _ we might argue for a long time.A.about it B.with which C.about which D.with it 5.Theyve won their last three matches，_I find a bit surprising.A.that B.when C.what D.which 6.The Science M useum,_ we visited during a recent trip to Britain,is one of Londons t