单元十八写作（精讲案）——2024届高考英语解锁大单元一轮复习【配套新教材】.docx

单元十八 写作（精讲案）2024届高考英语解锁大单元一轮复习【配套新教材】基本句型奠基英语中最基本的句型有八种，其他各种句型都是由这八种基本句型演化而成。八种基本句型如下：1.主语+谓语（不及物动词）My brother is studying.我弟弟正在学习。2.主语+谓语（不及物动词）+状语I work in a computer firm. Every day I get up early in the morning. After breakfast, I go to work by bike.我在一家电脑公司工作。每天早上我都早早起床。早饭后，我骑自行车去上班。3.主语+系动词+表语My English is much better than before. I feel very happy. I am very grateful for your help.我的英语比以前好多了。我感到非常高兴。我非常感谢你的帮助。4.主语+谓语+宾语Tom met a difficult problem. I found a way and helped him.汤姆遇到了一个难题。我找到一个方法并帮助了他。5.主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语+状语I took an English exam yesterday. I had prepared for it for two weeks. Before I turned in the paper, I checked it carefully.昨天我参加了一场英语考试。我为此准备了两周的时间。在上交试卷之前，我仔细地检查了一下。6.主语+谓语（及物动词）+间接宾语+直接宾语Mr. Smith has taught us English for 3 years. Yesterday was his 50th birthday. Every one of us bought him a present and I even told him an interesting story.史密斯先生教我们英语已经三年了。昨天是他50岁生日。我们每个人都给他买了一个礼物，我甚至给他讲了一个有趣的故事。7.主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语The old man had a lovely daughter. He named her Lily. He made her very happy every day and wanted her to become an artist.这个老人有一个可爱的女儿。他叫她莉莉。每天他都让她很高兴并且想让她成为一名艺术家。8.There be 句型There are four teaching buildings, a library and a gym in our school. There are 36 classes in total, and there are 50students on average in each class.我们学校有四栋教学楼、一个图书馆、一个体育馆。有36个教学班，平均每个班有50名学生。连接过渡整合连接词与过渡词语的使用是语言连贯性得以实现的基本手段。在句与句、段与段之间恰当地使用一些承上启下的连接（过渡）性词语是非常必要的。写作中常用的过渡性词语归纳如下：一、表起始关系的过渡性词语first of all, to begin/start with, firstly, nowadays, currently, recently, generally (speaking), these days, with the development of, as far as I know, according to, above all, in one's opinion, by the way, when it comes to, as sb. know First of all, let me ask you something.首先，让我问你一件事。As far as I know, the tickets are given away free. 据我所知，这些票是免费发放的。二、表平行、对等或选择关系的过渡性词语and, both.and., as well (as), neither.nor., or, either.or., not only.but also., not.but., on the one handon the other hand., for one thing. for another (thing). They can neither read nor write.他们不会读，也不会写。The outcome depends on conditions as well as how events unfold.结果取决于条件，还取决于事件的进展。三、表递进关系的过渡性词语what's more, moreover, furthermore, additionally, in addition, also, besides, still, what's worse, to make things/matters worse, worse still, even worseWorse still, most of these foods are loaded with fat, salt, and chemicals.更糟糕的是，这些食品中的大多数富含脂肪、盐和化学成分。The young find everything so simple. The young, moreover, see it as their duty to be happy and do their best to be so.年轻人觉得每件事都那么简单。而且，他们把幸福视为自己的责任，并努力去实现幸福。四、表转折或让步关系的过渡性词语(al) though, but, while, yet, however, nevertheless, otherwise, despite, instead, on the contrary, in spite of, regardless of, even if/thoughIt isn't hot; on the contrary, it's cold.天并不热。正相反，它（天气）很冷。There is little chance that we will succeed in changing the law. Nevertheless, it is important that we try.我们几乎没有可能改变法律。不过，重要的是我们努力争取。五、表解释说明或列举的过渡性词语for example, for instance, such as, that is, as follows, namely, in other words, and so on, believe it or not, to tell the truth, to be honest, in this/that case, in particular, particularly, speciallyThe reasons are as follows. 理由如下。They are concerned to do the right thingto dress properly, for instance.他们认为做正确的事很重要比如说，穿着得体。六、表因果关系的过渡性词语because, as, since, for this reason, on account of, thanks to, for the sake of, due to, owing to, as a result, thus, so, therefore, accordingly, consequently, as a consequence (of)She gave up smoking for the sake of her health.为了身体健康，她戒了烟。She retired early on account of/because of/owing to/as a result of ill health.她由于身体不好而提早退休。七、表观点的过渡性词语in one's opinion/view, from one's point of view, as far as sb. be concerned, as for, personallyAs for us, we are fortunate.对我们来说，我们是幸运的。Personally, I prefer the second option.就我个人而言，我倾向第二种选择。八、表总结的过渡性词语in short/brief/conclusion, in a word, to sum up, all in all, on the whole, in generalTo sum up, there are three main ways of tackling the problem.概括起来说，这一问题主要有三种解决办法。On the whole, I'm in favour of the idea.九、表时间的过渡性词语开始at first, at the beginning of, in the beginning, next, shortly after, the next moment最终at last, at length, finally, eventually, in the end同时 at the same time, in the meantime, meanwhile过去at that time, before, by that time, earlier, formerly, in the past现在 at present, presently, right now, nowadays, up to nowAfterwards, we picnicked on the riverbank.之后，我们在河岸上野餐。Eventually our flight left five hours late.我们的班机最终晚了五个小时起飞。My first novel was rejected by six publishers. In the meantime I had written a play.我的第一部小说遭到六家出版商的拒绝。其间我又完成了一部戏剧。十、表空间的过渡性词语before, behind, below, beneath, between, beyond, nearby, under, above, over, on the right/left, in (the) front of, in the middle of, at the back of, at the bottom of, opposite to, next to, on one side, on the other side, at the foot/end ofThe correct answers can be found at the bottom of page 8.正确答案在第8页末尾。He entered by the door opposite to that opening into the garden.他是从对着通向花园的那个口的门进来的。句型增光添彩在写作中，要想有效避免句子的单调和呆板，写出丰富、简短、生动的句子，善于句型转化非常重要。常用的句型转化形式有：一、用介词或介词短语对祈使句、并列句、状语从句进行转化，可使句子变得简洁。常用的介词（介词短语）有but for、thanks to、in spite of、 despite、in the face of、on/upon one's arrival、because of、as well as、such as、by doing 等。例：Because he helped me, I accomplished the task on time. Thanks to his help, I accomplished the task on time.二、使用现在分词对祈使句、并列句、名词性从句、定语从句或状语从句进行转化例：1. Go straight and you will see a flower shop.Going straight, you will see a flower shop.2. As I was lying on the grass, I thought of my brother who was studying abroad.Lying on the grass, I thought of my brother studying abroad.三、使用过去分词可对并列句、定语从句或状语从句进行转化例：He was told many times, but he didn't memorize the rule.Told many times, he didn't memorize the rule.四、使用不定式可对介词短语、并列句、状语从句、定语从句、名词性从句进行转化例：The policemen entered the forest in search of the missing boy. The policemen entered the forest to search for the missing boy.五、with的复合结构可对并列句、状语从句进行转化，而独立主格结构也可对并列句或状语从句进行转化例：1. I have a lot of work to do and can't go to Beijing with you tomorrow.With a lot of work to do, I can't go to Beijing with you tomorrow.2. If weather permits, we will hold the meeting outside.Weather permitting, we will hold the meeting outside.六、为了增强表意效果，有时可以用倒装句、省略句等特殊句式对常见句式进行转化例：1. I didn't know the result until he told me.Not until he told me did I know the result.Only when he told me did I know the result.2. If I am invited, I will attend the party.If invited, I will attend the party.七、有时，根据写作的需要，名词性从句和定语从句、并列句和定语从句、名词性从句之间也可以相互转化例：1. He has two sons and both of them are doctors.He has two sons, both of whom are doctors.2. We all know that he is a warm-hearted man.As we all know, he is a warm-hearted man.What is known to us all is that he is a warm-hearted man.3. That different people have different hobbies is natural.It's natural that different people have different hobbies.写作基本原则一、长短句原则一个短小精悍的句子，通常可以起到画龙点睛的作用。尤其是当我们把短句放在段首时，它不仅可以承上启下，还可以揭示主题，如：As a creature, I eat; as a man, I read. Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind，they are in a way quite similar.由此可见，长短句结合，可以给人抑扬顿挫之感。因此，许多专家建议：在文章第一段（开头）用一长一短，且先长后短；在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式，这样主体部分定会让人赏心悦目，文章结尾只需用一长一短。二、主题句原则一篇文章的开头（有时也可在结尾）有一个主题句，也就有了中心，然后围绕主题展开相关内容，这样的文章思路清晰，让人一目了然。否则，若把主题隐藏在文章的中间，很可能使读者感到云里雾里，不知所云。如：To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam.（主题句）Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly.开头一句赫然醒目，直接点题。三、条理性原则一般来说，如果一篇文章以第一第二、第三或首先、其次、再次等罗列要点会让人感觉层次分明、条理清晰、逻辑性强。强烈推荐下列关联词和短语：1.to begin with，then，furthermore，finally2.to start with，next，in addition，finally3.first，besides，last but not least4.most important of all，moreover，finally5.for one thing，for another6 on the one hand，on the other hand（用来说明不同的理由或原因）四、短语优先原则写作时，尤其是在考试时，如果正确使用短语，有两个好处：一是用短语会给文章增光添彩，自然会增加得分点；二是学生在考场上有时因为过于紧张而造成思维短路，但还得凑够词数，那么用短语替代单词不失为一种好办法。比如：I cannot bear it.可以表达为：I cannot put up with it.这样词数明显增加，表达也非常准确。五、多实少虚原则写文章还是应该写一些实际的东西，不能空话连篇。这就要求一定要多用实词，少用虚词。这里所说的虚词就是指那些比较大的词。比如我们想表达人或事物很好的时候，不应该总用nice这样空洞的词，而是要使用一些诸如generous，humorous，interesting，smart，gentle，warm-hearted，hospitable之类的形容词。这些生动形象的词语一定会让你的文章大放异彩，令人耳目一新。六、多变句式原则1.并列（串联）我们有时希望自己能写出结构复杂的长句，但又怕写错。要解决这一问题，最保险的写长句的方法是在句子之间加and，但它们之间最好是先后关系或者并列关系。如：I enjoy music and he is fond of playing the guitar如果二者是并列的，我们还可以用 not onlybut also表示并列关系的词还有：besides，furthermore，likewise，moreover等。2.转折用了表示转折的词，可以使文章要点明确，重点突出。如：The car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition.The coat was thin, but it was warm.表转折的词或短语还有：still，however，nevertheless，in spite of，despite等3.因果文章中使用了表示因果关系的词后，可以让你的句式变得丰富多彩，语言富于变化，更具说服力。如：The snow began to fall, so we went home.表示因果关系的关联词或短语还有：then，therefore，consequently，as a result，for this reason，so that 等。4.失衡句（头重脚轻，或者头轻脚重）有时突然出现一个不合乎常理的句子，必然会吸引别人的注意力，显得与众不同。其实就是使用了主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句。如：This is what I can do.Whether he can go with us or not is not sure.5.附加定语从句和同位语从句或者是插入语的恰当运用，也会让人感觉你既有深厚的语法功底，又具有极强的语言表达能力。如：The man whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine.I don't enjoy the book you are reading.Mr. Liu, our oral English teacher, is easy-going.6.排比文学作品中最吸引人的地方莫过于此，如果要让你的文章更加精彩的话，可以使用多个对偶、多个不定式、多个动词、多个短语等，如此表达将会使文章有排山倒海之势。如：Whether your tastes are modern or traditional，complex or simple，there is plenty in London for you.Nowadays，energy can be obtained through various sources such as oil，coal，natural gas，solar heat，wind and ocean tides.We have got to study hard, to enlarge our scope of knowledge, to realize our potentials and to pay for our life.七、挑战极限原则挑战极限听似很难，但并非高不可攀。在学生的文章中，很少发现诸如独立主格之类的句子，因为学生要么想不到，要么怕写错。其实这一语法项目并不难，它只是分词的一种特殊形式分词要求前后主语一致，而独立主格则有自己的逻辑主语。The weather being fine, a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills.Africa is the second largest continent, its size being about three times that of China.这种句子出现在文章中一定会令人刮目相看，很自然地成了一个得分点。应用文写作参考模板一、邀请信开头段：1.问候2.自我介绍3.阐述事情4.写信目的How is everything going these days? I am Li Hua, a member of the students' union. There is going to be an English speaking contest in our school on Sunday. Now, I am writing to invite you to take part in the contest as our guest.中间段：5.介绍细节6.主题和意义7.地点和时间8.人员9.联系方式Here are some details for the activity. To begin with, the theme of the contest is "Human and Nature", which is not only meaningful but also interesting. In addition, it will be held in Room 501 from 2: 00 to 5: 00 on the afternoon of June 15th. What's more, ten outstanding students will take part in the contest. Last but not least, if you need any further information, please call me at 12345.结尾段10.盼望到来11如果到来感到荣幸12.告知我你的决定We are sincerely looking forward to your coming. My schoolmates and I will feel much honored if you can make it. Please send an email to me or give me a call to let me know your decision soon. Thank you.二、建议信开头段：1.问候2.自我介绍3.了解到的事情4.写信目的How is everything going these days? I am Li Hua, chairman of the English club. In your letter I know that you have difficulty in preparing for the English speaking contest, which is going to take place on Sunday. Now, I am writing to give you a hand.中间段：5.我的建议可能带来好结果6.我建议7.你最好8为什么不9如果我是你会The following suggestions carried out, things will probably become much better. To begin with, I would like to suggest that you should practise it before a mirror to find and correct some problems. In addition, you may as well use short, clear and powerful words so that you can leave a deep impression on the judges. What's more, why not ask your teacher for some guidance. Last but not least, if I were you, I would keep smiling and even if I forget my words.结尾段10.希望建议有帮助1l.询问是否还需帮助12相信你能做好Hopefully these suggestions will be of great help to you. If there is anything else I can do for you, please let me know as soon as possible. I'm sure you can solve your problem before long.三、求助信开头段：1.问候2.自我介绍3.有件事很棘手4.写信目的How is everything going these days? I am Li Hua, an English learner from a high school. I am preparing for an English speaking contest, but I meet with some trouble, which I can't deal with on my own. Now, I am writing to ask you to give me a hand.中间段：5.请您费心帮个忙6.困难一7.困难二8.困难三Hopefully you would be so kind as to give me some help on the following problems. To begin with, I have difficulty in pronouncing correctly, which has annoyed me for quite a long time. In addition, I find it extremely hard for me to use proper tone of voice. Last but not least, being nervous is another terrible headache for me because I lack the experience on this matter.结尾段：9.希望您提供帮助10感激不尽11.盼望回复Hopefully your kind and timely help would be offered to me. I would appreciate it if you could do me a favor. Looking forward to your reply at your earliest convenience.四、道歉信开头段：1.问候2.自我介绍3.对某事感到抱歉4.写信目的How is everything going these days? I am Li Hua, your best friend from No.2 high school. The other day, we made an appointment to go on a trip to Beijing on Sunday but I can't make it. Now, I am writing to give you my heartfelt apology for it.中间段：5.解释原因6.另一件事的意义7.希望对方能站在我的立场并给予理解8.想法弥补The reason why I will be unable to go with you is that the CCTV English speaking contest is going to take place that day. As you know, I've been waiting for the chance for months. Therefore by no means can I miss it. On the one hand, I'm sure you will be able to think in my position and if you were me, you would make the same choice. On the other hand, I would appreciate it if you could allow me to make another date to achieve our wishes.结尾段：9.还望接受道歉并理解10.告诉我你的决定11.再次表示歉意Hopeful you can accept my apologies and understand my situation. Please send an email to me or give me a call to let me know your decision soon. Once again, I' m sorry for any inconvenience caused.五、申请（自荐）信开头段：1.问候2.自我介绍3.读到一个招聘广告4.写信目的How is everything going these days? I am Li Hua, a 17-year-old boy currently studying in Hongxing middle school. I read the advertisement that you have posted on the Internet, employing Chinese students as part-time tutors of the Chinese language. Now, I am writing to apply for the job.中间段：5.引出申请原因6.优势一7.优势二8.优势三9.说明计划10.计划一11.计划二There are three main reasons why I am fit for the job. To begin with, Chinese is my mother tongue and I am excellent at it. In addition. I have been learning English for 9 years with a good command of oral and written English. What's more, I am willing to help foreigners learn Chinese well and introduce Chinese culture to the world as well. Besides the advantages above, I also make a few plans for it. I am going to communicate w