高三英语一轮复习语法第1讲名词的数、格、构词法考点讲义.docx
高中英语语法第1讲名词常考点必备点可数名词及其单复数；不可数名词名词所有格；名词的构词法考点一名词的数1 可数名词(1)可数名词的单、复数规则变化变化规则例词一般情况下在词尾直接加smouthmouthshousehouses以s，x，ch，sh结尾的名词在词尾加esglassglassesmatchmatches以“辅音字母y”结尾的名词变y为i，再加escountrycountriesfactoryfactories以“元音字母y”结尾的名词在词尾直接加sholidayholidaysmonkeymonkeys以o结尾的名词一般在词尾加spianopianosphotophotos少数在词尾加esheroheroespotatopotatoes以f，fe结尾的名词一般要变f或fe为v，再加esselfselves wolfwolves少数在词尾直接加sroofroofsbeliefbeliefs巧学助记下列可数名词的复数形式均变f或fe为v，再加es：为了自己(self)活命(life)，小偷(thief)和他的妻子(wife)手里拿着刀子(knife)和一片树叶(leaf)站在架子(shelf)上，把狼(wolf)劈成两半(half)。(2)不规则名词的3种复数变化形式变化规则例词单复数同形deer, sheep, means, series, Chinese, Swiss, aircraft, spacecraft变内部元音footfeet, toothteeth, manmen, womanwomen外来名词mediummedia媒体phenomenonphenomena现象analysisanalyses分析名师点津(1)fish表示不同种类的鱼时，其复数形式为fishes；而表示同一种鱼时，其单复数形式相同。(2)people指“人们”时单复数同形；指“民族”时，其复数为peoples。(3)合成名词的2种复数形式若有中心词，则把中心词变成复数；若无中心词，则把最后一个词变成复数。passerbypassersby, sisterinlawsistersinlaw, grownupgrownups“man/womann.”变复数时，作定语的man/woman和中心词都要变复数，如women engineers。对点练1写出下列名词的复数形式sheepsheepdishdishesknifeknivesstorystoriestomatotomatoes2 不可数名词(1)常见的不可数名词一般来说，物质名词和抽象名词是不可数的，因此没有复数形式，一般也不能用a或an修饰。通常只用作不可数的名词有：milk, music, homework, housework, weather, news, butter, information, bread, advice, progress, orange(橙汁), meat, equipment, fun, luggage, luck, work(工作), traffic, furniture, wealth, word(消息), room(空间), man(人类)等。名师点津word意为“消息”、room意为“空间”、man意为“人类”时，通常不带任何修饰词。(2)抽象名词的具体化具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用。常考的有：单词抽象名词意义具体化名词意义success成功成功的人或事pleasure乐趣令人高兴的事attraction吸引有吸引力的人或事物beauty美；美丽美丽的人或事物comfort安慰；慰藉令人感到安慰的人或事物danger危险危险的人或因素delight高兴令人高兴的事 failure失败失败的人或事物surprise惊奇令人惊奇的事情 shock震惊令人震惊的事情pride骄傲令人骄傲的事情考点二名词作定语1 通常用单数名词作定语cotton goods棉织品history teacher 历史老师paper factory 纸厂telephone number 电话号码test paper 考卷weather forecast 天气预报名师点津“数词名词”作定语时，其中的名词也要用单数形式。He has an 11yearold daughter.他有一个11岁的女儿。2 有时用复数名词作定语(1)man, woman用于名词前作定语时，其单复数形式与所修饰的名词的单复数形式一致。如：a woman writersome women writers(女作家)。名师点津与man/woman 不同，boy/girl用作定语时，要用其单数形式。如：boy/girl friends(男/女朋友)。(2)有些名词只有复数形式，没有单数形式，或者用于某一意义时，习惯上要用复数形式，此时它们用作定语显然只能用复数。如：goods train(货车), customs officer(海关人员), clothes line(晾衣绳), sales plan(销售计划)等。考点三名词所有格1 有生命名词的3种所有格情况构成示例不以s结尾的名词加'sMary's emailchildren's books以s结尾的复数名词加'the girls' dormitory the teachers' readingroom以s结尾的单数名词加's或'our boss' officeEngels's works2 无生命名词的2种所有格(1)通常用of所有格表示。The capital of Peru is Lima, which is in the north on the coast.秘鲁的首都是利马，位于北部沿海地区。(2)表示时间、距离、国家、城市、机构、节日等的名词，通常用's所有格表示。the factory's output工厂的产量3 双重所有格双重所有格的构成形式：名词of名词所有格/名词of名词性物主代词。He is a friend of my father's.他是我父亲的一个朋友。名师点津名词所有格作定语主要表示事物之间的关系(如所属关系、主谓关系、动宾关系等)，而名词作定语则主要表示被修饰名词的特征、性别、用途、功能、内容等。对点练2用名词所有格补全下列短语a mile's distance一英里的距离the boy's schoolbag 这个男孩的书包the students' books 学生们的书Tom and Jim's room 汤姆和吉姆(共同)的房间a friend of my wife's 我妻子的一个朋友考点四名词的构词法1 动词变名词的后缀后缀例词ion/tion/sion/ationcorrectcorrection改正celebratecelebration庆祝；庆祝会concludeconclusion结论；结束discussdiscussion讨论；辩论admitadmission接纳；准许入学er/ordrivedriver司机；驾驶员teachteacher老师announceannouncer广播员conductconductor指挥；售票员mentpunishpunishment惩罚achieveachievement功绩；成就argueargument辩论；论据treattreatment对待；治疗ance/enceappearappearance出现；外貌guideguidance指引；指导performperformance表演；节目existexistence存在；生存inghearhearing听力；听觉beginbeginning开始ure/turefailfailure失败；倒闭presspressure压力departdeparture离开；出发mixmixture混合；混合物yrecoverrecovery恢复；痊愈discoverdiscovery发现后缀例词其他choosechoice选择varyvariety多样化；种类tendtendency趋向；趋势2 形容词变名词的后缀后缀例词ageshortshortage不足；短缺cyefficientefficiency效率；功效fluentfluency流利；流畅accurateaccuracy准确性privateprivacy隐私；私密domfreefreedom自由；自主wisewisdom明智；智慧encedifferentdifference差异silentsilence沉默nessweakweakness虚弱；弱点kindkindness仁慈；好意carelesscarelessness粗心大意thstrongstrength力气；强项warmwarmth温暖；热情y/ty/ityhonesthonesty诚实difficultdifficulty困难cruelcruelty残酷；残暴safesafety安全disabledisability无能；伤残responsibleresponsibility责任巩固训练.单句语法填空1(2021·新高考卷)The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we humans(human) are.2(2021·全国乙卷)Activities(activity) there range from whale watching to hiking(远足) and accommodations aim to have a low impact on the natural environment.3(2021·全国甲卷)Supposedly you can do it in two hours, but we stopped at the different gates and watchtowers(watchtower) to take pictures or just to watch the local people going about their daily routines.4(2020·全国卷)The far side of the moon is of particular interest(interesting) to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters(环形山), more so than the familiar near side. 5(2020·全国卷)Chinese New Year is a celebration(celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring.6(2020·浙江卷)Later, they learned to work with the seasons(season), planting at the right time and, in dry areas, making use of annual floods to irrigate(灌溉)their fields.7They had both been sentenced to death(die)8The girl then plants a kiss on the grass in a heartwarming show of affection(affect)9My application(apply) was successful and I spent an enjoyable month learning filmmaking.10Perhaps he can make his fortune(fortunate) at football.单句改错1(2021·全国甲卷)Many students say they will talk to their friend or classmates because they're of the same age and can understand each other.friendfriends2(2021·全国乙卷)I always assist my parents in doing the dish after meals.dishdishes3(2020·全国卷)Luckily, I will go home in two weeks for summer vacations.vacationsvacation4(2020·全国卷)My mom is really concerned with the health of everyone in our families. familiesfamily5Next I broke the eggs into a bowl and beat them quickly with chopstick.chopstickchopsticks6A lot of informations can be stored in it.informationsinformation7Personally, I think teachers and parents should take measure to limit their children's Internet time.measuremeasures8I'm eighteen year old.yearyears9You should follow the doctor's advices and give up smoking.advicesadvice10She's getting married next month and decides to buy some decorations and furnitures.furnituresfurniture.单句写作(注意正确使用名词)1(2021·全国甲卷)有消息说我们学校将要求各班举行一个班会，其主题与中国的传统习俗有关。Word comes that our school is going to require every class to hold a class meeting whose topic is related to Chinese traditional customs.2(2021·全国甲卷)我真诚地希望你给我一些建议。I sincerely want you to offer me some advice.3(2021·全国甲卷)据我们所知，中国和西方国家之间有着巨大的文化差异。As far as we know, there is a huge cultural difference between China and the Western countries.4(2021·全国乙卷)网络学习已日益成为人们获取知识和解决问题的一种重要手段。Network learning has increasingly become an important means for people to acquire knowledge and solve problems.5(2021·全国乙卷)面对互联网上的各种信息，我们无法区分是非，这可能对我们的学习和生活有害。Faced with all kinds of information on the Internet, we can't tell the difference between the true and the false, which may be harmful to our study and life.学科网（北京）股份有限公司
