英译汉教案完整.docx

课程教案课程名称英语笔译授课题目（章节）第一章翻译概论授课对象授课教师课时安排2节/ （第1周）教学方法交际法教学目的1. definition of translation2. translation history3. translation criterion教学重点、难点translation criterion教学过程步骤一：导入向学生简要全面介绍一下教材的内容和特点、该课程的具体要求以及学习方法。新编英汉翻译教程是普通高等教育“十五”国家级规划教材，该教材内容丰富、新颖， 具有很高的权威性。编者孙致礼教授现为洛阳解放军外国语学院博士生导师，在翻译理论和实践 方面造诣很深，在国内翻译界具有很高的威望。引导学生阅读前言和目录部分。该课程是一门实践性很强的课程。除了学习和掌握翻译的基 本原理以外，翻译实践占有相当大的比重。具体地说，翻译练习由两部分组成，一部分是课后的 英译汉练习，另一部分是老师课外挑选的翻译材料。课程参考书目1马祖毅，中国翻译简史，中国对外翻译出版公司，2001.2郭著章，翻译名家研究，湖北教育出版社，1999.3张培基喻云根等，英汉翻译教程，上海外语教育出版社，1982.4韩风 陆克，巧读巧译巧写英语，新世界出版社,1996.5刘重德，文学翻译十讲，中国对外翻译出版公司，1995.6包惠南，包昂，中国文化与汉英翻译，外文出版社20047冯庆华，实用翻译教程上海外语教育出版社20088陈德鸿张南峰，西方翻译理论精选 城市大学出版社20009谭截喜，西方翻译简史，商务印书馆，200410陈福康，中国译学理论史稿，上海外语教育出版社，200011林语堂，林语堂中英对照丛书，百花文艺出版社，200212杨平，名作精译一中国翻译英译汉选萃，青岛出版社，2004步骤二：翻译的性质和定义一.翻译的性质Translation is of great importance in learning a foreign language. Many of those who learn English will be English-Chinese Chinese-English translators in the future. There are many translation theories and techniques for you to learn.Without knowing the theories and the techniques one will most likely take aroundabout course in translation work. Thats why it is necessary for you to have a good command of both the source language and the target language, and of the theories and the techniques in translation二、翻译的定义 Translation is a representation or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language. Or: Translation is an activity of reproducing in one language the ideas which have been expressed in another language.(翻译是把一种语言所表达的思想用另一种 语言重新表达出来的活动) Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language messages, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.翻译就是接受语言复制出与原语信息最接近的自然等值体-首先是就意义而言，其次是就其风格而言.张今：翻译是两个语言社会(language-community)之间的交际过程和交际工具，它的目的是促进本语 言社会的政治、经济和(或)文化进步，它的任务是要把原作中包含的现实世界的逻辑影响映象 或艺术映象完好无损地从一种语言移注到另一种语言中去。孙致礼：翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言传达出来，以达到沟通思想感情、传播文化知、促进 社会文明，特别是推动译语文化兴旺昌盛的目的。步骤三：翻译的分类按语言分类：语内翻译(intralingual translation)语际翻译(interlingual translation)按活动形式分类：笔译(translation)口译(oral interpretation)：连续传译(consecutive translation)和同声传译(simultaneous translation)按翻译材料的文体分类：应用文体翻译；科技文体翻译；论述文体翻译；新闻文体翻译；艺术文体翻译按处理方式分类：全译；节译；摘译；编译；译述步骤四：翻译的标准Criteria is something we can use to evaluate a translation. We can say that the criteria of translation function as plumb-line for measuring the professional level of translation and as a good set for translator to strive after. There have been various opinions about the appropriate criteria for translation. First of all, we tend to think of Yanfu who advocated for the first time the three words as translation criteria: namely , faithfulness, expressiveness, and elegance.中国传统翻译理论严复：信达雅天演论译例言(1898)傅雷：“神似”说“以效果而论，翻译应该象临画一样，所求不在形似而在神似。”(高老头重译本序)钱钟书“化境”文学的最高标准是“化”。把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既能不因语文习惯的差异 而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原有的风味，那就算得入于化境了。十七世纪有人赞 美这种造诣的翻译，比为原作的投胎转世，躯壳换了一个，而精神姿致依然故我。西方翻译理论l George Campbell:The first thing is to give a just representation of the sense of the original. The second thing is, to convey into his version, as much as possible, in a consistency with the genius of the language which he writes, the author s spirit and manner. The third and last thing is, to take care, the version have at least, so far the quality of an original performance, as to appear natural and easy.Alexander F. TytlerThat the Translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. That the style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original. That the Translation should have all the ease of original composition.(A. F. Tytler: Essay on the Principles of Translation 1790 )小结：Criteria for translation constitute the yardstick for measuring a piece of translated work. We can use the criteria to determine how well a piece of work has been translated. The common criteria applied in translation now can be summarized in the following two words: faithfulness and smoothness.步骤六：译者必备的业务素质l扎实的英语基础2扎实的汉语基础3 广阔的知识面(to know something of everything and everything of something) l 高 效迅捷查阅资料和文献检索的能力4合理的翻译策略5认真负责的学风6充沛的体力和脑力步骤七：作业1. One can never see too many summer sunrises on the Mississippi River.2. He has been wedded to translation.3. The secretary and accountant of the company was present.4. Byron's father, by is first marriage, had a daughter, Augusta, Byron's half-sister.6. We would like to build a color-blind society where all man can have equal opportunity.课程教案课程名称英语笔译授课题目（章节）第二章翻译的过程授课对象授课教师课时安排2节/ （第2周）教学方法交际法教学目的how to understand and represent in the process of translation教学重点、难点comprehension, expression, checking-up教学过程Step 1 Lead-in：The process of translation is a very complex one. Nida thinks that “the process of translating is always a matter of choosing the best or the better rendering from various alternatives. Usually there are three steps:A. Comprehension: understanding accurately the meaning of the source language; How?B. Expression: try to express the meaning smoothly in Chinese; How?C. Revision: (proofread) check again and again to polish the target text. How?Step 2 ComprehensionFirst of all, accurate comprehension is always the foremost concern in translation. Without an accurate comprehension of the original, there can be no translation faithful to the original. So comprehension is the prerequisites of representation. In order to achieve a thorough comprehension of the original, we should pay attention to the following points.1. Have a good grasp of the linguistic phenomena, the meaning of the vocabulary, the sentence construction and the idiomatic usages. E.g. 1 Suddenly the line went limp. “Im going back,” said Kurth. “We must have a break some where. Wait for me. Ill be back in five minutes.”译文：引爆电线突然耷拉下来.库思说，“我回去看看.一定是哪个地方断了.等一等， 我五分钟就回来. E.g.2 It will strengthen you to know that your distinguished career is so widely respected and appreciated.译文：当您认识到您的崇高事业受到人们如此广泛的尊敬和赞赏时您就会力量备增. E.g.3 John is now with his parents in New York City; it is already three years since he was a bandmaster.约翰现在同父母住在纽约市；他不担任乐队指挥己三年了.2. Have a thorough comprehension of the underlying logic of the original. The logical relationships can help you to comprehend what the grammatical relationscannot. E.g.1 It is good for him to do that. (a)这样做对他有好处. (b)他这样做是件好事.3. Try to have a thorough understanding of the subject matter concerned. A translator should be familiar with the cultural background of the language, this includes historical, literary ,philosophical and even religious references and allusions(典 故).In translation, some words or phrases need to be traced back to their origins before they can be understood exactly. e.g. John can be relied on . He eats no fish and plays the game. 译文：约翰为人可靠，他既忠诚又正直. Eat no fish出自一个典故，指英国伊丽莎白时代，耶酥教徒为了表示对政府忠诚， 拒绝遵守反政府的罗马天主教徒在星期五只吃鱼的习俗，因此，to eat no fish是 表示“忠诚”的意思.To play the game和to play fair (规规矩矩的比赛)同义， 由此转义为”公平对待，举止光明正大；为人正直”等.小结：As a result， whenever you get an article to translate， youd better read it though to the end， so as to have a general idea of the whole piece. Then you have to try to know the background knowledge as much as possible. Good dictionaries are absolutely needed， including not only English-Chinese dictionary， but also English-English dictionaries. New words have to be looked up in dictionaries， and words which are not new to you may have new meaning in a certain context. When you begin translating the piece， the sentence structure must be made clear to you. That is to say， make a clear grammatical analysis of each sentence， long sentences in particular. A thorough understanding of the sentence structure is not enough. You are required to make sure of the meaning of the words . No context，no text. Sometimes， the meaning of a word may be figured outStep 3 Expression Expression is the result of comprehension， but accurate comprehension does not mean adequate expression. It seems that sometimes you understand the meaning of the sentence， but you dont know how to represent it in appropriate words. At this stage， words chosen and sentences constructed must all be expressed to convey the accurate meaning of the original.1. 选词 E.g. 1 He is employed in watering the garden.E.g. 2) We provide a competitive compensation plan with exceptional benefits. If you are interested in a challenging position that requires travel and flexible hours， please fax your resume with compensation details to Pacific Information Company， 22 Fuxing Avenue， Beijing.我们提供一项竞争的赔偿计划，还有特别的利益。如果你对一个具有挑战性的、需要旅游 和灵活机动的小时数感兴趣的话，请把简历和赔偿计划细节用传真一道寄给北京复兴路22 号太平洋信息公司。改译：本公司现有一个富有挑战性的、需要经常出差和办公时间可以灵活的职位，工资待遇 高，另加优厚的福利政策。感兴趣者请把简历和工资要求用传真一道寄给：北京复兴路22 号太平洋信息公司。E.g. 3) She was dancing gracefully in the room.她在房间里非常优雅地跳着舞。她在房间里跳舞，舞姿非常优雅。E.g. 4)Sorry, I cant help you.对不起，我不能帮助你。对不起，我无能为力。2. 思维方式和逻辑习惯的差异：1) Mother, I told him in no uncertain terms that I wouldn t marry him.妈妈，我很坚决地(肯定)地告诉他了，我不愿意和他结婚。2) I dont think we have asked for anything that they havent done.我认为我们要求的事情，他们都一一办到了。3. 习惯用语的表达1) If the government accepts his new proposal, the nation will be jumping out of the frying pan into the fire.如果政府接受他的新建议，整个国家会陷入更坏的境地。(才出狼窝，又入虎穴)2) Be careful when you talk to her. Never wear your heart on your sleeve.跟她说话时可要当心，千万别向她袒露心扉。3) Late last autumn, out of the blue, Sue announced she was getting married and leaving her home country soon. We were all shocked to hear that.去年晚秋，出乎意料地(突然)宣布她要结婚并且要离开自己的祖国，我们万分惊讶。4. 修辞手段的潜在意义：英语修辞手段：比喻、委婉、借代、双关等。1) The modern farming methods of the “green revolution" will produce enough food to fill those new stomachs.现代“绿色革命”的种植技术将生产足够的粮食来填饱新出生人的肚皮。(满足新增人 口的需要)2) He thought he was settled for life, but when he found the firm which employed him was insolvent he saw the red light and resigned他本以为可以终生安顿下来，可是当他发现雇佣他的公司即将倒闭时，他意识到危险， 就辞职了小结：在翻译中做到表达得体应注意下列几条：1. 一定要联系上下文，这是确定词义，表达得体的基础。2. 注意文字表达的分寸与褒贬。3. 活用词典，即不能照抄词典上的译文。要根据各种词典所赋予的基本词义，融会贯通， 创造出恰如其分的措辞或词典上碰巧合适的译文。4. 充分发挥汉语和英语的优势，使译文更地道，做到精益求精。Step 4 ProofreadingGuesswork and carelessness always causes a translator to make foolish mistakes. So at the final stage of translating, we should do the following things carefully.（1）. Check the names of persons, places, dates, direction, numerals and so on with the original work.（2）. Make sure there is no omission of paragraphs, sentences or words in your version unless required.（3）. Revise those words or sentences that are not properly translated.（4）. Try to avoid rarely used words, hackneyed or stereotyped expression （陈 腐老套的）.（5）. Generally speaking, we should check our translation work at least twice. The first time lay stress on checking the contents, the second time, polish the version so as to make it pleasing to the readers.Only by solving all these problems can we claim to have the final version.Step 5 Requirements for translators（1）扎实的英语基础，特别是具有很强的阅读理解和鉴赏能力（2）扎实的汉语基础，特别是具有很强的汉语表达能力（3）广博的文化知识（4）相关国家的文化背景知识（5）英汉两种语言所反映的两种文化差异的知识（6）翻译理论以及与翻译研究相关学科的知识（7）相当的艺术素养和文学才能（尤指文学翻译）（8）把握原作的神韵和精髓（9）模仿和表现原作的时代风格，文体风格和个人风格（10）运用各种语言要素，使译文语言和谐优美（11）高度的责任感（12）严谨端正的工作态度（译前准备，实际翻译，译后校核）（13）敬业，乐业的主人公意识（必要时对原文作适当调整，确保译文质量和跨文化交际 的成功）Step 6 HomeworkPreview the next chapterTranslate the following sentences into Chinese.1）Some Americans pop across the border simply to fuel up on flavorful Mexican food and beer.2）Make up your mind before you make up your face. （make up）.3）Jack has become Jack of all trades and master of none.4）Part-time barman wanted. Hours and salary negotiable.5) This Bill of Lading (lade v. 装载货物)is issued in a negotiable form, so it shall constitute title to the goods and the holder, by endorsement (背书，签注文件)of this B/L.6) We must bring the chairman around to our point of view.7) The Asian countries along the coast of the Pacific all came out against the US new military base in Japan.8) Though they are running out of food and drink, the men are cheerful and confident that they will get out soon.课程教案课程名称英语笔译授课题目（章节）第三章翻译的方法授课对象授课教师课时安排2节/（第3周）教学方法交际法教学目的理解和掌握翻译的方法异化和归化、直译和意译教学重点、难点对翻译方法的把握教学过程步骤一：导入在谈到直译和意译时，人们常常用英文词语literal translation和freetranslation。此 时人们关心的是语言层面的技术处理问题，即如何在保持原语形式的同时，不让其意义失真；而 意译则认为语言有不同的文化内涵和表达形式，当形式成为翻译的障碍时，就要采取意译。直译 和意译之争的靶心是意义和形式的得失问题。在中国的翻译史上，赞成直译和意译的均有人在， 初期佛典翻译中的文质说，唐代玄奘的“求真”与“喻俗”，近代有严复的“信达雅”及鲁迅的 “宁信而不顺”与赵景深的“宁顺而不信”等，都是从直译和意译的角度来探讨翻译的原则。步骤二：直译 (literal translation)1.1直译的定义Literal translation refers to an adequate representation of the original. When the original coincides or almost tallies with the Chinese language in the sequence of vocabulary, in grammatical structure and rhetorical device, literal translation can be used.Literal translation may be defined as having the following features: 1. literal translation takes sentences as its basic units and the whole text into consideration at the same time in the course of translation. 2. Literal translation strives to reproduce both the ideological content and style of the entire literary work and retain as much as possible the figures of speech and sentence structures of patterns.1.2直译的五大误区： 否定句型中的直译误区英语中有一些不同的否定句型，其中有一些句型不能完全采用直译法进行翻译，否则， 就会造成误译，甚至与原意背道而驰，下列几种否定句型值得注意：A. 部分否定句型，这种句型不同于汉语的思维形式。I do not know all of them.误：对他们我都不认识。正：对他们我不是个个都认识。All the answers are not right.误：所有答案都不对。正：答案并非全对。It is a wise man that never makes mistakes.误：聪明人从不犯错误。正：无论怎样聪明的人也难免犯错误。 长句直译的误区在较长的英语句子中存在着比较复杂的关系，很难按原则顺序用一句汉语表达出来，这 就要根据英文句子的特点和内在联系进行意译，不能直译的长句主要有三种处理方法。A. 根据句子内在的逻辑关系和汉语的表达习惯进行翻译。例如：There are advantages to underground life, too, and something to be said for imaging whole cities, even mankind generally, moving downward, of having the outermost mile of the Earth's crust honeycombed with passage and structure, like a gigantic ant hill.这是一个倒装句，表示设想条件与结果关系，按这一关系来译比直译好，家似的建筑物， 一座座城市都迁入地下，甚至全人类都迁入地下生活，这也会给人类带来很多好处。B. 有些长句需要直译与意译结合，顺译与递译结合，需要综合处理。But a broader and more generous, certainly more philosophical, view is held by those scientists who claim .that the evidence of a war instinct in men is incomplete and misleading, and that man does have within him the power of abolishing war.这个句子的主句部分可以意译，从句部分可直译。有些科学家的观点更开阔，更富有普遍性和哲理性。他们指出，有关人类战争本能的证据尚 不完全，而且容易引起误解，事实上，人类自身具有消除战争的能力。C. 由于有些句型不同于汉语的思维方式，常常需要进行倒译。to many reasons ,says a representative of fiber producer.一位纤维厂家代表说，由于许多原因，纺织物整理剂在今天的市场上已经到无人的问津的地 步。 修辞句型中的误区同汉语一样，英语写作中大量运用修辞手段，其中有不少辞格类似于汉语机同辞格的表 达方式，因此可以直译。但有一些英语辞格很难用直译方式表达清楚，即便是同一辞格，由 于处于不同场合，有的能直译，有的则不能直译。下列几种情况有时不宜直译：A. 比喻：有的比喻可以直译，有的则不能，这往往取决于汉语的表达习惯例如：At the door to the restaurant, a stunning, porcelain-faced woman in traditional costume asked me to remove my