人教版新目标八年级英语上册各单元知识详解.pdf

人教版新目标八年级英语上册各单元知识详解（1）D e t a i l e d S o l u t i o n f o r Unit 1How often do you exercise?【重要词汇】ever/5ev/adv.曾经 once/wQns/adv.一次 twice/twals/adv.两次 internet/5 I n t n e t/n.互联网 program/5prJgrAm/n.节目单，(电脑)程序 hilltop/5hIltCp/n.山顶 result/rI5zQlt/n.结果，成果 key/ki:/n.提醒，提示，线索，答案 translate/trAns51eIt/v.翻译 song/sCN/n.歌曲 junk/dVQNk/n.垃圾，破烂物，废弃的旧物 m ilk/m llk/n.牛奶 interviewer/5Int EvjU:(r)/n.采访者 habit/5hA bIt/n.习惯，习性 difference/5dlfrns/n.不同，差 异,区别 grade/greld/n.分数，成绩，年级 although/C:15TJ/conj.虽然，即使，纵然 unhealthy/Qn5he 1WI/a d j.不健康的，不益健康的 skateboarding/5skeIt9C:dIN/n,溜滑板运动【重 要 词 组】keep in good health 保持身体健康 how often多久一次 as fbr至 于，关于 junk food垃圾食品 eating habit饮食习惯 of course当然 look after照 顾，照看 start with以 开始 make a difference使 得 结 果 不 同，有重要性 go shopping去购物 have a party聚会 go to the movie去看电影 once a week每周一次 hardly ever很少 twice a week每周两次 three times a week每周三次 watch TV看电视 on weekend在周末 do homework做作业 a lot of许多 try to do试 图（努 力）做某事 help sb(to)do sth.帮助某人做某事 the same as和 相同【重 要 词 句 详 解】1.Lefs look at the following words and their usage（让我们看看下面的这些词及其用法）.always 一直，总是usually 通常often经常sometimes有时候hardly ever很少，儿乎没有never从不这些词都是表示频率的副词，但是在程度上有差别。通常用于一般现在时。如:I always have some milk for my breakfast.我早餐总是喝牛奶。He usually gets up at 6:30 in the morning.他通常早上 6：30 起床。He often does homework before dinner time.他经常晚餐前做作业。He sometimes goes to movies on Friday evening.他有时周五晚上去看电影。I hardly/ever eat out at n o o n.我很少中午在外就餐。I never arrive late for school.我从没有到校晚过。Seldom/rarelyseldom,表示频率，很少，不常，反义词oftenrarely,很少地，难得地，少见地He seldom eats breakfast.他很少吃早餐。I rarely eat in restaurants.我很少在饭馆吃饭。2.英语中表次数的用法once 一次，twice 两次，three times 三次，four times 四 次 我们可以看出表示次数的词，除了“一次，两次“特殊外，后面的次数都是“基数词+times”构成。另外同学们还要记住以下词组:once（twice）a day/week/month/year 每 天（周/月/什：）一（两）次3.all,most,some,no 的用法及差异。all 所有的，全体的”All students do homework after school.Last night,I cooked all the vegetables in the fridge.most“大多数的”Most students play computer games on weekends.some 一些”Some students go to English movies every day.no“没有”，注意这里no是形容词。No students read English novels.我们可以看出：all,most,some,n o 放在名词的前面做定语，表示数量的多少。4.My mother wants me to drink it.我妈妈想要我喝。want sb.to do sth.想要某人干某事。e.g.I want you to help me with my math.我想要你帮我学数学。5.She says ifs good for health,她说喝牛奶对健康有益。be good fo r对有好处。e.g.Eating vegetables and fruit is good fbr our health.Doing eye-exercise is good fbr our eyes.6.How many hours do you sleep every night?你每天晚上睡儿个小时？这是一个特殊疑问句。How many+名词”构成了特殊疑问词。注意：How many后跟可数名词的复数形式。e.g.How many apples do you have?How many students are there in your class?如果名词是不可数名词，要用“How much+不可数名词”。e.g.How much milk do you drink each time?How much water do we need every day?【课文解析3a,but Fm pretty healthy.I exercise every day,usually when I come home fromschool.And my eating habits are pretty good.I try to eat a lot of vegetables,usuallyten to eleven times a week.And I eat fruit every day and I drink milk every day.Ofcourse,I love junk food,too,but I try to eat it only once a week,oh,and I sleep ninehours every night.So you see,I look after my health.And my healthy lifestylehelps me get good grade.Good food and exercise help me to study better.1.pretty表示“十分”作副词用，我们以前学过quite和 very也有这种意思。其中它们的程度由浅入深为quite-*pretty-*very.e.g.He is quite serious.It sounds pretty good.Nina can sing English songs very well.2.I exercise every day,usually when I come home from school.我每天锻炼身体，通常是放学后。3.eating habits“饮食习惯”。4.try to do sth意为“尽力去做某事”。Try to get here early.He tried to pass the exam.5.ten to eleven times a w e e k.“每周十至U 十一次”。注意这种表达。“to”为介词。翻译：(1)两到三次。twice to three times.(2)每月四到五次。four to five times a month.6.Of course.“当然”。7.So you see,I look after my health.“所以你看，我很在意我的健康”。look after意为“照顾、照看”。e.g.Can you look after my baby when I leave?Please look after your own bags carefully.look还可以和许多词搭配，但意思不一样。(1)look at 看，认真地看”。e.g.Please look at the blackboard.Some people are looking at the notice.(2)look for“寻找”。e.g.Old Henry looked fbr his dogs,but he didnt find it.Im looking fbr my lost pen.8.Good food and exercise help me to study better.好的饮食和锻炼帮助我学得更好。help sb.to do sth.better帮助某人把某事做得更好。e.g.She helps me to know the information for going abroad better.她帮我更好地了解到出国的信息。help sb.with sth.帮某人做某事。e.g.Stella helps me with my history.【重要句型】1.What do you usually do on weekends?你通常周末做什么？2.1 usually play soccer.我通常踢足球。3.What does he do on weekends?他周末做什么？4.He sometimes watches T V.他有时候看电视。5.How often do you shop?你多长时间购物一次？6.1 shop once a month.我一个月购物一次。7.How often does he watch TV?他多长时间看-次电视？8.He watches TV twice a week.他每周看两次电视。L由how often谈起】我们已经学习了 always,usually,often,sometimes,never等表示时间频度的副词。这些词通常用来说明在一段时间内做某事的多少或某种状态存在的次数的多少。例如：We usually get up at half past six.我们通常六点半起床。Sometimes he goes to see his grandpa on weekends.周末，他有时候去看望爷爷。但是，在日常生活中，我们不可能总是用陈述句来表达自己的或他人的一些行动，或者事物所存在的状态。我们还要向对方提出一些问题，请求对方回答。在这种情况下，我们还要用疑问句。请看下面儿组对话：1.How often do you play football?一I usually play football after school.2.一How often does Mary go to the concert?She often goes to it on Saturday evening.3.How often does my daughter take the medicine?一Three times a day.不知大家是否注意到，我们针对上面所说的频度副词和表示“在某段时间内某种动作的次数”的状语提问时，都要用how often。换句话说，如果要回答由how often提问的句子，我们通常要用频度副词或诸如every day,each week,once aweek,twice a day,four times a month 等来回答。e.g.4.一How often do you borrow books from the library?一Twice a month.5.一How often does your mother do the washing?一She does it every day.6.How often can you go to the movie?一Once a week.在大家所做的练习中，常见的有“句型转换”。这种题型有一种“就划线部分提问”，要求针对陈述句中的划线部分提出问题（也就是把陈述句变成特殊疑问句），其中就有针对上面所说的频度副词或every day,each week,once a week,twice a day,four times a month等提问的句子。这时候自然要用how often来提问了。e.g.Jack watches TV three times a week,f How often does Jack watch TV?Our school has a sports meeting twice a year.How often does your schoolhave a sports meeting?要注意的是，陈述句在变成这种特殊疑问句时，其结构是：How。他n+助动词+主语+实义动词+其它成分？或：How often+系动词be+主 语+其它成分？How often?和 How long.?1)How often do you watch TV?你多长时间看一次电视？回答可以是下面的任何一种：Every day./Once a week./Three times a week./Often./.2)How long do you usually watch TV?你通常看多长时间电视？回答可以是下面的任何一种：About one hour./Three hours./Thirty minutes./.从以上例句中可以看出：how often意为 多久,次”；how long意为 多长时间”。【语法知识聚焦】一般现在时 The Simple Present Tense一般现在时的特殊疑问句Lefs look at the following sentences first(让我们先看看下面的句子).1)What do you usually do on weekends?2)What does he do on weekends?3)How often do you shop?4)How often does he watch TV?5)How many hours do you sleep every night?般现在时的特殊疑问句的构成：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句这里的特殊疑问词指 what,what time,where,when,which,who,whom,whose,why,how,how many,how much,how long,how often一 般 现在时表示现在的状态He is twelve.他 十 二 岁。They are at home.他 们 在 家。表 示 经常性或习惯性的动作I go to school at seven every day.He plays soccer on Sundays.表 示 主 语具备的性格和能力等She likes apples.They speak Japanese.She is medium build.肯定式I am a cleaner.You are right.He/She/It is here.We/You/They are outgoing否定式I am not a.You are not.He/She/It is not.We/You/They are not.否定式和疑问式We go to school at seven every day.We dont go to school at seven.Do you go to school at seven?Yes,we do.(No,we dont.)否定式和疑问式He goes to school at seven every day.He doesnt go to school at seven.Does he go to school at seven?Yes,he does.(No,he doesnt.)一般现在时常和表示时间频度的副词连用。如：often,usually,sometimes,always,never,hardly ever 等。1.1 often read books in the evening2.Do they usually go to school by bike?3.He doesnt like milk.He never drinks it.4.Sometimes my mother gets back at five.一般现在时常和以下时间表达法连用。如：in the morning,in the afternoon,in the evening,at noon,at night,every day,onSunday(s),at seven 等。Do they have math in the morning?She sleeps nine hours every night.It takes me two hours to do my homework every day.They dont have classes on Sundays.动词第三人称单数的构成：1直接加look-looks read-reads play一plays stop-stops2.在字母s,x,ch,sh,o后加missmisses fix一fixes watch-watches wash一washesgogoesdo-does3.辅 音 字 母 加 y 结 尾 的 动 词 去 y 为 i,再 加-escarry-carries study-studies hurry-hurries cry-cries4.特殊的have-has【语 法 练 习】选择填空()l.A:How often_ she exercise?B:Twice a week.A.doB.doesC.doingD.did()2.1 _ _ like to drink milk.A.notB.doesntC.dontD.no()3.Good food and exerciseme to study bettter.A.helpB.helpsC.helpingD.to help()4.Is her lifestyle(生活方式)the same_ yours or different?A.asB.inC.atD.to()5.1 like _ fbr breakfast.A.a bookB.a rulerc.an eggD.a sofa()6.The _are$21.A.glassesB.shoeC.tableD.bike()7.Tennis _my favourite sport.A.areB.isC.amD.be()8.1 have zi tennis and my friend Jim_ two tennis rackets.A.haveB.playC.playsD.has()9.Lets play computer games.,uThat interesting/9A.looks B.sounds C.listens D.reads()10.My father likes football.But he it.He only football matcheson TV!A.plays,watches B.play,watchC.doesnt play,watches D.plays,doesnt watch【参 考 答 案 与 解 题 思 路】【参 考 答 案】1.B 2.C 3.A 4.A 5.C 6.A 7.B 8.D 9.B 10.C【解 题 思 路】1.本题考查助动词do和 does的用法。在疑问句或否定句中，当主语为第三人称单数时，主动词用does,因此，答案为B.2.本题考查助动词do和 does的用法。因 为 I 不是第三人称单数形式，因此，答案为C.3.此题为判断和理解型试题，Good food and exercise是两项事物，因此主语不是第三人称单数形式，因此，答案为A.4.本题考查固定短语the same a s 的用法，答案为A.5.本题考查辨认食品类单词，只有egg是食品，故答案为C.6.本题考查动词be的用法，但考察方法与前面第3 小题不同.根据题中的are来判定应该用名词复数.故答案为A.7.本题考查动词be的用法，虽然tennis是以-s结尾，但是，它是单数名词，因此，答案为B.8.本题考查动词have,has的用法，由于Jim 是第三人称单数，所以，答案为 D.9.本题考查交际用语“That sounds interesting.”的使用，因此，答案为B.10.本题考查一般现在时的用法，首先根据题中My father likes football.1 1 But的提示，判定第一个空应选择doesnt play,乂根据on TV而得到答案watches,故答案为C.【综合能力检测】一.根据题意和所给的字母提示，填入正确的单词。1.Hamburger is a kind of j_ food.I hardly ever eat hamburgers.2.1 surf the in every day.3.Look!The old people are on the hill_.They climb the hills once aweek.4.Tom studies English best in our class.He has a big v c b 1 r.5.My grandparents exercise twice a week to st_ healthy.6.Some students watch TV three or four t_ a week.7.Does it m_a big difference if you eat fruit every day?8.Its very important to have a good eating h_9.1 never go shopping.I cant st_ shopping.10.She often g_ to the movies on weekends.二.连词成句1.what,usually,you do,on,do weekends?2.how often,your brother,does,take,a,shower?3.1,nine,hours,sleep,every,night.4.Betty,milk,drinks,every,morning.5.some,students,once,watch,TV,or,twice,a,week.三.方框选词hardly,cleaning,take,gave,try,to play,visiting,exercises,went,goes1.1 a shower every night.2.My father ever watches TV in the evening.3.Thanks for me.4.Mary often to the movies on weekends.5.Grandma is pretty healthy because she every day.6.You must to eat less meat.7.1 like basketball.8.What did you do in summer holidays?I to Hongkong with my parents.9.My mother me a new bike on my birthday.10.What are you doing?We are our room.四.根楣括号中所给提示词语，回答问题。1.What do you usually do on weekends?(climb the hill)2.How often do you go to the movies?(once a year)3.How often does your brother play soccer?(three or four times a week)4.What does your mother do at home?(watch TV)5.Are you healthy?(yes)五.写作根据表格内容写一篇50字的短文。Name exercisevegetablesfruitmilkjunk foodsleepPetereveryday7 times aweekeverydayeverydayonce a weekninehoursJohnhardlysometimesnevernever3 and 4 times aweekninehoursPeter is pretty healthy.He exercises everyday._John is unhealthy.He hardly everexercises._【答案与解析】根楣题意和所给的字母提示，填入正确的单词。1.junk 2.internet 3.hilltop 4.vocabulary 5.stay6.times 7.make 8.habit 9.stand 10.goes二.连词成句1.What do you usually do on weekends?2.How often does your brother take a shower?3.I sleep nine hours everynight.4.Betty drinks milk every morning.5.Some students watch TV once or twice a week.三.方框选词1.take 2.hardly 3.visiting 4.goes 5.exercises6.try 7.to play 8.went 9.gave 10.cleaning解析：1.本题考查动词短语take a shower的用法，由于时间状语为every night,应该用一般现在时。又语为I,因此答案为take.2.本题考查短语hardly ever的用法，因此答案为hardly.3.fo r为介词，介词的后面应该用动名词，因此答案为visiting.4.本题考查短语go to the movies的用法。时间状语为often,应该用一般现在时。主语为第三人称单数，故答案为goes.5.根据所给词语和题意理解为：grandma身体健康的原因是每天锻炼身体，因此，本题答案为：exercises.6.must是情态动词，其后应该接动词原形，根据题意，本题答案为try.7.动词like可以构成：like doing sth.和 like to do sth.意思为：喜欢做某事。本题根据题意和所给词汇，答案应为to play.8.根据题意判断，本题为一般过去时态。故答案为went.9.根据题意判断，本题为一般过去时态。又根据所给的词汇，本题答案为：gave.,10.因为本题为现在进行时态，又题中横线的前面已经有are,根据题意，本题答案为cleaning.四.根据括号中所给提示词语，回答问题。1.1 usually climb the hill on weekends.2.1 go to the movies once a year.3.My brother plays soccer three or four times a week.4.She watches TV at home.5.Yes,I am.解析：3.主语是My brother,第三人称单数，因此动词应该用plays.4.主语是She,第三人称单数，因此动词应该用watches.5.根据所给词意确定，本题答案应该为一般疑问句的肯定回答，所以答案为,Yes,I am.五.写作根据所给条件，写出短文，书写时应该用-一 般现在时。同时还要注意动词的形式，因为主语都是第三人称单数，所以动词也应该用第三人称单数形式。请看正确答案：Peter is pretty healthy.He exercises every day.He likes vegetables.He eatsvegetables seven times a week.He also likes fruit.He eats fruit every day.And hedrinks milk every day.He doesn t like junk food,so he eats junk food once a week.He sleeps nine house every night.John is unheslthy.He hardly ever exercises.He sometimes eats vegetables.Henever eats fruit and never drinks milk.But he likes junk food very much.He eats junkfood three or four times a week.He sleeps nine hours every day.人教版新目标八年级英语上册各单元知识详解(2)D e t a i l e d S o l u t i o n f o r U n i t 2 W h a t s t h e m a t t e r.【重要词汇】matter/5mAt/n.事情，问题，差错arm/B:m/n.臂，胳膊back/bAk/n.后二=R匕I，u目匕付ear/1/n.耳朵eye/al/n.眼睛foot/fjt/n.脚，足(pl.feet/f i:t/)leg/leg/n.腿，腿部neck/nek/n.脖子，颈部nose/nJz/n.鼻子stomach/5stQmk/n.胃,胃部tooth/tU:W/n,牙齿(pl.teeth/ti:W/)sore/sC:,sC/ad j.疼痛的stomachache/5stQmkeIk/n.胃痛，腹痛，肚子痛throat/WrJt/n.喉头，喉咙toothache/5 tU:W e I k/n.牙痛fever/5fi:v/n.发烧lie/lal/v.躺，卧，平放在某处(lay,lain)honey/5hQnI/n.蜂蜜 dentist/5dent I st/n.牙医 illness/511nls/n.疾 病，生病 advice/d5vals/n.劝 告，忠 告，建议 thirsty/5叭：s tl/a d j.渴 的，口渴的 heal/hi:1/v.医 治，治愈 balance/5bAi ns/n.平 衡，平 衡 状 态，协调 beef/bi:f/n.牛肉 lamb/lAm/n.小 羊，羊 羔，羊羔肉 energy/5endVI/n.精 力，活 力，能力 life/lalf/n.生 命，人生bean/bi:n/n.豆，豆科植物 stray/strel/v.远 离,走 失，离题 balanced/5bAinst/adj.平 衡 的，协调的 diet/5dal t/n.饮 食，节食 backache/5bAke I k/n.背痛 improve/Im5prU:v/v.speaking/5spi:kIN/n.headache/5hede Ik/n.homestay/5h Jmstel/n.改 善，改 良，提高口语头痛待在家里 important/Im5pC:tnt/adj.重 要 的，重 大 的，严重的【重 要 词 组】have a cold患感冒stressed out紧 张 的，有压力的bean sprout豆芽get tired感觉疲惫stay healthy保持健康at the moment此刻，现在get/have a cold患感冒see a doctor/dentist看医生/牙医go to the party去参加聚会make sb sick使某人不舒服（患锁病）have a sore throat嗓子痛have a fever发烧，发热have a toothache牙痛have a backache背痛lie down and rest躺下休息drink lots of water喝大量水drink hot tea with honey喝热蜂蜜茶have a headache头痛get tired累了【重要词汇扩展】身体部位：head头neck颈 部shoulder肩back后 背leg腿thigh大腿arm手臂hand手nose鼻 子eye眼 睛ear耳 朵mouth嘴tooth牙 齿foot脚（注 意foot的复数形式为feet,tooth的复数形式为teeth）stomach胃throat喉咙，咽 喉chest胸部 pit胸口 abdomen lung肺 heart心 脏liver肝脏腹部waist腰 backbone脊骨，脊柱 hip臂 部joint关节 muscle肌肉 nerve神经 brain脑疾病：cancer 癌 influenza,flu 流感 cough 咳嗽 sore eyes 眼睛疼 stuffy nose鼻子不通气insomnia失眠医院工作人员：doctor in charge主治医生 head nurse护士长internist,physician 内科医生 surgeon 外科医生 dentist 牙科医生 ear-nose-throatdoctor耳鼻喉医生医院名称：childrens hospital 儿童医院first-aid station 急救站medical department 内科registration office 挂号处in-patient department 住院部waiting room 候诊室operation room 手术室blood bank 血库clinic诊疗所w ard病房surgical department 夕 卜 科out-patient department(OPD)nursing department 护理部emergency room 急诊室laboratory 化验室pharmacy,dispensary 药房表示感觉的形容词有：tired累 的 thirsty 口渴的hungry饿的stressed out紧张的，有压力的【重要词句详解】1.How to talk about our health问某人哪儿不舒服：When we are not feeling well,we often go to see the doctor.The doctor willask:Whats wrong(with you)?Whats the matter(with you)?Whafs your trouble?What happens to you?Is ther