中学英语语法分类复习句子成分详析外语学习语法 外语学习语法 .pdf
学习好资料 欢迎下载 二十五.句子成分详析 句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有宾语、表语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。（一）主语：主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物，一般位于句首。但在 there be结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词(单数可数名词,复数可数名词,物质名词,抽象名词,专有名词),代词(人称代词,名词性物主代词,指示代词,不定代词和疑问代词,但相互代词和反身代词不作主语),数词(基数,序数,分数,小数,百分数),定冠词加形容词(或现在分词,或过去分词,或姓氏复数),不定式(有或无逻辑主语，疑问词加不定式),动名词(有或无逻辑主语),从句等充当。例如：A horse runs much faster than a cow.（单数可数名词）Trees usually turn green in spring.（复数可数名词）Wood burns easily in dry weather.（物质名词）During the 1990s,American country music has become more and more popular.（抽象名词）The Great Wall has a long history.（专有名词）We often speak English in class.（人称代词）Toms house is here,while mine is over there.（名词性物主代词）Those who will go home today please call me later.（指示代词）Something strange happened after he left.（不定代词）Who is there?（疑问代词）One thousand is a great number.（基数词）The first is the boy from Canada.（序数词）One-third of the students in this class are girls.（分数）Five point three is the reading on the thermometer.（小数）Twenty-five percent of the students have arrived.（百分数）The rich should help the poor.（定冠词加形容词）The wounded are taken good care of at the hospital.（定冠词加过去分词）The living should accomplish the mission of the dead.（定冠词加现在分词）The Whites are leaving for UK tomorrow.（定冠词加姓氏复数）To swim in the river is a great pleasure.=It is a great pleasure to swim in the river.（不定式）It is hard for me to finish the task in such a short time.（带逻辑主语的不定式）What to do next is not clear.（疑问词加不定式）Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）His arriving late made the chairman very angry.（带逻辑主语的动名词）When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.=It has not been decided yet when we are going to have an English test.（主语从句）（二）谓语：谓语说明主语的动作，状态或特征。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语动词可分为不及物动词,及物动词,短语动词(中学常见者有:动词+介词/副词,动词+名词+介词,动词+副词+介词,动词+介词+名词或动名词等)。We often swim in the lake in summer.（不及物动词）We should take notes in class.（及物动词）If you have questions to ask,put up your hand.（短语动词）We take care of the garden here.（短语动词）Please listen to the teacher carefully.（短语动词）We should take his bad health into consideration.（短语动词）Dont look down upon the disabled.（短语动词）谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks.He has caught a bad cold.（2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students.（三）表语：表语是谓语的一部分，说明主语身份，特征，属性或状态，它位于系动词（如 be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem 等）之后。表语可由名词(单数可数名词,复数可数名词,物质名词,抽象名词,专有名词),代词(人称代词,名词性物主代词,指示代词,不定代词),数词(基数,序数,分数,小数,百分数),形容词,部分副词,介词短语,定冠词加形容词,不定式(或疑问词加不定式),动名词(有或无逻辑主语),过去分词,从句等充当。例如：Our teacher of English is an American.（单数可数名词）These are your new tools.（复数可数名词）What we need deadly is enough water.（物质名词）That is his theory.（抽象名词）This is Tom,our leader.（专有名词）The boy on the left in the photo is me.（人称代词）Is it yours?（名词性物主代词）What he bought is this.（指示代词）This is something you should remember.（不定代词）The weather has turned cold.（形容词）Time is up.The class is over.（副词）The machine must be out of order.（介词短语）Three times seven is twenty one?（基数词）He is the first to come.（序数词）Here is two thirds of the money you want.（分数）The reading on the meter is thirty point five.（小数）What we need is five percent of the sum.（百分数）学习好资料 欢迎下载 The owners of the tall buildings are the rich around here.（定冠词加形容词）His job is to teach English.（不定式）The problem is how to find him as soon as possible.（带疑问词的不定式）His hobby is playing football.（动名词）What made him happy was his son s returning.（带逻辑主语的动名词）The door is still closed.（过去分词）The truth is that he has never been abroad.（从句）（四）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。名词(单数可数名词,复数可数名词,物质名词,抽象名词,专有名词),代词(人称代词,名词性物主代词,指示代词,不定代词,相互代词和反身代词),数词(基数,序数,分数,百分数),定冠词加形容词(或现在分词及过去分词以及姓氏复数),不定式(疑问词加不定式),动名词(有或无逻辑主语),从句等。例如：They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（单数可数名词）We need more workers now.（复数可数名词）Living things need water to keep alive.（物质名词）We should study his theory carefully.（抽象名词）I visited The Great Wall last week.（专有名词）The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（人称代词宾格）As your umbrella is broken,take mine instead.（名词性物主代词）Take this,and dont show it to others.（指示代词）I have something important to tell you.（不定代词）Lets help each other.（相互代词）He taught himself English when he was in his teens.（反身代词）How many dictionaries do you have?I have five.（基数词）Please give me the third.（序数词）They offered me three-fourths of their land.（分数词）They destroyed fifty percent of the forest.（百分数）We should respect the dead.（形容词加定冠词）We must rescue the living.（现在分词加定冠词）Everyone should do his best to help the disabled.（过去分词加定冠词）I saw the Wangs picnicking in the woods yesterday.（姓氏加定冠词）He pretended not to see me.（不定式）I really dont know where to go.（疑问词加不定式）I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词）She is surprised at my returning.（带逻辑主语的动名词）I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary,please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.（五）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如 make 等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词,个别不定代词,形容词,部分副词,介词短语,不定式(省 to 或带 to),现在分词,过去分词,动名词（极少），从句(极少)充当。例如：His father named him Jack.（名词）We think it something that you should keep in mind.（不定代词）They painted their boat white.We found it interesting to picnic there.（形容词）Let the fresh air in.（副词）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.（带 to 不定式）I saw him buy a new car that day.（省 to 不定式）We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）When I came back,I found the door broken.（过去分词）The children there called this act swimming.（动名词）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）（六）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由名词,代词,形容词,个别副词,数词,介词短语,不定式,动名词,现在分词,过去分词,独立主格,从句等成分表示。There are thirty women teachers in our school.He has a paper plane.（名词）His rapid progress in English made us surprised.These apples are for you.（代词）Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）The question below is for you to answer.We have no way out now.（副词）The second boy is Jon.She has ten friends here.（数词）He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式）The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）China is a developing country;America is a developed country.（分词）The man with a baby on his back is from the north.（独立主格）The man who is working there is his father.（从句）（八）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）He is proud to have passed the national college 和次要成分主要成分有主语和谓语次要成分有宾语表语定语状语补足语和同位语一主语主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物一般位于句首但在结构疑问句当主语不是疑问词时和倒装句中主语位于谓语助动词或情态动词后面主语可由名代词但相互代词和反身代词不作主语数词基数序数分数小数百分数定冠词加形容词或现在分词或过去分词或姓氏复数不定式有或无逻辑主语疑问词加不定式动名词有或无逻辑主语从句等充当例如单数可数名词复数可数名词物质名词语的动作状态或特征动词在句中作谓语一般放在主语之后谓语动词可分为不及物动词及物动词短语动词中学常见者有动词介词词动词名词介词动词词介词动词介词名词或动名词等不及物动词及物动词短语动词短语动词短语动词短语学习好资料 欢迎下载 entrance examination.（不定式短语）He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语）Wait a minute.（名词）Once you begin,you must continue.（状语从句）状语种类如下：How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（条件状语）Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）In order to catch up with the others,I must work harder.（目的状语）He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语）She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）I am taller than he is.（比较状语）练习一 一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1.The students got on the school bus.2.He handed me the newspaper.3.I shall answer your question after class.4.What a beautiful Chinese painting!5.They went hunting together early in the morning.6.His job is to train swimmers.7.He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.8.There is going to be an American film tonight.9.He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.10.His wish is to become a scientist.11.He managed to finish the work in time.12.Tom came to ask me for advice.13.He found it important to master English.14.Do you have anything else to say?15.To be honest;your pronunciation is not so good.16.Would you please tell me your address?17.He sat there,reading a newspaper.18.It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.19.He noticed a man enter the room.20.The apples tasted sweet.二、用符号划出下列短文各句中的主语（）、谓语（）、宾语（）：I hope you are very well.Im fine,but tired.Right now it is the summer vacation and Im helping my Dad on the farm.August is the hottest month here.It is the time of year for the rice harvest,so every day I work from dawn until dark.Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors.We grow rice in the south of the States,but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat.We have a lot of machines on the farm.Although the farm is large,my Dad has only two men working for him.But he employs more men for the harvest.My brother takes care of the vegetable garden.It doesnt often rain in the summer here.As a result,we have to water the vegetable garden.Every evening we pump water from a well.It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden.三、用符号划出下列短文各句中的定语（）、状语（）、补语（）：Most Saturday evenings there is a party,even at harvest time.These parties often make us very happy.We cook meat on an open fire outside.Its great!Americans eat a lot of meat too much in my opinion.Some of my friends drink beer.I dont,because I have to drive home after the party.In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States.There are five different time areas in the States.In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time.How many different time areas do you have in China?Well,I must stop and get some sleep.Please give my best regards to your parents.四、选择填空：()1._ will leave for Beijing.A.Now there the man B.The man here now C.The man who is here now D.The man is here now()2.The weather _.A.wet and cold B.is wet and cold C.not wet and cold D.were wet and cold()3.The apple tasted _.A.sweets B.sweetly C.nicely D.sweet()4.He got up _ yesterday morning.A.lately B.late C.latest D.latter()5.The actor _at the age of 70.A.dead B.died C.dyed D.deaded()6._ were all very tired,but none of _ would stop to take a rest.A.We,us B.Us,we C.We,ou r D.We,we()7.He found the street much _.A.crowd B.crowding C.crowded D.crowdedly()8.I think _necessary to learn English well.A.its B.it C.that D.that is()9.The dog _ mad.A.looks B.is looked C.is being looked D.was looked()10.I will never forget the day _ I joined the army.A.that B.when C.in which D.where 和次要成分主要成分有主语和谓语次要成分有宾语表语定语状语补足语和同位语一主语主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物一般位于句首但在结构疑问句当主语不是疑问词时和倒装句中主语位于谓语助动词或情态动词后面主语可由名代词但相互代词和反身代词不作主语数词基数序数分数小数百分数定冠词加形容词或现在分词或过去分词或姓氏复数不定式有或无逻辑主语疑问词加不定式动名词有或无逻辑主语从句等充当例如单数可数名词复数可数名词物质名词语的动作状态或特征动词在句中作谓语一般放在主语之后谓语动词可分为不及物动词及物动词短语动词中学常见者有动词介词词动词名词介词动词词介词动词介词名词或动名词等不及物动词及物动词短语动词短语动词短语动词短语学习好资料 欢迎下载 句 子 翻 译 句子是文章的基础，只有写好了句子才可能写好作文。前段时间，我们已经复习了句子成分、简单句基本句型、并列句、复合句等句子相关基础知识。从现在开始，我们要运用所学知识练习多写句子。只有多写句子，多读句子，多背句子，我们的写作水平才会逐渐提高。我们坚信，只要同学们的句子表达准确、地道了，出口成章自然不是一件难事了。翻译练习一 在做此练习时，请注意英语有而中文无的冠词，名词单复数以及可数与不可数问题。1.孩子们常问我们许多问题。2.孩子们常问父母们许多问题。3.我和哥哥是解放军（PLA men）。4.警察要这个人出示证件。5.Tom 是两个人里面较高的一个。6.看那边的两个男孩，左边的那个是我弟弟，右边的是我的一个同学。7.John 的父亲是工人。8.牛是有用的动物。9.他住在学校附近。10.昨天他感冒了。11.下午三时，全体学生在校门口集合，欢迎美国学生。12.美国学生将参观图书馆，校办厂，实验楼，教学楼和游泳池。13.学生会将举办晚会来欢迎美国朋友。14.讲座内容是“美国教育”。15.除英语外，我的其他功课也很好。16.美籍教师 Black 夫妇将来班里与学生座谈。17.Alice 买了些蔬菜，但她没买水果。18.再来点咖啡好吗？19.你能给我提些建议吗？20.我需要一些信息。21.我父亲是英语教师，我母亲是打字员。翻译练习二 中文的我，你，他可没有“格”的变化，但英语的我，你，他有主格，宾格，反身等形式，还有名词性物主代词和形容词性物主代词之分。写英语句子时你可得小心呀。再有，英语的一些不定代词的用法也是很麻烦的，处处都要留神。22.她是个好医生，我们都喜欢她。23.谁教你们英语？你们英语老师不在这里。24.这是一本字典，我昨天买的。25.他们学校没有我们的大。26.这个钱包是他的。这个钱包是属于他的。27.邮局在这条街的那一边。28.他们每隔一年去一次美国。29.其它照片在哪里？30.你有其它有关这个问题的书吗？和次要成分主要成分有主语和谓语次要成分有宾语表语定语状语补足语和同位语一主语主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物一般位于句首但在结构疑问句当主语不是疑问词时和倒装句中主语位于谓语助动词或情态动词后面主语可由名代词但相互代词和反身代词不作主语数词基数序数分数小数百分数定冠词加形容词或现在分词或过去分词或姓氏复数不定式有或无逻辑主语疑问词加不定式动名词有或无逻辑主语从句等充当例如单数可数名词复数可数名词物质名词语的动作状态或特征动词在句中作谓语一般放在主语之后谓语动词可分为不及物动词及物动词短语动词中学常见者有动词介词词动词名词介词动词词介词动词介词名词或动名词等不及物动词及物动词短语动词短语动词短语动词短语学习好资料 欢迎下载 31.有些是红色的，另有一些是褐色的。32.有些是红色的，其它的都是褐色的。33.她在自学英语。34.我们当中几乎没有人认识他。翻译练习三 汉语中修饰名词的“好”与修饰动词的“好”写法一样。但在英语中一个要用good,而另一个要用 well。汉语的“比较好”，英语要说 better，“最好”是 best。这又是我们写英语句子时容易出错之处，因为英语中的这种区分，我们汉语没有，我们没有这种习惯。35.她是个好的钢琴演奏者，她钢琴弹得很好。36.他很仔细认真。他总是仔细认真地做作业。37.这个练习很容易，你可以容易地做完。38.这个孩子选了两个玩具中较贵的那个。39.上海是亚洲最大的城市之一。40.这本书比那一本更有趣。41.我的书包比你的重。42.他跑得越来越快。43.我越想越高兴。44.冬天北方比南方冷。45.李平说话不象你那样快。46.历史和地理一样有趣，但比地理难。47.我们对英语越来越感兴趣。翻译练习四 英语中动词的诸多变化是我们中文所没有的。从初一年级的 I am,you are,he is,she is,we are,you are,they are 到后来的动词的时态，语态，助动词，疑问句式，以至于到高中的虚拟语气，非谓语动词等，都是中文里没有的语言现象。我们与英语动词整整纠缠了六年，到现在还能见到全篇都是原形动词的作文。这全因为我们没有要重视动词形式的意识，没养成正确的表达习惯。让我们在高考前赶快补上这一课吧。48.桌子有四条腿。49.桌子上有四本书。50.他天天洗衣服吗？不，他通常隔天洗衣服。51.这几天我在看一本有趣的小说。52.他从来不说谎。53.我们每周上四节英语课。现在我们正在上英语课。54.你们上星期忙吗？不，不忙。55.昨天下午妈妈跟我的英语老师谈了话。56.上周三几位外国朋友来我校，他们与我们班每个人握了手。57.今天下午我们将有节地理课。58.我放学后要去看一部新影片。59.五十七年前毛主席在这个房间里住过。60.学生们在哪里？他们都去游泳了。和次要成分主要成分有主语和谓语次要成分有宾语表语定语状语补足语和同位语一主语主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物一般位于句首但在结构疑问句当主语不是疑问词时和倒装句中主语位于谓语助动词或情态动词后面主语可由名代词但相互代词和反身代词不作主语数词基数序数分数小数百分数定冠词加形容词或现在分词或过去分词或姓氏复数不定式有或无逻辑主语疑问词加不定式动名词有或无逻辑主语从句等充当例如单数可数名词复数可数名词物质名词语的动作状态或特征动词在句中作谓语一般放在主语之后谓语动词可分为不及物动词及物动词短语动词中学常见者有动词介词词动词名词介词动词词介词动词介词名词或动名词等不及物动词及物动词短语动词短语动词短语动词短语学习好资料 欢迎下载 61.从早晨起我就没吃过东西。62.这个电影你看过没有？我看过了，是在南京看的。63.上海是 1949 年 5 月解放的。64.病人应立即送医院。65.约翰问我是否收到他的信了。66.他没告诉我他住在什麽地方。67.假如下雨的话，我们不去公园。68.他年轻时游泳游得很好。69.小红到苏州去了。你到过苏州吗？70.他一回来，我就告诉他这个消息。71.你结婚了吗？72.昨天冷吗？73.明天他们去博物馆吗？74.你的名字是什麽？75.Jim 在哪里？76.你住在哪里？77.Jim 不是从英国来的。78.Mary 昨天做家庭作业了吗？79.Peter 昨天晚上没看电视。80.昨夜我等了你好长时间。81.有人在敲门。82.这本字典我已经买了两年了。83.我两年前买的这本字典。84.这里可以修理这台收音机吗？85.在澳大利亚也说英语。86.小偷已被学生们抓住了。翻译练习五 英语要求句子的主语和谓语在人称与数量上保持一致，即主谓一致。而中文没有这种要求，中国人没有这种习惯。这正是我们讲英语，写英语时要注意的地方。87.他们一家人身体都很健康。88.房间里除了两把椅子外，没找到别的东西。89.一半的马匹跑掉了。90.已经过去了一半的时间。91.昨天，王先生和我都迟到了。92.昨天，不是王先生就是我，有一个人错了。93.刚才你是在邮局吗？不，我在公园。94.我父亲在一家书店工作，他不在工厂工作。95.已经有两周时间没下雨了。96.我们尚未完成作业。和次要成分主要成分有主语和谓语次要成分有宾语表语定语状语补足语和同位语一主语主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物一般位于句首但在结构疑问句当主语不是疑问词时和倒装句中主语位于谓语助动词或情态动词后面主语可由名代词但相互代词和反身代词不作主语数词基数序数分数小数百分数定冠词加形容词或现在分词或过去分词或姓氏复数不定式有或无逻辑主语疑问词加不定式动名词有或无逻辑主语从句等充当例如单数可数名词复数可数名词物质名词语的动作状态或特征动词在句中作谓语一般放在主语之后谓语动词可分为不及物动词及物动词短语动词中学常见者有动词介词词动词名词介词动词词介词动词介词名词或动名词等不及物动词及物动词短语动词短语动词短语动词短语学习好资料 欢迎下载 97.他的家庭是个幸福的家庭。98.花园里仍有许多雪。那里有许多姑娘。翻译练习六 动词不定式，动名词，分词等英语当中的非谓语动词形式，更是中国人不习惯的东西。其中许多用法在英语中就是固定搭配，习惯用法，我们只有多记，多练，才能形成习惯，避免错误。99.我想借一本书。100.他忘记把那些工具带来了。101.医生叫你别抽烟。102.他答应不再迟到。103.他在一家儿童医院工作，他的工作是为孩子准备饭食。104.今天下午我有许多事情要做。105.这孩子已到了上学年龄。106.英语并不容易学。107.这桌子需要修理。108.他非常喜欢游泳。109.她建议放学后打扫教室。110.我不介意坐后座。111.他的报告激动人心。我们激动极了。112.听到铃声，我们立即走进教室。113.站在校门口，他们看到一辆公共汽车开过来了。114.她对这项 工作很感兴趣。115.他们对你的报告很满意。116.他看见一个人被汽车撞倒了。117.我们停下来休息一下吧。118.我不能决定借那本书。119.我不知道怎样回答这个问题。120.我们要请人把机器修好。121.那老板让工人们整天不停地干活。122.那位老人请一位年轻人扶他上公共汽车。123.他们围桌而坐，又说又笑。124.我有几封信要写。125.我常听那女孩唱英语歌。我看见那孩子正在爬树。翻译练习七 英语关联词的正确使用能使短文增色不少。但由于中英文习惯的不同，这里也是容易出错的地方。126.他看过书了，还做了许多笔记。127.我坐下来，开始做家庭作业。128.John 会讲德语，Mary 也会讲。129.老师问了我一个问题，我不会回答。130.我没出去，呆在家里看书。和次要成分主要成分有主语和谓语次要成分有宾语表语定语状语补足语和同位语一主语主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物一般位于句首但在结构疑问句当主语不是疑问词时和倒装句中主语位于谓语助动词或情态动词后面主语可由名代词但相互代词和反身代词不作主语数词基数序数分数小数百分数定冠词加形容词或现在分词或过去分词或姓氏复数不定式有或无逻辑主语疑问词加不定式动名词有或无逻辑主语从句等充当例如单数可数名词复数可数名词物质名词语的动作状态或特征动词在句中作谓语一般放在主语之后谓语动词可分为不及物动词及物动词短语动词中学常见者有动词介词词动词名词介词动词词介词动词介词名词或动名词等不及物动词及物动词短语动词短语动词短语动词短语学习好资料 欢迎下载 131.他不抽烟，不喝酒。13
