考研资料2021逐词逐句精讲册.pdf

第一段 Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memory and the ability to think quickly,logically,and abstractly in order to solve new problems.流体智力是一种与短期记忆和快速、有逻辑且抽象地思考 以解决新问题的能力有关的智力类型。句子主干Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence（主+系+表）that引导的定语从句,修饰the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memory级修饰and连接的并列宾语and the ability:动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰the ability二级修饰to think quickly,logically,and abstractly动词不定式短语作目的状语三级修饰in order to solve new problems.:要点注释1in order to solve new problems为动词不定式短语的特殊形式。!词汇注释1fluidflundj n.流体;液体 a.流动的；易变的 intelligence*in telid3ans n.智力；智慧;情报do with 与.有关;处理;对待 abstractly aebstraektli ad.抽象地 It peaks in young adulthood,levels out for a period of time,and then generally starts to slowly decline as we age.成年早期达到峰值，在一段时间内保持稳定，然后随着我们年龄的增长普遍开始缓慢下降。它在一级修饰-It peaks in young adulthood,（主+谓）句子主干as we age.词疙痊專peak*pi：k vi.达到高峰;达到最高值 level out/off保持平稳发展 But while aging is inevitable,scientists are finding out that certain changes in brain function may not be.但是，尽管 更哲豐免，科学家们却发现大脑功能的某些变化可能并非如此。级修饰 while aging is inevitable,_ j while引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语But.scientists are finding out（主+谓+宾从）句子主干 that引导的宾语从句，作are finding ou啲宾语that certain changes in brain function may not be.词汇注释 i aging -eid3irj n.（亦作 ageing）衰老,变老;苍老 inevitable*in evitabl a.不可避免的 189 公众号：猴 哥考研 免费分享公众号：给力考研资料第二段*One study found that muscle loss and the accumulation of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence.一项研究发现，肌肉的减少和腹部脂肪的堆积与流体智力的下降有关。句子主干一级修饰in fluid intelligence.帝匚痊释muscle*easI n.肌肉;体力;威信 abdomen aebdsmon n.腹（部）accumulation gikjuimjadeijn n.堆积（物）be associated with.与.有关 This suggests the possibility that lifestyle factors might help prevent or delay this type of decline.这表明一种可能性，即与生活方式有关的因素可能有助于预防或延缓这种智力类型的衰退。句子主干级修饰This suggests thejssibility（主+谓+宾）that引导的同位语从句，解释说明the possibilitythat lifestyle factors might help prevent or delay this type of decline.:词汇注释:possibility*gDsybibti n.可能性;可能delay*drlei v.延缓;延期；推迟第三段O The researchers looked at data that included measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4,000 middle-to-older-aged men and women and compared that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six-year period.研究人员查看了 4000多名中老年男性与女性包括精瘦肌肉和腹部脂肪测量结果在内的数据，并将这些 数据与受试者6年间所报告的流体智力的变化进行了比较。级修饰句子主干一级修饰二级修饰可疋辻釋:measurement me3amant n.测量的结果;测量 lean*li：n n.无脂肪的;脂肪少的 abdominal aeb-dominl a.腹部的 n.腹肌 compare A to/with B 将 A 与 B 进行比较 They found that middle-aged people with higher measures of abdominal fat scored worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years went by.他们发现,随着岁月流逝，腹部脂肪含量较高的中年人在流体智力测试中的得分较低。190 公众号：猴 哥考研 免费分享公众号：给力考研资料They found（主+谓+宾从）句子主干 that引导的宾语从句，作found的宾语that middle-aged people.scored worsei介词短语作后置定语，修饰middle-aged peoplewith higher measures of abdominal fat 介词短语作方面状语一级修饰on measures of fluid intelligenceas引导的时间状语从句，作宾语从句的时间状语as the years went by.词汇注释1 score*sko：(r)v.得分;进球得分；比分 go by(时间)流逝，过去第四段 For women,the association may be attributable to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat；in men,the immune system did not appear to be involved.对于女性来说，这种联系可能归因于腹部脂肪过多导致的 免疫力变化;而对于男性来说，免疫系统似乎没有参与其中。二级修饰 that resulted from excess abdominal fat;that引导的定语从句,修饰changes to changes in immunity一级修饰 介词短语作状语For women,介词短语作（1）句的状语，表对象_ （1）the association may be attributable（主+系+表）句子主干|并列句（2）the immune system did not appear to be involved.（主+谓）_:介词短语作（2）句的状语级修饰 in men,词汇注释i be attributable to可归因于.；可能由于excess*-ekses a.ii多的；过度的immunity rrnjusnati n.免疫力；免除 immune*i mjuin a.免疫的;不受影响的 It is hoped that future studies could explain these differences and perhaps lead to different treatments for men andwomen.人们希望未来的研究能够解释这些差异,或许可以为男性和女性带来不同的疗法。句子主干for men and women.级修饰词汇注释1 explain*ik*splein 解释;说明；阐明treatment-triitmant n,疗法；治疗；对待第五段 Meanwhile there are steps you can take to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental well-being.同时，随着年龄的增长，你可以采取一些措施来帮助减少腹部 脂肪，强健肌肉，以保护身心健康。191 公众号：猴 哥考研 免费分享公众号：给力考研资料级修饰句子主干级修饰词汇注释丨mass*maes n.量;质量；团，块well-being webbing n.健康;安乐 The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your level of aerobic exercise and following a Mediterranean-style diet that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.强烈推荐的两种生活方式为：保持或提高有氧运动水平；遵循地中海式饮食,即摄入高纤维食物,不吃深加工食品。级修饰 of aerobic exercise介词短语作后置定语，修饰your level:句子主干The two.approaches are maintaining or increasing your level(主+系+表)and连接的并列表语-级修饰and following a Mediterranean-style dietthat引导的定语从句,:修饰a Mediterranean-style diet that is high in fiberand连接的并列谓语and eliminates highly processed foods.娶,总注释:that引导的定语从句中，系表结构is high可整体看作复合谓语。H可汇注释 1 recommend*jeka mend”t.推荐;劝告 aerobic eaTaobik a.有氧的;需氧的fiber faiba(r)n.(亦作 fibre)纤维;纤维制品 eliminate*rlimineit 忱.对.不予考虑;排除 How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares?铁路运营商可能会如何解 释铁路客运票价再次上涨的合理性呢？Section U Reading ComprehensionPart AText 1 第一*段 *)It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual:every January the cost of travelling by train rises,imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise.这已成为*种雷打不句子主干How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase 介词短语作后置定语，修饰another increase一级修饰to rail passenger fares?!要点注释1本句是一个特殊疑问句，句子主干由“特殊疑问词+情态动词+主语+谓语动词+宾语”构成。:词汇注释1operator*-opareitafr)n.(企业的)经营者 justify*AStifai vt.对.做出解释yet*jet ad.又;甚至 fare珂fe(r)n.车费；船费；飞机票价 192 公众号：猴 哥考研 免费分享公众号：给力考研资料动的年度惯例:每年一月，乘火车出行的费用都会上涨，这给那些别无选择只能利用铁路网去上下班的人带来 了巨大的额外负担。句子主干-级修饰二级修饰Um四级修饰It has become生更咽y史J辿匹史毀辿迪更J:（主+系+表）解释说明a grimly reliable annual ritual every January the cost of travelling by train rises,现在分词短语作结果状语 imposing a significant extra burden on thoseQ呕:洼釋grimly-gnmli ad.坚定地;严肃地 reliable*n-laiabl a.确凿的;真实可信的ritual*Titjual n.惯例；习惯；老规矩 impose.on把.（强）加于.This years rise,an average of 2.7 per cent,may be a fraction lower than last years,but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index（CPI）measure of inflation.今年铁路客运票价的平均涨幅为2.7%，可能略低于去 年,但仍远高于官方的消费者物价指数（CPI）所反映的通货膨胀水平。lower than last years,一级修饰形容词短语作后置定语，an average of 2.7 per cent,插入语，补充说明This years rise修饰a fraction（l）This years rise,.may be ajraction（主+系+表）句子主干|but连接的并列句，表转折 but it is still wellaboye the offidalonsuiner Price Index（CPI）measure（主+系+表）介词短语作后置定语，修饰the official Consumer Price Index（CPI）measure-级修饰 of inflation.帝:注释fraction*-fraekjn n.-点儿;少量;小部分inflation%nr fie ijn n.通货膨胀；通胀率第二段句子主干-级修饰二级修饰Successive governments have permitted such increases（主+谓+宾）Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it,rather than the general taxpayer.历届政府都允许这种增长，理由是 投资和运营铁路网的费用应由使用铁路网的人承担,而不是由全体纳税人承担。词汇注释:successive*sak-sesiv a.相继的；连续的；接连的 on the grounds that由于，因为，根据bear*bea(r)vt.承担(费用)；承受;忍受 taxpayer -taekspeiafr)n.纳税人 Why,the argument goes,should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey?这种观点认为，为什么一个林肯郡领养老金的开车出行的人要补贴一个萨里郡的股票 经纪人的日常通勤费用？193 公众号：猴 哥考研 免费分享公众号：给力考研资料要点注释一级修饰the argument goes,插入语句子主干Why,.should a car-driving pensioner.have to subsidise the daily commute介词短语作后置定语，修饰a car-driving pensionerfrom Lincolnshire一级修饰介词短语作后置定语，修饰the daily commuteof a stockbroker from Surrey?;词汇注释本句是一个特殊疑问句，句子主干由“特殊疑问词+情态动词+主语+半助动词+谓语动词+宾 语”构成。pensioner penjgna（r）n.领养老金者 subsidise -SAbsidaiz vt.（亦作 subsidize）补贴；资助 commute*ka mju：t n.通勤；上下班路程 stockbroker -stokbraukaCr）n.股票（或证券）经纪人 Equally,there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East,many of whom will face among the biggest rises,have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.同样地，从某种意义上说，相比于那些必须忍受中部和北部相对较差的基础设施的通勤 者,东南部通勤者（他们中的许多人将面临铁路客运票价的最大涨幅）的痛苦已经受到了太多关注。Equally,I插入语句子主干there is a sense(There be句型：there+is+主)一级修饰二级修饰三级修饰四级修饰词汇注释travail traeveil n,痛苦;艰辛；艰苦劳动 commuter kymju：to(r)n.通勤者endure*in-djuo(r)vt.忍受；忍耐 vi.持续 infrastmcture nnfrastrAktJa(r)n.基础设施Midlands midfondz n.(the)(一国的)中部，中部地区第三段 However,over the past 12 months,those commuters have also experienced some of the worst rail strikes in years.一级修饰句子主干一级修饰然而，在过去的12个月里，这些东南部通勤者还经历了几年来最严重的几次铁路罢工。It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network,but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel.铁路运营商宣扬其对铁 路网的改进无可非议，但乘客们理应能够得到基本的服务，毕竟他们现在为旅行支付了大笔费用。194 公众号：猴 哥考研 免费分享公众号：给力考研资料一级修饰句子主干二S修祐for the substantial sums省略关系词(which/that)的定语从句，修饰the substantial sums二级修饰they are now paying to travel.:要点注释丨动名词的复合结构train operators trumpeting the improvements中,train operators为动名词短语 trumpeting the improvements 的逻辑主语。司汇注释 trumpet*trAmpit vt.宣扬；吹嘘;鼓吹 substantial*sob staen/1 a大量的；价值巨大的 The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions.最近这一波罢工的责任在于工会。句子主干 The responsibility.rests on dwjunions.（主+谓+宾）介词短语作后置定语，修饰The responsibility级修饰 for the latest wave of strikes However,there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.但是，那些受罢工影响最严重的人仍有充分的理由就他们所遭受的不便得 到赔偿。句子主干 However,there is a Strong case（There be句型：there+is+主）that引导的同位语从句，解释说明a strong case级修f布 that those.should receive compensationwho引导的定语从句,修饰thosewho have been worst affected by industrial action二级修饰介词短语作原因状语for the disruption they have suffered;要点注释丨介词短语for the.suffered中，they have suffered为省略关系词（which/that）的定语从句，修饰the disruption o:词汇注释compensation ikompen-seijn 赔偿;赔偿金；补偿 disruption dismpjn zi扰乱;混乱；中断第四段 The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that,even when strikes occur,services can continue to operate.政府已承诺修改法律，采用最低服务要求，这样即使发生罢工，铁路服务 也能继续运营。句子主干The Government has pledged to change the law（主+谓+宾）一级修饰二级修饰when引导的时间状语从句，作目的状语从句的时间状语even when strikes occur,195 公众号：猴 哥考研 免费分享公众号：给力考研资料 This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britains railways.除此之外，为解决英国铁路长期存在的问题，还应采取一系列更广泛的措施。句子主干一级修饰二级修饰This should form 奧竺电兰迥竺jg輕里g 吏更暨賀兰（主+谓+宾）动词不定式短语作后置定语，wider package of measuresto address the long-running problemsrunning problems介词短语作后置定语，on Britains railways.词汇注释:packageYpaekid3几一套东西，一套建议 address*o dres讥设法解决;处理;演讲 Yes,more investment is needed,but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped,unreliable services,punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed,or planned maintenance is managed incompetently.是的，这需要更多的投资，但如果乘客们仍必须忍受拥挤且不可靠的铁路服务,并且这 些服务还会因时刻表调整或管理不善的计划性维护导致混乱而经常中断，他们就不会愿意一直支付更多的钱。句子主干(1)Yes,more investment is needed,(主+谓)|but连接的并列句，表转折(2)but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely(主+谓+宾)一级修饰二级修饰三级修饰词汇注释i indeilnitely imdefinotli ad.无限期地 cramped kraempt a.拥挤的；狭窄的;狭小的punctuate pArjktJueit vt.不时打断 chaos%-keios n.混乱;杂乱;紊乱maintenance meintanans n.维护；维持 incompetently nrkDmpitontli oJ.无能力地;不称职地 The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now,but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.目前，国有化的威胁可能已经消除，但如果无法在短期内平息乘客 们合情合理的愤怒，国有化的威胁将更加猛烈地卷土重来。句子主干级修饰二级修饰一级修饰 196 公众号：猴 哥考研 免费分享公众号：给力考研资料 Last year marked the third year in a row of when Indonesias bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace 去年是 印度尼西亚不容乐观的森林砍伐率连续放缓的第三年。:词汇注释nationalisation inaejnalarzeifn n,（亦作 nationalization）国有化 see off 打败；战胜；为.送行with a vengeance程度更深地；出乎意料地 in short order立即；迅速地Text 2-第段 *介词短语作后置定语，修饰the third year一级修饰in a row介词短语作后置定语，修饰the third year句子主干Last year marked the third year（主+谓+宾）One reason for the turnaround may be the country9s antipoverty program.扭转局面的原因之一可能是该国的扶贫项目。一级修饰of when Indonesias bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace.要点注释of when.pace中,when引导的宾语从句作介词of的宾语。；词汇注释mark*ma:k vt.标志;做标记n.符号;标记 in a row连续，接连bleak*bli：k a.不乐观的；荒凉的 deforestation ldi：1foriSteijn n.滥伐森林 In 2007,Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions,such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care.2007 年，印度尼西亚开始分阶段实施一 个项目，即为满足特定条件的特困居民提供资金，比如要求他们让孩子上学或接受定期医疗服务。句子主干One reason.may be the countrys antipoverty program.（主+系+表）介词短语作后置定语，修饰One reason一级修饰for the turnaround:词汇注释1turnaround，t3：yaund 好转；起色 antipoverty jaentrpovsti a反贫穷的 第二段确输Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs,these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty.这些被称为有条件现金转移或CCTs的社会援助项目旨在减少不平等现象和打破贫 困循环。一级修饰In 2007,:介词短语作句子主干的时间状语句子主干Indonesia started phasing in a program（主+谓+宾）that引导的定语从句,修饰a program一级修饰that gives money to its poorest residents1介词短语作条件状语二级修饰under certain conditions,J such as.举例说明certain conditions such as requiring people to keep kids in school三级修饰or连接并列的动词不定式短语 or（to）get regular medical care.:词汇注释1phase in逐步采用；分阶段引入 resident*-rezidant n.居民；住户 197 公众号：猴 哥考研 免费分享公众号：给力考研资料级修饰句子主干一级修饰Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs,过去分词短语作句子主干的状语these social assistance programs are designed（主+谓）|动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语 to reduce inequality|and连接并列的动词不定式短语 and（to）break the cycle of poverty.transfer*traens*f3i（r）n.转移;调动 inequality jinrkwoht订 n.不平等；不平衡 它们已经在全世界几十个国家使用。:词汇注释:conditional kan dipnl a.有条件的be designed to.旨在.Theyre already used in dozens of countries worldwide.句子主干Theyre already used（主+谓）介词短语作句子主干的状语一级修饰in dozens of countries worldwide In Indonesia,the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.在印度尼西亚，为了大幅减少严重的儿童发育问题,该项目提供了充足的食物和药品。词汇注释1 substantially sob-staenjoli ad.很大程度地 severe*srvia（r）a.十分严重的；极为恶劣的一级修饰In Indonesia,介词短语作句子主干的地点状语句子主干the program has provided enough food and medicine（主+谓+宾）动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语一级修饰to substantially reduce severe growth problems介词短语作后置定语，修饰severe growth problems二级修饰among children.第三段 But CCT programs dont generally consider effects on the environment.但是，CCT 项目通常不会考虑对环境的影响。句子主干 But CCT programs dont generally consider effects（主+谓+宾）_ 介词短语作后置定语，修饰effects级修饰 on the environment.In fact,poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals,says Paul Ferraro,an economist at Johns Hopkins University.约翰斯霍普金斯大学的经济学家保罗费拉罗表示，实际上，扶贫和环 境保护常常被视为相互冲突的目标。In fact,级修饰 插入语as conflicting goals,介词短语作poverty alleviation and environmental protection的补足语句子主干 poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed（主+谓）;插入语级修饰 says Paul Ferraro,Paul Ferraro的同位语二级修饰 an economist at Johns Hopkins University.词汇注释:alleviation ojizvreijn仏减轻；缓和conflicting kon fliktirj a.冲突的；互相矛盾的 198 公众号：猴 哥考研 免费分享公众号：给力考研资料第四段 Thats because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation,while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty.这是因为经济增长可能与环境恶化相关，而环境保护有时与更严重的贫困相关。-级修饰句子主干一级修饰词汇圧释 1 correlate*-koraleit vt.相互关联 degradation Qegrydeijn n.恶化（过程）；毁坏 However,those correlations dont prove cause an