独立主格结构外语学习语法 _外语学习-语法 .pdf

学习必备 欢迎下载 独立主格结构 非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语，从而在结构上与主语不发生关系，我们称之为独立主格结构（Absolute Construction）。其实，所谓“独立主格结构”也并非真正独立，它还是一种从属的结构。一、非谓语动词独立主格结构 在独立主格结构中，非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。Such an able man to help you，you will surely succeed sooner or later.有这么能干的人来帮你,你迟早一定会成功的。（such an able man和 to help you 之间存在着主谓关系）=Since such an able man will help you,you will surely succeed sooner or later.He seating himself at the desk,his mother began to tell him a story.（seating himself at the desk拥有了自己的逻辑主语 he，注意是“主格”）=When he seated himself at the desk,his mother began to tell him a story.The key to the bike lost,he had to walk to school.由于丢了自行车钥匙，他只好步行去学校。（lost 的逻辑主语是 the key，lost 也可以用完成式 having been lost）=Because the key to the bike had been lost,he had to walk to school.A 不定式“独立主格结构”在“逻辑主语+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达。1动词不定式用主动的形式 在独立主格结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。His mother to come tonight，he is busy preparing the dinner.他母亲今晚要来,他正在忙着准备饭菜。（=As his mother is to come tonight,he is busy preparing the dinner.）will you go to the concert tonight 你今晚去听音乐会吗？sorry.So many exercise-books to check,I really cant afford any time.（Because I shall check so many exercise-books tonight,I really cant afford any time.）The four of us agreed on a division of labour,each to translate a quarter of the book.（The four of us agreed on a division of labour and each is to translate a quarter of the book.）Many trees,flowers,and grass to be planted,our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.(=If many trees,flowers,and grass are planted,our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.)B-ing 形式“独立主格结构”动词的-ing形式作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。Being ill,he went home.（=As he was very ill,he went home.）Seating himself at the desk,he began to read a magazine.在课桌旁坐好后，他开始看杂志。（=When he had seated himself at the desk,he began to read a magazine.）1 表示时间的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”Everyone being ready,the teacher began his class.（相当于一个时间状语从句 When everyone was ready)The chairman began the meeting,everyone being seated.每个人坐好后，主席开始开会。（相当于一个时间状语从句 after everyone was seated）2 表示原因的-ing 形式作“独立主格结构”The boy leading the way,we had no trouble finding the strange cave.由那个男孩带路，我们没有困难就找到了那奇怪的洞。（相当于一个原因状语从句 Because the boy led the way）Many eyes watching him,he felt a bit nervous.（相当于一个原因状语从句 As many eyes were watching him）必背：含有 being 的独立主格结构。It being National Day today，the streets are very crowded.今天是国庆节,街上很拥挤。=As it is National Day today,the streets are very crowded.There being no further business to discuss,we all went home.没有别的事可讨论，我们都回家了。=As there was no further business to discuss,we all went home.3 表示条件的-ing 形式作“独立主格结构”学习必备 欢迎下载 Time permitting,we will have a picnic next week.（相当于一个条件状语从句 If time permits)My health allowing,I will work far into the night.（相当于一个条件状语从句 If my health allows）4 表示方式的-ing 形式作“独立主格结构”The students are walking in the school happily,each wearing a card in front of his chest.（相当于一个并列分句 and each wears a card in front of his chest）The boy lay on the grass,his eyes looking at the sky.男孩躺在草地上，眼睛看着天空。（相当于一个并列分句 and his eyes were looking at the sky）C-ed形式“独立主格结构”与逻辑主语+动词的-ing形式一样，如果-ed 形式的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致的话，就需要用-ed 形式的独立主格结构。The book written in simple English,English beginners were able to read it.=As the book was written in simple English，English beginners were able to read it.The workers worked still harder,their living conditions greatly improved.=As their living conditions were greatly improved,the workers worked still harder.He was listening attentively in class,his eyes fixed on the blackboard.=He was listening attentively in class,and his eyes were fixed on the blackboard.The task completed,he had two months leave.任务完成以后，他休了两个月的假。（=When the task had been completed,he had two months leave.）比较：动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生，动词-ed 形式表示动作已经结束，动词-ing 形式往往表示动作正在进行。The manager looks worried，many things to settle.经理看上去很着急,有这么多的事情要处理。（事情还没有处理，而且是由经理本人来处理，用不定式 to settle）The manager looks relaxed,many things settled.（事情已处理好了，用动词-ed 形式 settled 表示动作已经结束）The food being cooked,the boy was watching TV.（两个动作同时进行）The food cooked,the boy went to bed.（两个动作有先后，饭已做好，小孩才去睡觉的）二、动词独立主格结构“逻辑主语+being+其他”是独立主格结构中的“逻辑主语+动词-ing形式”的一种形式。在这种结构中，being 往往可以被省去，这种省去 being 的结构，称之为无动词“独立主格结构”。A逻辑主语+名词 Ten students entered for the competition,the youngest a boy of 12.十个学生报名参加了这次竞赛，年纪最小的是个 12 岁的男孩。（the youngest和 a boy of 12之间省去了 being）注意：独立主格结构中的 being 在下列两种情况下一般不能省略，一是在“There being+名词”结构中，二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。There being no bus,we had to walk home.由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。It being Sunday,all the offices are closed.因为是星期日，所有办公室都关门。B逻辑主语+形容词 He turned to me,his eyes sleepy.（his eyes 和 sleepy 之间省去了 being）=He turned to me,and his eyes were sleepy.He stood there,his mouth wide open.（his mouth和 wide open之间省去了 being）=He stood there,and his mouth was wide open.C逻辑主语+副词 School over,we all went home.（school 和 over 之间省去了 being）=School was over,and we all went home.He sat at his desk,his shoes off.（his shoes 和 off 之间省去了 being）=He sat at his desk and his shoes were off.D逻辑主语+介词短语 He is standing in front of the blackboard,his back towards us.=He was standing in front of the blackboard,and his back was towards us.的主语从而在结构上与主语不发生关系我们称之为独立主格结构其实所谓独立主格结构也并非真正独立它还是一种从属的结构一非谓语动词独立主格结构在独立主格结构中非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系行车钥匙他只好步行去学校的逻辑主语是也可以用完成式不定式独立主格结构在逻辑主语动词不定式结构中动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达动词不定式用主动的备菜你今晚去听音乐会吗形式独立主格结构动词的形式作状语时其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致在课桌旁坐好后他开始看杂志表示时间的形式作独立主格结构相当于一个时间状语从句每个人坐好后主席开始开会相当于一个学习必备 欢迎下载 The new teacher came in,a smile on her face.=The new teacher came in and she had a smile on her face.The teacher came into the classroom，a rule in his hand.=The teacher came in and a ruler was in his hand.提示：在“逻辑主语+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构里，如果名词用单数，可以不用冠词，同时介词短语里的限定词也可省略。The music teacher stood at the door,violin in hand.（=The music teacher stood at the door,a violin in his hand.）三、with,without 引导的独立主格结构 介词 with,without+宾语+宾语的补足语可以构成独立主格结构，上面讨论过的独立主格结构的几种情况在此结构中都能体现。A with+名词代词+形容词 He doesn t like to sleep with the windows open.=He doesn t like to sleep when the windows are open.He stood in the rain,with his clothes wet.=He stood in the rain,and his clothes were wet.注意：在“with+名词代词+形容词”构成的独立主格结构中，也可用已形容词化的-ing形式或-ed 形式。With his son so disappointing，the old man felt unhappy.With his father well-known,the boy didn t want to study.B with+名词代词+副词 Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on.=Our school looks even more beautiful if/when all the lights are on.The boy was walking,with his father ahead.=The boy was walking and his father was ahead.C with+名词代词+介词短语 He stood at the door,with a computer in his hand.或 He stood at the door,computer in hand.=He stood at the door,and a computer was in his hand.Vincent sat at the desk,with a pen in his mouth.或 Vincent sat at the desk,pen in mouth.=Vincent sat at the desk,and he had a pen in his mouth.D with+名词代词+动词的-ed形式 With his homework done,Peter went out to play.=When his homework was done,Peter went out to play.With the signal given,the train started.=After the signal was given,the train started.I wouldn t dare go home without the job finished.=I wouldn t dare go home because the job was not finished.E with+名词代词+动词的-ing 形式 The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him.=The man felt very happy when he found so many children sitting around him.The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.=The girl hid her box and no one knew where it was.Without anyone noticing,he slipped through the window.他趁没人注意的时候，从窗口溜走了。=When no one was noticing,he slipped through the window.F with+名词代词+动词不定式 The little boy looks sad,with so much homework to do.=The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do.The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.The kid feels excited as there are so many places of interest to visit.提示：在 with，without 的复合结构中，多数情况下 with 能省略，但 without 不能省略。Without a word more spoken,she left the meeting room.（without 不能省略）四、独立主格结构的句法功能 独立主格结构在句中除了能充当原因状语、时间状语、条件状语和伴随状语外，还能作定语。在形式上，“独立主格结构”可位于句首、句中或句尾，并通常用逗号与主句隔开。的主语从而在结构上与主语不发生关系我们称之为独立主格结构其实所谓独立主格结构也并非真正独立它还是一种从属的结构一非谓语动词独立主格结构在独立主格结构中非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系行车钥匙他只好步行去学校的逻辑主语是也可以用完成式不定式独立主格结构在逻辑主语动词不定式结构中动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达动词不定式用主动的备菜你今晚去听音乐会吗形式独立主格结构动词的形式作状语时其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致在课桌旁坐好后他开始看杂志表示时间的形式作独立主格结构相当于一个时间状语从句每个人坐好后主席开始开会相当于一个学习必备 欢迎下载 A作状语 独立主格结构作状语，其功能相当于一个状语从句或并列分句。1表示时间 Night coming on,we put ourselves up in a small hotel.夜幕降临，我们在一家小旅馆住了下来。（=When night came on,we put ourselves up in a small hotel.）All the guests seated,they began their dinner.（=When all the guests were seated,they began their dinner.）With everything she needed bought,Grace took a taxi home.（After everything she needed was bought,Grace took a taxi home.）2表示原因 With a lot of difficult problems to settle,the newly-elected president is having a hard time.（=As he has a lot of difficult problems to settle,the newly-elected president is having a hard time.）There being no means of transportation,he had to walk home at midnight.(=As there was no means of transportation,he had to walk home at midnight.)3表示条件 Weather permitting,we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.（=If weather permits，we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.）All the work done,you can have a rest.（=As long as all the work is done,you can have a rest.）Everything taken into consideration,the plan seems to be more practical.（=If everything is taken into consideration,the plan seems to be more practical.）提示：表示时间、原因、条件的独立主格结构一般放在句首，并且不能保留连词。【误】When class being over,the students left their classroom.【正】Class(being)over,the students left their classroom.下课了，学生都离开了教室。【误】The moon appearing and they continued their way.【正】The moon appearing,they continued their way.月亮出来了，他们继续赶路。4表示伴随情况或补充说明 The strange man was walking down the street,with a stick in his hand.（=The strange man was walking down the street,and he carried a stick in his hand.）The murderer was brought in,with his hands tied behind his back.（=The murderer was brought in,and his hands were tied behind his back.）Two hundred people died in the accident,many of them children.（Two hundred people died in the accident and many of them were children.）B作定语 独立主格结构作定语，其功能相当于一个定语从句。He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled.(with 的复合结构作定语,修饰 the student)=He is the person who has a lot of questions to be settled.You can use a large plastic bottle with its top cut off.(with 的复合结构作定语,修饰 bottle)=You can use a large plastic bottle whose top was cut off.He was walking along the road without any street lights on its both sides.他走在一条两边没有路灯的马路上。(without 的复合结构作定语,修饰 the road)=He was walking along the road that didn t have any street lights on its both sides.提示：在这里我们讨论了很多用连词连接的两个句子改为独立主格结构的情况。需要提示的是，不是所有用连词的地方都可以改为独立主格结构。If you stand on the top of the mountain，the park looks more beautiful.（不要改为独立主格结构）If you check your test paper carefully,some mistakes can be avoided.（不要改为独立主格结构）的主语从而在结构上与主语不发生关系我们称之为独立主格结构其实所谓独立主格结构也并非真正独立它还是一种从属的结构一非谓语动词独立主格结构在独立主格结构中非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系行车钥匙他只好步行去学校的逻辑主语是也可以用完成式不定式独立主格结构在逻辑主语动词不定式结构中动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达动词不定式用主动的备菜你今晚去听音乐会吗形式独立主格结构动词的形式作状语时其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致在课桌旁坐好后他开始看杂志表示时间的形式作独立主格结构相当于一个时间状语从句每个人坐好后主席开始开会相当于一个学习必备 欢迎下载 1.The lecture _,he left his seat so quietly that no one complained that his leaving disturbed the speaker.A.began B.beginning C.having begun D.being beginning 2.Such _ the case,I have no other choices.A.being B.is C.was D.to be 3.Darkness _ in,the young people strolled on the streets.A.set B.setting C.has set D.was set 4.With all factors _,we think this program may be better than all the others in achieving the goal.A.being considered B.considering C.considered D.are considered 5.A new technique _,the production increased by 20 percent.A.to have been worked out B.having worked out C.working out D.having been worked out 6.On the top was the clear outline of a great wolf sitting still,ears _,alert,listening.A.pointed B.pointing C.are pointed D.are pointing 7.Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office,but our work _,we didnt accept the offer.A.not being finished B.not having finished C.had not been finished D.was not finished 8.There are various kinds of metals,each _ its own properties(特性).A.has B.had C.to have D.having 9.The old man stood under a big tree,_.A.a pipe in mouth B.with a pipe in mouth C.pipe in mouth D.pipe in his mouth 10.The production _ steadily,the factory needs an ever-increasing supply of raw material(原料).A.has gone up B.is going up C.having gone up D.being gone up 11._ no bus,we had to walk home.A.There was B.There being C.Because there being D.There were 12._,Ill go there with you tomorrow afternoon.A.Time permits B.If time permitting C.Time permitting D.Times permitting 13._,we all went home happily.A.Goodbye was said B.Goodbye had been said C.Goodbye said D.When goodbye said 14._,we all went swimming in high spirits.A.It being fine weather B.It fine weather C.It was fine weather D.It being a fine weather 15._,the bus started at once.A.The signal was given B.The signal giving C.The signal given D.When the signal given 16.She stood there,_ from her cheeks.A.tears rolling down B.tears rolled down C.with tears rolled down D.tears rolling down 17._,the leaves are turning green.A.When spring coming on B.Spring coming on C.Spring came on D.Spring being come on 18._,I had to buy a new one.A.My dictionary losing B.My dictionary having been lost 的主语从而在结构上与主语不发生关系我们称之为独立主格结构其实所谓独立主格结构也并非真正独立它还是一种从属的结构一非谓语动词独立主格结构在独立主格结构中非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系行车钥匙他只好步行去学校的逻辑主语是也可以用完成式不定式独立主格结构在逻辑主语动词不定式结构中动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达动词不定式用主动的备菜你今晚去听音乐会吗形式独立主格结构动词的形式作状语时其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致在课桌旁坐好后他开始看杂志表示时间的形式作独立主格结构相当于一个时间状语从句每个人坐好后主席开始开会相当于一个学习必备 欢迎下载 C.My dictionary had been lost D.Because my dictionary lost 19.I used to sleep with the window _.A.opened B.open C.opening D to open 20._,the hunter went into the forest.A.A gun on shoulder B.A gun was on his shoulder C.Gun on shoulder D.A gun being on shoulder 21._ production up by 60%,the company has had another excellent year.A.As B.For C.With D.Through 22.With a lot of work _,I have to sit up tonight.A.do B.doing C.done D.to do 23.He stood there silently,his lips_.A.trembling B.trembled C.were trembling D.were trembling 24._,her suggestion is of greater value than yours.A.All things considering B.All things considered C.All things were considered D.With all things were considered 25._,we will surely succeed.A.The teacher helping us B.The teacher to help us C.The teacher will help us D.With the teacher helping 26.The thief stood before the policeman,_ admitting what he had done.A.with his drooping head B.drooping his head C.raising his head D.with his head down 27._,he cant go out for a walk as usual.A.With so much work to do B.With so much work doing C.With so much work done D.Without so much work to do 28.Its quite strange that the man sleeps with his mouth _ and his eyes _.A.closed;open B.closed;opened C.closing;open D.closing;opening 29.All things _,the pla