世界银行-发展中的社会可持续性：迎接21世纪的挑战（英）-2023.3.pdf

SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY IN DEVELOPMENTMEETING THE CHALLENGES OF THE 21ST CENTURYPatrick Barron,Louise Cord,Jos Cuesta,Sabina A.Espinoza,Greg Larson,and Michael WoolcockNEW FRONTIERS OF SOCIAL POLICYSOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY IN DEVELOPMENTMEETING THE CHALLENGES OF THE 21ST CENTURYNew Frontiers of Social PolicySeriesThis series is designed to address issues of importance for social sustainability covering themes of inclusion,resilience,social cohesion,and process legitimacy.Titles in this series undergo inter-nal and external review under the management of the Social Sustainability and Inclusion Global Practice.Titles in This SeriesOpening the Black Box:The Contextual Drivers of Social AccountabilityInstitutions Taking Root:Building State Capacity in Challenging ContextsInclusion Matters:The Foundation for Shared ProsperitySocietal Dynamics and Fragility:Engaging Societies in Responding to Fragile SituationsLiving through Crises:How the Food,Fuel,and Financial Shocks Affect the PoorLocal and Community Driven Development:Moving to Scale in Theory and PracticeSocial Dimensions of Climate Change:Equity and Vulnerability in a Warming WorldDelivering Services in Multicultural SocietiesBuilding Equality and Opportunity through Social Guarantees:New Approaches to Public Policy and the Realization of RightsAssets,Livelihoods,and Social PolicyInclusive States:Social Policy and Structural InequalitiesInstitutional Pathways to Equity:Addressing Inequality Traps NEW FRONTIERS OF SOCIAL POLICYSOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY IN DEVELOPMENTMEETING THE CHALLENGES OF THE 21ST CENTURYPatrick BarronLouise CordJos CuestaSabina A.EspinozaGreg LarsonMichael Woolcock 2023 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank1818 H Street NW,Washington,DC 20433Telephone:202-473-1000;Internet:www.worldbank.orgSome rights reserved1 2 3 4 26 25 24 23This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions.The findings,interpretations,and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank,its Board of Executive Directors,or the governments they represent.The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy,completeness,or currency of the data included in this work and does not assume responsibility for any errors,omissions,or discrep-ancies in the information,or liability with respect to the use of or failure to use the information,methods,processes,or conclusions set forth.The boundaries,colors,denominations,and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.Nothing herein shall constitute or be construed or considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank,all of which are specifically reserved.Rights and PermissionsThis work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license(CC BY 3.0 IGO)http:/creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo.Under the Creative Commons Attribution license,you are free to copy,distribute,transmit,and adapt this work,including for commercial purposes,under the following conditions:AttributionPlease cite the work as follows:Barron,Patrick,Louise Cord,Jos Cuesta,Sabina A.Espinoza,Greg Larson,and Michael Woolcock.2023.Social Sustainability in Development:Meeting the Challenges of the 21st Century.New Frontiers of Social Policy.Washington,DC:World Bank.doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-1946-9.License:Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGOTranslationsIf you create a translation of this work,please add the following disclaimer along with the attribution:This translation was not created by The World Bank and should not be considered an official World Bank translation.The World Bank shall not be liable for any content or error in this translation.AdaptationsIf you create an adaptation of this work,please add the following disclaimer along with the attribution:This is an adaptation of an original work by The World Bank.Views and opinions expressed in the adaptation are the sole responsibility of the author or authors of the adaptation and are not endorsed by The World Bank.Third-party contentThe World Bank does not necessarily own each component of the content contained within the work.The World Bank therefore does not warrant that the use of any third-party-owned individual component or part contained in the work will not infringe on the rights of those third parties.The risk of claims resulting from such infringement rests solely with you.If you wish to re-use a component of the work,it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that re-use and to obtain permission from the copyright owner.Examples of components can include,but are not limited to,tables,figures,or images.All queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to World Bank Publications,The World Bank Group,1818 H Street NW,Washington,DC 20433,USA;e-mail:pubrightsworldbank.org.ISBN(paper):978-1-4648-1946-9ISBN(electronic):978-1-4648-1947-6DOI:10.1596/978-1-4648-1946-9Cover image:Modibo Doumbia,b.Bamako.La Marche,2006,acrylic on canvas.World Bank Art Program permanent collection.PN 669739.World Bank.Further permission required for reuse.Cover design:Circle GraphicsLibrary of Congress Control Number:2023900707|vTable of ContentsForeword ixAcknowledgments xiAbout the Authors xiiiMain Messages xviiExecutive Summary xixAbbreviations xxxv1 From Aspiration to Action 1Introduction 1Context 3Notes 16References 182 What Is Social Sustainability?25Overview and Literature Review 25Definitions and Conceptual Framework 29Strengthening the Empirical Foundations of Social Sustainability 51Annex 2A Empirical Annex 54Annex 2B Social Sustainability and Developmental Outcome Correlations,Controlling for Income 56Notes 61References 63vi|Social Sustainability in Development3 Closing the ImplementationGap 73Introduction 73Challenges in Operationalizing Social Sustainability 73What Has Worked to Promote Cohesion,Inclusion,and Resilience?76Leveraging Process Legitimacy:How Things Are Done Matters 83Notes 95References 964 Conclusion 101A Perfect Storm 101References 102Boxes1.1 The Conceptual Foundations of Social Sustainability at theWorldBank 71.2 Global Estimates of the Population at Risk of Exclusion 121.3 Social Medias Effects on Social Cohesion 162.1 Vignettes to Illustrate Social Sustainability 262.2 Social Sustainability Global Database 322.3 Four Vignettes on the Importance of Process Legitimacy inDevelopment 493.1 Social Inclusion in Uruguay 753.2 Strengthening Community Bonds:Insights from Indonesia 773.3 Strengthening Cohesion and Resilience in Nigeria 773.4 Strengthening the Integration of Migrants in Colombia 803.5 Social Inclusion of Persons with Disabilities in Nigeria 813.6 Stopping Female Genital Cutting and Other Harmful Practices byBuildingonCommunity Values and Leaders 823.7 ResilienceKenyas Financing Locally Led Climate Action Program 843.8 Social Sustainability and Inclusion Country Diagnostic 863.9 Typology for Social Sustainability 873.10 Fostering Process Legitimacy through the Environmental and SocialFramework 903.11 Strengthening the Links between Communities and Elected Officials 923.12 Working with Civil Society for Third-Party Monitoring in Tajikistan 923.13 The Panama Indigenous Peoples Plan 94Table of Contents|viiFiguresES.1 The Triad of Sustainability xxiES.2 Conceptual Framework of Social Sustainability xxiiiES.3 Drivers of Process Legitimacy xxvES.4 Correlations between the Four Components of Social Sustainability and Development Outcomes xxvii1.1.The Triad of Sustainability 8B1.2.1 Global Rate of Poverty and Estimated Share and Number of the Population at Risk of Exclusion,2017 131.2 Share of Countries with Social Unrest Events,12-Month Moving Average,by Region,19852020 152.1 Appearance of Key Types of“Sustainability”in Published EnglishBooks,19852019 282.2 Conceptual Frameworkof Social Sustainability 31B2.2.1 Indicators of Social Cohesion and Inclusion 33B2.2.2 Understanding Countries Income Levels and Process Legitimacy 342.3 Association between Social Cohesion and Poverty,Income,Inequality,Human Capital,and Human Development 372.4 Association between Social Inclusion and Poverty,Income,Inequality,Human Capital,and Human Development 392.5 Association between Resilience and Poverty,Income,Inequality,Human Capital,and Human Development 422.6 Drivers of Process Legitimacy 452.7 Process LegitimacyIllustrative Scenarios 462.8 Association between Process Legitimacy and Poverty,Income,Inequality,Human Capital,and Human Development 492.9 Sustainability Triad:Potential Scenarios 532A.1 Pairwise Correlations between Social Sustainability Components 56B3.8.1 What Is an SSI Country Diagnostic?86B3.9.1 A Typology for Social Sustainability 88Tables2A.1 Variables Used in Social Sustainability Indexes 542A.2 Correlations among the Components of Social Sustainability 562B.1 Unconditional and Conditional Regressions of Social SustainabilityandDevelopmental Outcomes 57|ixForewordTodays global community enjoys greater access to education,health care,gainful employment,financial services,infrastructure,and basic services than its forebears.Yet,the gains remain fragile and incomplete.The recent COVID-19 pandemic dealt the biggest setback to global poverty in decades,showing how fragile progress is.Climate shocks and conflict among the worlds biggest food producers have hindered a swift recovery.To achieve the ambitions laid out in the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs),much more needs to be done to ensure that the gains achieved to date become sustainableparticularly for those at greatest risk of marginalization and exclusion.For this to happen,however,progress must be consolidated and todays most pressing global challengesincluding climate change,pandemics,threats to biodiversity,displacement and migra-tion,and conflictmust be urgently addressed.Far too many countries and far too many poor people all over the world have already experienced severe“reversals of fortune”in recent years.Moreover,achieving sustainable development for all societies involves tackling complex challenges over many years in ways that are often highly contentious and ultimately disruptive.In poor and rich countries alike,the development journey always brings about difficult transitions:urbanization can erode rural communities and upend traditional ways of life;technology can render workers hard-won skills obsolete;changing norms and values can alter socioeconomic interactions,unset-tling communities;and social media can widen divides across and within societies,undermining their ability to tackle challenges collectively.These dynamicsand many more in the story of developmentillustrate the vital importance of social sustainability to meet the SDGs and build the coalitions and programs to tackle global challenges.Over the last quarter century,the concept of“sustainability”has been frequently invoked,studied,and debated in the context of economic and environmental mattersto make inclusive economic growth sustainable,for example,or to ensure that natural resources are used sustainably.While there have also been many calls for development to be x|Social Sustainability in Developmentsocially sustainable,there is much less consensus over what social sustainability means in theory or practice,much less how it can or should be achieved.What is uniquely important about the social components of sustainability?How can all soci-etiesand development,in particularpromote social sustainability?Grounded in empirical findings,this book articulates a framework to begin answering these questionsand offers key principles and practical examples to guide policy makers,implementers,and community leaders seeking constructive ways to navigate development in ways that are socially sustainable.A key message of the book is that the people,policies,and processes driving development need to be inclusive and legitimate,enabling communities to advance while remaining(or becoming more)cohesive and resilient in the face of developments challenges.Social sustainability is under-mined when development strategies and country conditions exclude large shares of the population,leave them vulnerable to exogenous shocks,and limit the voice and mechanisms people need to influence policies and programs.Managing these and the many other difficult trade-offs that development entails requires a collective effort to better understand and promote social sustainability.Meeting the challenges of the 21st century may involve more than this effort,but it will be impossible without it.Juergen VoegeleVice President,Sustainable DevelopmentThe World Bank|xiThe authors are grateful for insightful discussions,guidance,and substantive inputs provided by Margaret Arnold,Senait Assefa,Trichur K.Balakrishnan,Sara Batmanglich,Elena Bonometti,Hana Brixi,Helle Buchhave,Helene Carlsson Rex,Robert Chase,Alexandru Cojocaru,Clifton Cortez,Richard Damania,Simeon Ehui,Vivien Foster,Jonathan Fox,German N.Freire,Verena Fritz,Gannon Gillespie,Maria Gonzlez de Asis,Scott Guggenheim,Asli Gurkan,Anirban Hati,Jesko Hentschel,Arturo Herrera Gutirrez,Ann-Sofie Jespersen,Soukeyna Kane,Aart Kraay,Saroj Kumar Jha,Elisa Liberatori-Prati,Luis-Felipe Lpez-Calva,Lucia Madrigal,Charlotte McClain-Nhlapo,Robin Mearns,Anas Mohammad,Nikolas Myint,Hoveida Nobakht,Anna ODonnell,Natalia Pecorari,Pia Peeters,Nicolas Perrin,Jean Pesme,Dianna Pizarro,Aly Zulficar Rahim,Nigel Roberts,Paula Rossiasco,Michal Rutkowski,Audrey Sacks,Gustavo Saltiel,Deepti Samant Raja,Carolina Snchez-Pramo,Jennifer Sara,Renaud Seligman,Vivek Sharma,Janmejay Singh,Margot Skarpeteig,Sonya Sultan,Jeff Thindwa,Kevin Tomlinson,Hasan Tuluy,Varalakshmi Vemuru,Juergen Voegele,David Warren,Deborah Wetzel,and Ingo Wiederhofer.Acknowledgments|xiiiAbout the AuthorsPatrick Barron is the Global Lead for Social Cohesion and Resilience within the Social Sustainability and Inclusion Global Practice at the World Bank.He was previously Lead Regional Adviser on Fragility,Conflict,and Violence for Asia.After working for local nongovernmental organizations in Cambodia and China,he joined the World Bank,where he ran the Banks con-flict and peace-building programs in Indonesia.From 2005 to 2009,he led the Banks support for the Aceh peace process and worked across the region with a particular focus on Afghanistan,Myanmar,the Philippines,and southern Thailand.Before returning to the World Bank,Barron served for four years as the Asia Foundations Regional Director for Conflict and Development.He has published two books:Contested Development(Yale University Press),which was awarded International Development Book of the Year by the American Sociology Association,and,most recently,When Violence Works:Postconflict Violence and Peace in Indonesia(Cornell University Press).He has masters degrees from the University of Edinburgh and Harvard University and a d