2021考研英语一阅读理解试题及答案解析.pdf

2021考研英语一阅读理解试题及答案解析(中公考研版)Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions after each text bychoosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to railpassenger fares?It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual:every January thecost of travelling by train rises,imposing a significant extra burden on those whohave no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise.This year srise,an average of 2.7 per cent,may be a fraction lower than last year*s,but it isstill well above the official Consumer Price Index(CPI)measure of inflation.Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds thatthe cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those whouse it,rather than the general taxpayer.?Equally,there is a sense that the travailsof commuters in the South East,many of whom will face among the biggest rises,have received too much attention compared to those who must endure therelatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.However,over the past 12 months,those commuters have also experiencedsome of the worst rail strikes in years.The responsibility for the latest wave ofstrikes rests on the unions.However,there is a strong case that those who havebeen worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for thedisruption they have suffered.The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimumservice requirement so that,even when strikes occur,m ore investment is needed,but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endurecramped,unreliable services,punctuated by regular chaos when timetables arechanged,or planned maintenance is managed incompetently.The threat ofnationalisation may have been seen off for now,but it will return with a vengeanceif the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.21.The author holds that this year s increase in rail passengers f a r e s.A.will ease train operators burdenB.has kept pace with inflationC.is a big surprise to commutersD.remains an unreasonable measure22.The stockbroker in Paragraph 2 is used to stand f or.A.car driversB.rail travellersC.local investorsD.ordinary taxpayers23.It is indicated in Paragraph 3 that train o p e r a t o r s.A.are offering compensation to commutersB.are trying to repair relations with the unionsC.have failed to provide an adequate serviceD.have suffered huge losses owing to the strikes24.If unable to calm down passengers,the railways may have to faceA.the loss of investmentB.the collapse of operationsC.a reduction of revenueD.a change of ownership25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A.Who Are to Blame for the Strikes?B.Constant Complaining Doesn t WorkC.Can Nationalisation Bring Hope?D.Ever-Rising Fares Aren t Sustainable21.【答案】D（remains an unreasonable measure）【解析】本题为细节题。根据题干关键词rail passengers fares定位到第一段句。句没有体现作者的观点，因此往下看一句，定位到句：It has become a grimly reliableannual ritual.imposing a significant extra burden on those.由 grimly（冷酷地,讨厌地）和a significant extra burden（一个巨大的额外负担）可知，作者对铁路乘客车费上涨的态度是负面的。再根据题干关健词this year s increase定位到第一段句：Thisyear s rise,an average of 2.7 per cent,may be a fraction lower than last year,s,but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index（CPI）measure of inflation.（今年平均2.7%的上涨，也许比去年的上涨稍微低一些，但是它仍然远远高于官方消费者物价指数衡量的通货膨胀程度）。由此进一步确定车费上涨是unreasonable（不合理的）。所以本题选D。22.【答案】B（rail travellers）【解析】本题为例证题。根据题干关键词stockbroker定位到例子所在句，即第二段句：Why.should a car-driving pensioner.have to subsidise the daily commuteof a stockbroker.?（为什么一个开车的养老金领取者必须要补贴一个股票经纪人的日常通勤呢？）再找到前面的论点句：Successive governments have permitted such increaseson the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should beborne by those who use it,rather than the general taxpayer（历届政府允许这种上涨，因为投资和运营铁路网的成本应该由使用它的人们来承担，而不是一般纳税人）。这段论述认为，没有使用铁路网的一般纳税人如开车的养老金领取者不应该承担铁路网成本，使用铁路网的人如股票经纪人才应该承担此成本。定位句中的stockbroker指的就是论点句中的those who use ito 所以本题选 B。23.【答案】C(have failed to provide an adequate service)【解析】本题为细节题。根据题干关键词train operators定位到第三段句：It is allvery well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to thenetwork,but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for thesubstantial sums they are now paying to travel(火车运营商宣扬他们对铁路网作出的改进无可非议，但考虑到乘客如今为出行支付的大量费用，他们理应能够期待基本水平的服务)。可见，火车运营商没能提供合格的服务。所以本题选C。24.【答案】D(a change of ownership)【解析】本题为细节题。根据题干关键词If unable to calm down passengers定位至第四段句：The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now,but itwill return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed inshort order(国有化的威胁也许暂时可以避免，但是，如果乘客的正当愤怒不能被立即解决，这种威胁会卷土重来)。If unable to calm down passengers 是 if the justified angerof passengers is not addressed in short order的同义表达。可见，如果铁路公司不能让乘客镇静下来，铁路公司将会面临国有化的威胁，即所有权的变更。所以本题选D。25.【答案】D(Ever-Rising Fares Aren t Sustainable)【解析】本题为主旨大意题。文章首段提出铁路乘客车费再次上涨的问题，即文章讨论的主题；二段简单阐述历届政府允许车费上涨的理由；三至四段聚焦于乘客所付车费和享受到的服务不对等的问题，作者认为乘客应该受到补偿，英国铁路服务标准必须得到保障，并指出如果服务得不到保障，乘客将不会无止境地支付更多车费。D项中的Ever-RisingFares（不断上涨的车费）是文章讨论的主题，Aren t Sustainable（是不可持续的）是作者的观点。D项完整地概括了全文内容。所以本题选D。Text 2Last year marked the third year in a row of when Indonesia s bleak rate ofdeforestation has slowed in pace.One reason for the turnaround may be thecountry s antipoverty program.In 2007z Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to itspoorest residents under certain conditions,such as requiring people to keep kids inschool or get regular medical care.Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs,thesesocial assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle ofpoverty.In Indonesia,the program has provided enough food and medicine tosubstantially reduce severe growth problems among children.But CCT programs don t generally consider effects on the environment.Infact,poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed asconflicting goals,says Paul Ferraro,an economist at Johns Hopkins University.That s because economic growth can be correlated with environmentaldegradation,while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated withgreater poverty.However,those correlations don t prove cause and effect.Theonly previous study analyzing causality,based on an area in Mexico that hadinstituted CCTs；supported the traditional view.There,as people got more money,some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat,Ferraro says.Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment,though.Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia s poverty-alleviation program was affectingdeforestation.Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to2012including during Indonesia s phase-in of the anti poverty programin7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces and multiple islands.Ferraro separatedthe effects of the CCT program on forest loss from other f a c t o r s,“we see thatthe program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation/1 Ferrarosays.That s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshiftinsurance policies against inclement weather,Ferraro says.Typically,if rains aredelayed,people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests.With the CCTsz individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody*s guess.Ferrarosuggests the results may transfer to other parts of Asia,due to commonalities suchas the importance of growing rice and market access.And regardless oftransferability,the study shows that what s good for people may also be good forthe environment,Ferraro says.Even if this program didn t reduce poverty,he says,“the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone ismore than the program costs/126.According to the first two paragraphs,CCT programs aim to.A.facilitate health care reformB.help poor families get better offC.improve local education systemsD.lower deforestation rates27.The study based on an area in Mexico is cited to show t hat.A.cattle rearing has been a major means of livelihood for the poorB.CCT programs have helped preserve traditional lifestylesC.antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmersD.economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation28.In his study about Indonesia,Ferraro intends to find out.A.its acceptance level of CCTsB.its annual rate of poverty alleviationC.the relation of CCTs to its forest lossD.the role of its forests in climate change29.According to Ferraro,the CCT program in Indonesia is most valuable int hat.A.it will benefit other Asian countriesB.it will reduce regional inequalityC.it can protect the environmentD.it can boost grain production30.What is the text centered on?A.The effects of a program.B.The debates over a program.C.The process of a study.D.The transferability of a study.26.【答案】B(help poor families get better off)【解析】本题为细节题。根据题干关键词first two paragraphs,CCT programs和aim to 定位到第二段句，其中 aim to 对应 are designed to：Called conditional cashtransfers or CCTsz these social assistance programs are designed to reduceinequality and break the cycle of poverty。help poor families get better off 是对break the cycle of poverty的同义替换。所以本题选B。27.【答案】D(economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation)【解析】本题为例证题。根据题干关键词The study based on an area in Mexico定位到第四段句，再找到前面的论点句：That s because economic growth can becorrelated with environmental degradation,while protecting the environment issometimes correlated with greater poverty,所以本题选 D。28.【答案】C(the relation of CCTs to its forest loss)【解析】本题为细节题。根据题干关键词Indonesia和Ferraro,并结合题文同序原则定位到第五段句：Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia*s poverty-alleviationprogram was affecting deforestationo the relation of CCTs to its forest loss 是对Indonesia*s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation 的同义替换，其中 CCTs 对应 Indonesia s poverty-alleviation program,forest loss 对应deforestationo 所以本题选 C。29.【答案】C(it can protect the environment)【解析】本题为细节题。根据题干关键词Ferraro,program和valuable定位到第八段句：Even if this program didn t reduce poverty,he says,“the value of theavoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than theprogram costs.o由句可知，Ferraro认为即使CCT项目不能减少贫困，仅就二氧化碳排放量而言，避免森林砍伐的价值也超过了该项目的成本“。故可推知Ferraro认为CCT项目能够保护环境，因此具有重要价值。所以本题选C。30.【答案】A(The effects of a program.)【解析】本题为主旨大意题。文章首段由印度尼西亚的rate of deforestation hasslowed in pace（森林砍伐速度下降）以及推动该转变的anti poverty program（扶贫项目）引出话题；随后二至四段指出旨在扶贫的CCT项目重视经济发展，这可能会对环境产生不良影响；五至八段作者借经济学家Ferraro的研究指出，CCT项目其实有助于减少森林砍伐量，反而对保护环境有积极影响。故本文集中讨论了 CCT项目对于环境的effects（影响），A项符合。所以本题选A。Text 3As a historian whoz s always searching for the text or the image that makes usre-evaluate the past,F ve become preoccupied with looking for photographs thatshow our Victorian ancestors smiling（what better way to shatter the image of19th-century prudery?）.Y ve found quite a few,andsince I started posting themon Twitterthey have been causing quite a stir.People have been surprised to seeevidence that Victorians had fun and could,and did,laugh.They are noting that theVictorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years thatseparate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.Of course,I need to concede that my collection of Smiling Victorians;makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiturecreated between 1840 and 1900,.How do we explain this trend?During the 1840s and 1850s,in the early days of photography,exposure timeswere notoriously long:the daguerreotype photographic method（producing animage on a silvered copper plate)could take several minutes to complete,and soa non-committal blank stare became the norm.But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s,and the introduction ofthe Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that,though slow by today sdigital standards,the exposure was almost instantaneous.Spontaneous smileswere relatively easy to capture by the 1890sz so we must look elsewhere for anexplanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin.Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth/ran one popular Victorian saying,alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry,mouths were often in ashocking state of hygiene.A flashing set of healthy and clean,regular pearlywhites was a rare sight in Victorian society,the preserve of the super-rich(andeven then,dental hygiene was not guaranteed).A toothy grin(especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth)lackedclass:drunks,tramps and music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile aswide as Lewis CarrolT s gum-exposing Cheshire Cat,but it was not a becominglook for properly bred persons.Even Mark Twain,a man who enjoyed a heartylaugh,said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be“nothingmore damning than a silly,foolish smile fixed forever”.31.According to Paragraph 1,the author1 s posts on T w i t t e r.A.changed people*s impression of the VictoriansB.highlighted social media s role in Victorian studiesC.re-evaluated the Victorians notion of public imageD.illustrated the development of Victorian photography32.What does the author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?A.They are in popular use among historians.B.They are rare among photographs of that age.C.They mirror 19th-century social conventions.D.They show effects of different exposure times.33.What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the1890s?A.Their inherent social sensitiveness.B.Their tension before the camera.C.Their distrust of new inventions.D.Their unhealthy dental condition.34.Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictureswas.A.a deep-rooted beliefB.a misguided attitudeC.a controversial viewD.a thought-provoking idea35.Which of the following questions does the text answer?A.Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?B.Why did the Victorians start to view photographs?C.What made photography develop slowly in the Victorian period?D.How did smiling in photographs become a post-Victorian norm?31.【答案】A(changed people s impression of the Victorians)【解析】本题为细节题。根据题干关键词Paragraph 1和the author s posts onTwitter 定位至ij第一段句：I ve found quite a few,andsince I started posting themon Twitterthey have been causing quite a stir。句进一步解释 stir,即 People havebeen surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could,and did,laughoA 项 changed people7 s impression of the Victorians 是对该句的概括。所以本题选 A。32.【答案】B(They are rare among photographs of that age.)【解析】本题为细节题。根据题干关键词the Victorian portraits he has collected定位到第二段句中的 my collection of Smiling Victorians makes up only a tinypercentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between1840 and 1900。They are rare among photographs of that age 是对 makes up only atiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between1840 and 1900的概括总结。所以本题选B。33.【答案】D(Their unhea