动词不定式英语语法教学资料.docx

动词不定式 动词不定式由“to+动词原形”构成，可以在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补足语等,但不能作谓语。没有人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化。一、不定式的结构to do （肯定） not/never to do (否定)二、用法/功能(充当什么成分)1、作主语：（e.g.：To see is to believe. To finish this report took him a week. Its important to learn English well .）【为避免句子出现 “头重脚轻”现象,常用it做形式主语,将真正主语的不定式后置.】常用句式有：（1）It+be+名词/形容词+to do（2）It takes (sb.)+sth+to do（e.g: It takes me half an hour to go to school by bicycle.）（3）It+be+形容词+for sb +to do (e.g: It is impossible for me to go there within half an hour.)（4）It+be+形容词+of sb.+to do (e.g: It was wise of you to follow the doctors advice.= You were wise to follow the doctors advice.) 【常用: careless, careful; clever, wise, silly, stupid,foolish; honest, kind, nice, cruel, lazy, 等表示赞扬或批评人的形容词，句子可以转换成人作主语】2、作宾语（1）vt.+ to do：（e.g.：Yao Ming likes to play basketball.）常接动词不定式作宾语的动词有：agree, afford, appear, ask, attempt； care, choose, claim；dare,decide,demand,deserve,determine；expect, fail, get,guarantee；hate, hesitate, hope, hurry；intend, learn, manage, offer,plan, prepare,pretend, promise；refuse, seem, tend, threaten；want, wish 等+ to do。常接to do作宾语的动词口诀：决定想做计划需要同意，能做被用来做的事 迫不及待下决心做过去常常未能做的事decide to do sth. 决定做某事 cant wait to do 迫不及待地要做某事 want would like to do sth. 想做某事 make up ones mind to do 下决心做某事 plan to do sth. 计划做某 used to do 过去常常做某事 need to do sth. 需要做某事 fail to do 未能做某事 agree to do sth. 同意做某事 afford to do 能做某事 be used to do 被用来做（2）vt. + it + adj./n+ to do【vt.= feel, find, make, think, believe, consider】（e.g.：I think it impossible to get him to change his mind. I found it necessary to talk to him again.）（3）介词+ (to) do （e.g.：She could do nothing but cry. I have no choice but to go.）【不定式用在介词but, except, besides后时,如果这些介词前有行为动词do的各种形式,那么介词后的不定式不带to,相反则带to.】3、作宾语补足语（1）ask, beg, prefer, help, promise, wish, want, expect, permit, request, allow, command, tell ,invite, cause, encourage, warn, advise, persuade, force, order, remind, teach, 等.+ sb to do sth（e.g.：The teacher told me to clean the blackboard. I expect you to give me some help.）（2）后接不带to的不定式做宾语补足语的动词有：（e.g. I made him do his work.）【改为被动语态时，不定式要加to】注意：1、hope/suggest/agree/demand等后面不能跟 sb to do. 2、 help sb. (to) do（e.g. They often help the grandma (to)carry water.）4、作定语：放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系：（1）动宾关系：（e.g.I have a meeting to attend. ）【注意】：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词（e.g.He found a good house to live in. ）如果不定式修饰time, place, way，可以省略介词：（e.g.He has no place to live. This is the best way to work out this problem. ）（2）说明所修饰名词的内容：（e.g.We have made a plan to finish the work. 要是我有机会去太空旅行该多好！）（3）主谓关系: be the first/second- to do（e.g.：He is always the first person to come to school and the last to leave every day. ）5、 作状语（1）做目的状语，常用的结构： to do ; in order to do； so as to do, etc.（e.g.: I come here to say good-bye to you. To save money, every means has been tried.）（2）做结果状语 ： tooto； only to；enough to （e.g.: He studied hard only to fail the exam. He is old enough to go to school.）（3）不定式做原因状语：用在作表语的形容词后作状语, sorry, surprised, happy, glad, eager, angry, foolish, right, wrong, slow, quick, rude, cruel, disappointed + to do（e.g.:Im glad to see you.We were surprised to hear the news.）6、作表语：不定式常用在系动词 be, seem, appear, get, remain等后作表语。系动词+ to do（e.g.：My work is to clean the room every day.His dream is to be a doctor.）7、作独立成分： to be frank to be honest to start/begin with,to be honest/frank/exact, to make things worseto be short（e.g.：To tell the truth, I dont agree with you.）8、与疑问词等连用：who,which, when, how, what + to do（e.g.:他不知道说什么。 He didnt know what to say.如何解决这个问题很重要。How to solve the problem is very important.）注意：只用于why或why not开头的简短疑问句中，后面紧跟do。（e.g.:Why not have a rest?）