初中英语2024届中考复习动词与动词短语知识讲解.doc

中考英语动词与动词短语动词动词的概述：英语中用来表示动作或状态的词叫动词。动词的分类动词可分为实义动词（行为动词）、系动词、助动词和情态动词四大类。一、实义动词实义动词（notional verb）：含有实际意义，可单独充当句子的谓语。表示主语的动作、状态和品质。实义动词分为及物动词（transitive verb）和不及物动词(intransitive verb)。实义动词的分类与用法1.及物动词及物动词及物动词本身意义不完整，后面必须接宾语，意思才完整。常见及物动词visit, ask, win, answer, beat, serve, marry, enter, discuss, attend(参加), reach, drop（落下，放弃）, kill, raise等等。注意当主语是物时，及物动词sell, feel, taste, wash, read, write 等常用作不及物动词，表示被动的意思，用来说明主语的特征。 The silk feels soft.这丝绸摸上去很柔软。 The pen writes well.这支笔很好用。 This kind of shoes sells well.这种鞋很畅销。2.不及物动词不及物动词本身意义完整，后面不能接宾语，若要接宾语，要用介词作“桥梁”。常见不及物动词go(to),come(to),happen(to) swim,run,dance,talk (to),reply (to), return (to), point(to, at ) , knock (at, on ), wait (for ), listen ( to), look (at ), arrive (in , at ), get (to),fall (off ), die (of , from), rise (up ) 等。使用不及物动词时需注意不及物动词没有被动形式。如：happen,occur,rise,lie,die, remain 等The palace caught fire three times in the last century, and little of the original building_now.A.Remains B.is remained C.is remaining D.has been remained答案：A主动表示被动的不及物动词。动词+(well,poorly,easily,badly,smoothly),物作主语，表示主语本身的性质。如：sell, wash, burn, cook, cut, drive, dress,play, last, open, write, start, run, read,operate, break, measure, weigh等。如：(1) Dry wood burns easily.(2) The cloth washes well.(3) The door locks tightly.(4) The pen writes smoothly.3.兼任及物动词和不及物动词的动词有些动词既可作及物动词，也可作不及物动词，且有时词义相同，有时不同。4.延续性动词与终止性动词（瞬间动词）延续性动词表示行为或过程能持久地继续下去或产生持久的影响。如：eat, listen, read, run, walk, work,write等。终止性动词表示行为或过程是短暂的或瞬间完成结束。如：arrive; begin; break; bring; buy; catch;close; come; die; discover; fall; leave; open; put on; take off; sell; start; stop; return; go;jump等。如何判断句子中的动词该使用延续性动词还是终止性动词(1)延续性动词不能与表示短暂时间的“点时间”状语连用。但：come/begin/get+to+延续性动词可表示一瞬间的动作。(“点时间”指具体某一时间点；“段时间”指某一时间内.)如:It rained at eight yesterday morning.(误）It began to rain at eight yesterday morning.(正）因为rain为延续性动词，而at eight表示“点时间”，前后矛盾。-When did you get to know Jack? -Two years ago.(get to know表示一瞬间的动作,与“点时间”two years ago连用)-Then you've known each other for more than two years.-That's right.（know表示延续的动作,与“段时间”for two years连用)(2) 终止性动词可以用于when引导的时间状语从句中，但不可以用于while引导的时间状语从句中。when表示的时间是“点时间”（从句谓语动词用终止性动词）,也可以是“段时间”（从句谓语动词用延续性动词）。而while表示的是一个较长的时间或过程，从句谓语动词一般只能用延续性动词。When we reached London, it was twelve o'clock.(reach为终止性动词；when不可用while替换.)Please look after my daughter while/when we are away.(be away为延续性动词短语）(3) 终止性动词的完成时态，表示动作的完成并产生了影响与结果。但一般不能与表示延续的时间段短语“for.”或“since”以及“How long."连用，终止性动词否定式除外。He has joined the army.他已经参军了。He has been a member of the army for three years.他已经参军三年了。=He has been in the army for three years.His dog died five days ago.=His dog has been dead for five days.=It is five days since his dog died.=Five days has passed since his dog died.I bought the bike two months ago.=I have had the bike for two months.=It is two months since I bought the bike.=Two months has passed since I bought the bike.I haven't left here for 3 years.(haven't left 是终止性动词否定式，可与“段时间”连用)I haven't heard from him for 3 weeks.(haven't heard是终止性动词否定式，可与“段时间”连用)现在完成时中，终止性动词可转换成延续性动词与“段时间”连用：2borrowke buyhave becomebeput on wear move tolive in recognizeknowbegin/startbe on die be dead finishbe overreturnbe back come herebe here go therebe therecome backbe back fall asleepbe asleep leavebe away fromget to/arrive/reachbe(in) go(get)outbe out fall illbe illopen sthkeep sth open get upbe up catch a coldhave a cold get to knowknow joinbe in+组织机构/be a member of+组织机构如： I have bought this bike.I have bought this bike for two years.×I have had this bike for two years.= I bought this bike two years ago.（4）"not+终止性动词+until/till."意为“直到才”。“延续性动词+until/till."表示：“.一直延续到.”I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight.今天晚上直到我画完画，我才上床睡觉。I won't leave till my parents come back.（我将呆在家里直到我父母回来。言外之意是，我父母不回来，我就一直呆在家里，我父母回来后我就离开家。）I didn't receive the notice until last evening.（直到昨天晚上我才收到通知。言外之意是，昨天晚上前我一直没有接到通知。）We worked until 11:00 yesterday evening.（我们昨天晚上一直工作到11点。）二、系动词(连)系动词（linking verb）本身有一定的意义，但是不能单独作谓语，后面必须跟表语，构成系表结构作谓语，说明主语的状态，性质，特征等情况。连系动词只有主动形式，没有被动语态。系动词的分类与用法1.状态系动词状态系动词：be（是），用来表示主语的性质与状态。My father is a teacher.我爸爸是老师。 He is strict.他很严格。 2.表像系动词 表像系动词 ：seem（似乎，好象），look（看起来），appear（显得，似乎，看来）,表示“看起来像”这一概念。 She seems(to be ) happy.她似乎很幸福。 She appears to be very young.她显得很年轻。He looks tired 他看起来很疲倦 3.持续系动词持续系动词：keep/stay(保持)，remian“保持、继续”，表示主语继续或保持一种状况或状态。Please keep/stay quiet.请安静。The weather remian quiet.天气依然很冷。4.终止系动词终止系动词：prove/turn out “证明、结果是”，用于表示主语已终止动作，表达“证实”“变成”等意思。The handbook proved very useful.这本手册证明很有用。She proved a very strict teacher.结果证明她是一位非常严格的老师。It turns out to be true.事实证明是真的。Everything will turn out well.一切都会好起来。5.表示感官的系动词表示感官的系动词：feel（摸起来）, taste（尝起来），smell（闻起来）, sound（听起来）。这些系动词后面接形容词作表语，表示主语的特征、性质或状态。This kind of cloth feels soft.这种布料手感很柔软。This songsounds good.这首歌好听。The soup tastes delicious .汤尝起来很可口。The flower smells sweet.这多花闻起来很香。6.变化系动词变化系动词：get（渐渐变得，强调过程，通常表示温度、时间、岁数等变化）, turn（变成，强调颜色变化）, become（比较正式，“变成”，强调变化结果，常跟职业名词或形容词）, grow（强调发展或成长变化，指逐渐的变化,表示身高、岁数的增长），go（变得，口语化，强调向令人不愉快的方面变化后接bad、blind、hungry、deaf等此类形容词）。表示主语变成什么样。He is getting richer and richer.(他变得越来越富有了。)My little brother grows much taller .(我的弟弟长得高多了。)The sandwich goes bad.Dont eat it.(那块三明治变质了。不要吃。)Her face turned red after her mother criticized her.(妈妈批评了他以后他的脸变红了。)Several years later,he became a doctor.(几年以后，他成为一名医生。)三、助动词助动词（auxiliary verb）本身无词义，不能单独作谓语，只能和实义动词一起构成谓语，帮助实义动词构成时态、语态、否定和疑问。如：Tom is doing his homework .(帮助构成现在进行时). Did you like English ?( 帮助构成疑问句)I have finished my homework.(帮助构成现在完成时)The watch is made in Shanghai.(帮助构成被动语态) He doesnt like apples.( 帮助构成否定)助动词的分类与用法1.用于进行时和被动语态的be（is, am, are, was, were, will be）如：I am looking for my pen.我正在找我的笔。（现在进行时）These cups are made in China.这些杯子是中国制造的。(被动语态）2.用于一般时的助动词do (does, did) He does not speak English.他不说英语。（一般现在时） When did he come back?他什么时候回来的？（一般过去时）3.用于完成时的have( has, had )：They have known each other for twenty years.他们互相认识有二十年了。（现在完成时）He had built a chemistry lab for himself at the age of ten.他十岁时就已经为自己建了一个化学实验室。(过去完成时）4.用于将来时的will (would ), shall (should ), 等,它们后面都接动词原形：will能用于一般将来时的任何人称后；would是will的过去时，能用于过去将来时：The plane will arrive in ten minutes.飞机十分中后将要到达。（一般将来时）I was sure we would win.我确信用我们会赢。（过去将来时）shall只能用于一般将来时的第一人称后；should是shall的过去时，只能用于过去将来时的第一人称后： We shall meet at the school gate tomorrow.我们明天将在校门口见。（一般将来时）I told them that I should do the work alone.我告诉他们我将独自做那项工作。（过去将来时）四、情态动词情态动词（modal verb）本身有一定的意义，但是不能单独作谓语, 只能和实义动词一起构成谓语,表示说话人的态度和语气。情态动词必须和动词原形一起构成谓语，没有人称和数的变化，变为否定时，直接在情态动词后加not 。常用的情态动词有：can (could ), may(might ), must, will (would ), shall (should), need,dare(敢), ought to（应该）等。情态动词的分类与用法can (could)can (could)表示能力：“能够”can相当be able to，但can 只有两种时态 :一般现在时和一般过去时。be able to 有各种时态:She is able to sing .（一般现在时） She was able to sing when she was four .（一般过去时） She will be able to sing next year.（一般将来时）在一般现在时和一般过去时中，两者可以替换：I can sing .= I am able to sing .I could sing when I was four .= I was able to sing when I was five .表示允许或请求许可：“可以”can(could 更加委婉)相当mayCan/ Could I borrow your bike ? =May I borrow your bike ?You can use this dictionary .may(might )may(might )表示允许或请求许可：“可以”may(might更加委婉) 可用can(could) 来代替 You may/can ride a bike now. _ I know your name?A.May B.Will C.Shall D.Must mustmust表示主观意愿，责任，义务，“必须”。As a student, I must work hard. We must go to school on time.否定形式mustnt表示“禁止，不许”You mustnt smoke here.Its dangerous. You mustnt talk in class.、has/have/had to :has/have/had to :强调外界客观原因(如环境、急事等)引起“不得不”做某事，。Its very rainy, I have to stay at home . Its getting late, I have to go home.否定形式为 doesnt have to / dont have to / didnt have to =neednt 没有必要You dont have to finish your homework today= You neednt finish your homework today.needneed：可作情态动词和实义动词情态动词 ：常用于否定或疑问句，否定形式直接在need后加not.Need you ride a bike to school? (疑问句) You neednt finish that work today.( 否定句)实义动词 ：用于各种句型，否定形式要借助dont, doesnt, didnt否定，疑问句形式要借助do, does, did提问.need sth.需要某物 肯定： I need some help .否定： I dont need any help.一般疑问句 ： Do you need any help ? need to do sth.需要去做某事 She needs to buy a pen.need doing sth.= need to be done 需要被做某事 如：My bike needs repairing .=My bike needs to be repaired.(我的自行车需要修理。）shallshall 用于第一人称，表示征求对方的意见或指示：Shall I open the door ? Shall we go shopping?should表示义务或责任时意为“应该”：We should learn from each other.我们应该互相帮助. should 表示建议或劝告时意为“应该”： You should give up smoking.你应该戒烟。 will（would）用于疑问句，表示请求，邀请或建议（would的语气更加委婉）。 Will /Would you have another bottle of orange juice ? -Would you like to go fishing with me ?Thanks, Id love to.（肯定回答） Yes, Id like to.（肯定回答） Id love to,but I have too much homework to do.（否定回答）Sorry, Im afraid I cant because I have too much homework to do.（否定回答）含有情态动词的一般疑问句的答语May I? Yes, you may /Yes, you can / Yes, of course/ Yes, certainly / Sure.（肯定回答） No, you mustnt./ No, you cant ./ No, youd better not.（否定回答）Must I? Yes, you must. （肯定回答）No, you neednt./ You dont have to .（否定回答）Need you?Yes, I must. （肯定回答）No, I neednt. /No, I dont have to .（否定回答）Can/ Could I ? Yes, you can ./ Of course you can./ Sure./ Certainly .（肯定回答）No, you cant ./ Sorry, you cant ./ Im afraid you cant.（否定回答）Do I have to ? Yes, you do .（肯定回答）No，you dont .（否定回答）五、动词短语动词短语动词之后加介词或副词等构成的短语，表达一种特定的含义，称为动词短语。动词短语的分类1.动词+副词：在这种结构中，当宾语的是名词时，可以放在动词和副词之间，也可放在副词之后。He took off his coat.= He took his coat off.当宾语是代词时，只能放在动词和副词之间。如：He took it off .() He took off it .(×)put on 穿上; turn down调小； set up 建立; give up放弃; take out取出 ；put off推迟 ; turn up 调 大； pick up捡起 ; send up 发射; work out 算出 ;put up挂起，举起 ; turn off关掉; fix up修理; think up想出; hand out =give out分发 put down放下 ; turn on打开; look up 查阅 cheer up使振奋 ; put out扑灭；熄灭put away 收好; slow down 放慢; call / ring up打电话 wake up叫醒； keep out 挡住get back 取回 shut down 关上 eat up 吃光; clean up打扫干净; try out实验；get over 克服 cut down 砍倒； hand in上交; pick up 捡起 set out动身，着手 take off 脱掉/起飞；give away捐赠; try on 试穿 look over仔细检查 think over仔细考虑 set off 出发 2.动词+介词 / 动词+副词+介词：在这种结构中，无论作宾语的是名词还是代词，都只能放在介词之后。（因为词组在词义上相当于一个及物动词，宾语总是在介词后面，即使宾语是代词）I have to look after my brother.() I have to look after her.() I have to look her after (×);这种结构的短语有：think of想起 ; look for寻找; look through浏览 hear of 听说; pay for付款 ; think about 考虑; look after照顾; get on 上车; laugh at 嘲笑; point to指向; run out of 用完 look at看; agree with同意; wait for 等候; arrive at到达; fall off从掉下; begin with以开始; come up with想出； take after长得像; get to到达; knock at敲门; come from来自;3.动词+名词+介词/动词+形容词+介词 本结构中，无论作宾语的是名词还是代词，都只能放在介词之后。have a look at 看一看; make friends with与交朋友 ; pay attention to注意;take care of照顾; look forward to期待; be angry with生气;be busy with忙于; be good/ bad for对有益/害; be different from与不同;be late for 迟到; be interested in对感兴趣; be famous for因而著名;be good at擅长于; be mad at生气; be annoyed with生气;look out of 向外看 be full of 充满 be fond of喜欢be surprised at 对感到吃惊 be amazed at 对感到吃惊