2021届高考英语必背核心考点聚焦 08 高考英语语法---非谓语动词.pdf

2021届高考英语必背核心考点聚焦专题人非谓语动同一、非谓语动词的形式及意义非谓语动词主动语态被动语态意义不定式一般式to doto be done不定式的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后发生不定式进行式to bedoingX不定式的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生完成式to havedoneto havebeen done不定式的动作发生在句中谓语动词的动作之前现在分词/动名词一 般 式doingbeing done其表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生，或基本上同时发生完成式having donehaving beendone其表示的动作先于句中谓语动词的动作发生过去分词一般式doneX与句中主语为逻辑上的被动关系，表完成二、如何解答非谓语动词题目1.分析句子结构，辨 别“谓语和非谓语”首先判定所给动词是否充当句子的谓语，如果是，就用谓语形式；如果句子中并不缺谓语，则用非谓语形式。所以在解题过程中，首先必须明白非谓语动词虽然与动词有关，但它们都不是谓语动词。其次，必须培养识别英语句子谓语的能力，因为命题人经常就一些多义词、多性（词性）词，尤其是熟词生义设置题目，增加句式结构的复杂性和干扰性，从而导致考生理解失误，不能正确地划分句子主干，继而造成失分。【例 1 A study of t r a v e l e r s（conduct）by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo asone of the top 10 destinations in the world.【分析】conducted本题存在一词多义、一词多性的特征，由于不能找到正确的谓语动词，考生容易误填was conducted或 were conducted 因 name的常见词性为名词，考生会将题干中的“names”误认为是名词name的复数形式。其实，在本题中，name为谓语动词，意为“选定；指定，因主语A study of travelers（一项关于游客的研究）”是第三人称单数，故谓语动词用第三人称单数形式names。找到谓语之后，可轻松推知此处应填非谓语动词，再由“study”与“conduct”之间是被动关系，可知应填过去分词作后置定语。2.寻找逻辑主语，确定逻辑主语与所给动词之间的关系非谓语动词虽然不能作谓语，但仍具有动词的特点，其逻辑上的动作执行者就是逻辑主语。分析非谓语动词与其逻辑主语（逻辑上的动作执行者）之间是主动关系还是被动关系（也就是看其逻辑主语是动作的发出者还是承受者）。如果逻辑主语与非谓语动词之间是主谓关系，则用现在分词形式。如果非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间是动宾关系，则用过去分词形式。但是当含有被动意义时，如果非谓语动词表示的动作尚未发生，则用动词不定式的被动式；如果非谓语动词表示的动作正在进行，则用现在分词形式的被动式。例 2 Most colleges now offer first-year students a course specially （design）tohelp them succeed academically and personally.【分析】designed 句意：如今，大多数大学都为一年级学生开设一门专门为他们设计的课程，以帮助他们在学业和个人发展方面取得成功。句中已有谓语动词。ffe r,因此设空处应为非谓语动词形式；且动词design与其逻辑主语a course之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，所以用过去分词作后置定语，故填过去分词形式designed。3.分析所给动词表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作发生的先后顺序非谓语动词所发生的时间是一个相对时间，即相对应谓语动词的动作发生的时间而言。非谓语动词的形式不同，所指时间的含义也不同。根据非谓语动词与谓语动词的动作发生的先后顺序确定用一般式还是完成式。如 to have done,having done表示该动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前；t。be doing,doing表示该动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。【例 3】(work)for two days,Steve managed to finish his report on schedule.【分析】Having w o r k e d 考生容易误认为在句首设题，应填to work表示目的。然而，本题考查的是非谓语动词与谓语动词存在时间先后关系时的用法。并且句中的主语Steve与 work之间为主动关系，因此应用现在分词的完成式having done。三、分析逻辑关系辨别不定式、现在分词和过去分词(1)作状语：表目的、出乎意料的结果或在形容词后作状语，用不定式；表伴随、时间或条件等要用现在分词/过去分词；表自然而然的结果用现在分词。(2)作补语：根据具体结构用(to)do/doing/done如逻辑主语与非谓语动词之间是主谓关系，且表正在进行，用 doing。如逻辑主语与非谓语动词之间是被动关系，且表完成，用 done。四、牢记6 种用法，看牢一个简单单词一to该有的不能少，不该有的不能多。动词不定式在句中作宾语或状语，lo 不能省略；help to d o 中的to 可省略。Do you plan to have a going-away party before you disappear?你打算在你离开之前举行个欢送会吗？If you need help to do that,really dont be afraid to ask fbr it.如果你需要别人帮你这样做，就千万不要害怕开口。不定式作宾补：allow、ask、beg、command encourage expect、forbid invitepersuadex tell 等+sb.to do sth.oHis parents wont allow him to stay out late.他的父母不会允许他在外待得很晚。Did your father encourage you to climb Mt.Qomolangma?是你父亲鼓励你去爬珠穆朗玛峰的吗？注意用省略t。的不定式作宾补的两类词：一是使役动词；二是感官动词，其后接作宾补的动词的不定式，不定式符号t。要省略。五 看；三 使；两 听；一 感觉。look at/see/watch/notice/observe;make/let/have;hear/listen to;feer+sb.+do sth.o注意：但在被动语态中作主语补足语要还原t o,如bemade to do。Nobody noticed him leave early?没有人注意到他很早就走了。It was a great privilege to hear her sing.听她唱歌真是三生有幸。have sb./sth.doing“让某人/某物一直做；have sb./sth.done“让某人/某物被做”。Its impolite to have him waiting outside for such a long time.让他在外面等如此长时间是不礼貌的。There is something wrong with my computer.I need to have it repaired.电脑出了点问题，我要拿它去修理。主语+系动词+形容词(easy、hard impossible important 等)+lo doIt is hard to cross the desert by car,but not absolutely impossible.开车穿越沙漠很难，但并非完全不可能。too+adj.I adv.+to do 或 adj./adv,+enough+to doEvidently some of these questions are rather too difficult to answer.显然，其中有些问题稍有点难以回答。Fm old enough to have the freedom to do as I like.我已经足够大了，有权去做我喜欢做的事。五、非谓语动词作主语和表语非谓语动词作主语句中缺少主语，找到句子的谓语部分，确定应用动词的-ing形式/不定式作主语。表一般的动作用动词的-ing形式，表具体的动作用不定式。掌握用动词的-ing形式/不定式作主语的句型：a.Its+6?/.(hard/difficult/easy/possible/kind 等)(+for/of sb.)+to do sth.b.Its no use/no good/fun/a pleasure/no pleasure/a waste of time doing sth.c.It takes sb.+some time/money+to do sth.d.Its worthwhile doing/to do sth.(一)不定式作主语时，一般表示具体某一次的动作。若不定式太长，常 用 i l 作形式主语而将不定式后置。No matter how bright a talker you are,there are times when its better to remain silent.不论你多么能说会道，有些时候保持沉默会更好。To get there by bike will take us half an hour.骑自行车到那里要花我们半个小时。Its our duty to take good care of the old.照顾好老人是我们的责任。To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.对敌人仁慈就是对人民的残忍。(二)动名词作主语和表语1.动名词作主语通常表示抽象的或习惯性的动作。也 可 用 i t 作形式主语，动名词作真正的主语放在句末。动名词作表语时相当于名词，用于解释主语的内容，表语和主语常常可以互换位置。Traveling along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience.沿着丝绸之路旅行是一次既有趣又有益的经历。Of course,enjoying a nice meal with friends,whatever we eat,can impact our spirits.当然，和朋友一起享受一顿美餐，无论我们吃什么，都会影响我们的精神。2.常用于动名词作主语的句型：Ifs a waste of time doing.；Ifs no use/good doing.；It is useless doing./There is no use doing.In any case,its a waste of time in arguing these matters once again.无论如何，再次争论这些事情就是浪费时间。Its no use complaining without taking action.不采取行动而只是抱怨是没用的。It is no use fishing in this river;there are none left.在这条河里钓鱼是没有用的;一个也没有了。There is no use in regretting when time passed by.时间过去了再后悔就没有用了。【名师点津】不定式和动名词作主语时，谓语动词都用单数，这是短文改错中经常出现的错误。设空前是系动词（be、get、feel、seem等）时，根据句子结构确定用不定式或分词作表语。1.不定式作表语时：表示预定要发生的动作；当主语是aim,purpose,idea,plan,wish,decision,choice等词时，常用不定式作表语；主语为what引导的名词性从句时，表语多用不定式。His wish is to be a doctor in the future.他的愿望是将来当一名医生。My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties of the matter.我的主要目的是指出问题的困难。【名师点津】不定式作表语时，如果前面有实义动词d o 的形式，作表语的不定式常省略to。What I want to do most in senior high is(to)improve my English.我在高中最想做的事就是提高我的英语水平。2.V-ed形式作表语时常表示主语的状态。The window is broken.窗户破了。After the long journey,they are exhausted.经过长途旅行，他们都筋疲力尽了。六、非谓语动词作定语(一)非谓语动词作定语时，动词形式的选择提示词是动词，且句中已有谓语，根据非谓语动词与主语的逻辑关系确定用何种形式作定语。表示被动、完成用过去分词(done)；表示主动、进行用现在分词(doing)；表示被动、进行用being done；表示主动、尚未进行用to do；表示被动的动作尚未进行用lo be done。试比较：Today there are more airplanes carrying more people than ever before in the skies.现在天空中的飞机比以往任何时候都多。The bridge built in 2019 was designed by a local company.这座建于2019年的桥是由当地一家公司设计。The bridge being built now was designed by a local company.正在建造的这座桥是由当地一家公司设计的。The bridge to be built next year was designed by a local company.明年要建的这座桥是由当地一家公司设计的（二）不定式作定语1.不定式作定语通常放在所修饰词之后，表示将来的动作。I was watching the clock all through the meeting,as I had a train to catch.我在会议期间一直看表，因为我要赶火车。【名师点津】不定式与其所修饰的词之间往往是动宾关系，若该不定式是不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。Suddenly a good idea occurred to her,but she couldnt find any paper to write on.突然她想到了一个好主意，但是她找不到纸把它写下来。2.序数词，形容词最高级，the last,the only等后或被这些词修饰的名词或代词后，常用不定式作定语。注意：该名词或代词是作定语的非谓语动词的执行者。He is always the first to arrive at the school and the last to leave the school.他总是第一个到校，最后一个离校。3.被修饰词是抽象名词时，常用不定式作定语。如 ability,chance,idea,hope,wish,fact,excuse,promise,attempt,way 等。And the best way to strengthen willpower is to make it into a habit.增强意志力最好的方法就是让意志力成为一种习惯。The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself.表达观点的能力与观点本身同等重要。【名师点津】不定式作定语易错点：不定式与其所修饰的词之间往往是动宾关系，若该不定式是不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。不定式作定语时，当句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语时，不定式使用主动式；当句子的主语不是不定式的逻辑主语且不定式与所修饰的名词或代词之间是被动关系时，不定式使用被动式。The play to be produced next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture.将于下月上演的这部戏主要旨在反映当地文化。He is always the first to arrive at the school and the last to leave the school.他总是第一个到学校，最后一个离开学校。And the best way to strengthen willpower is to make it into a habit.而加强意志力最好的方法就是把它变成一种习惯。Suddenly a good idea occurred to her,but she couldnt find any paper to write on.突然，她想到了一个好主意，但她找不到可以写字的纸。There are still many problems to be solved before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.在我们准备在月球上长住之前，还有很多问题仍需要解决。Have you got anything to buy?你有什么东西要买吗？（you是 buy的执行者）I want to go to Beijing.Do you have anything to be bought?我想去北京。你有什么东西要买吗？（you不是buy的执行者）I was watching the clock all through the meeting,as I had a train to catch.开会时我一直在看钟，因为我要赶火车。I have a letter to post,so I cant go swimming with you.我有一封信（需要我）要寄出，因此我不能和你一起去游泳了。I have a letter to be posted.Can you help me?我有一封信想（让别人替我）寄出去，你能帮我一下吗？（三）分词作定语作定语的及物动词的分词形式有：现在分词、“being+过去分词”、过去分词。当被修饰的名词与分词之间为主动关系时，用现在分词；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示正在进行时，用“being+过去分词“；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表完成时，用过去分词。（现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表示动作正在进行；过去分词只表示动作已完成，不表被动。）falling leaves 正在落下的叶子（表正在进行）fallen leaves 落叶（表完成）The producer comes regularly to collect the cameras returned to our shop for quality problems.生产厂商定期来收集因质量问题而被退回到我们商店的相机。Tsinghua University,founded in 1911,is home to a great number of outstanding figures.创建于1911年的清华大学，是一大批杰出人物的母校。Last night,there were millions of people watching the opening ceremony live on TV.昨晚有数百万人在电视上观看了开幕式的现场直播。On receiving a phone call from his wife saying she had a fall,Mr.Gordon immediately rushedhome from his office.接到妻子的电话说她摔倒了，戈登先生立刻从办公室冲回家。Jim has retired,but he still remembers the happy time spent with his students.吉姆已经退休了，但他仍然记得和他的学生一起度过的快乐时光。Local people invited to attend a meeting are very pleased to share their experiences of hospitalservices.应邀出席会议的市民非常乐意分享他们在医院服务方面的经验。七、非谓语动词作宾语（一）非谓语动词作宾语时，动词形式的选择提示词是动词，若句中已有谓语，且设空处不是作并列谓语而是作介词或动词（短语）的宾语时，应用非谓语动词doing/to do；利用逻辑主语和非谓语动词的关系确定形式（主谓关系：doing/to do；动宾关系：beingdone/to be done）。介词（如 by、for of、with、without after等）之后加动名词作宾语。（二）只接不定式作宾语的动词：decide/determine,learn,want,expect/hope/wish;refuse,manage,care,pretend决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装offer,promise,choose,plan；agree,ask/beg,help主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮The police officers decided to conduct a thorough and comprehensive review of the case.警察们决定对这个案件进行一次彻底而全面的审查。I managed to get all the ironing done this morning.我今天早上设法把所有的衣服都熨好了。No one would refuse to make friends with a man with a good sense of humour.没有人会拒绝和一个有幽默感的人交朋友。We promise to deliver to your door within 48 hours of you ordering.我们承诺在接到订单后48小时内送货上门。A quick review of successes and failures at the end of year will help（to）shape your yearahead.在年底对成功和失败进行快速的回顾会有助于你下一年的发展。【名师点津】此外afford,happen（碰巧）,wait,threaten等也要用不定式作宾语。They couldnt afford to pay the bills.他们付不起账。I happen to be working on a similar project at the moment.我现在碰巧正在做一个类似的项目。动词（短语）learn,decide,know,wonder,show,tell,understand,explain,teach,advise,findout等常接“疑问词+动词不定式”作宾语。I cant decide which to buy.我决定不了买哪一个。We dont know how to put it into practice.我们不知道如何把它付诸实践。2.只接动名词作宾语的动词及短语：consider,suggest/advise,look forward to,excuse/pardon；admit,delay/put off,fancy考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想avoid,miss,keep/keep on,practice;deny,finish,enjoy/appreciate避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏fbrbid/avoid,imagine,risk；cant help（禁不住），mind,allow/permit,escape禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡Were considering paying a visit to the Science Museum.我们正在考虑参观科学博物馆。I always imagine flying like a bird.我总是想象像鸟一样飞翔。I avoid working in places which are too public.我避免在太公开的地方工作。There is no doubt that the event will attract more visitors to enjoy visiting this wonderful city.毫无疑问，这一活动将吸引更多的游客来参观这座美妙的城市。He got well-prepared fbr the job interview,for he couldnt risk losing the good opportunity.他为这次工作面试做了充分准备，因为他不能冒失去这次好机会的风险。Imagine sitting on a peaceful beach at sunset or taking an invigorating morning hike withouthaving to make conversation with anyone.想象你伴着日落，坐在宁静的沙滩上或者在清晨精力充沛地远足，这一切都是不需要跟任何人商量。【名师点津】allow,permit,forbid,advise后需加动名词作宾语，但如果后面有名词或代词作宾语，则用不定式作宾补。即 allow/permit/forbid/advise doing/sb.to do sth.His parents wont allow him to stay out late.他的父母不会允许他在外待得很晚。They only allow smoking in restricted areas.他们只允许在指定的地点吸烟。3.接不定式与动名词作宾语意义不同的动词：try t。d o 尽力做.try doing试着去做.mean to do打算做.mean doing 意味着.regret to do遗憾要去做.regret doing后悔做过.remember to do 记得去做.remember doing 记得做过.forget to do忘记去做.forget doing 忘记做了.can*t help(to)d o 不能帮忙做某事can，t help d o in g 禁不住做某事We regret to inform you that your application has not been successful.我们很遗憾地通知您，您的申请未通过。But I believe youll never regret making the decision.但我相信你不会后悔，做正确的抉择。I still remember being taken to the Famen Temple and what I saw there.我仍记得别人带我去过法门寺，还有我在那里所看到的一切。I remembered to lock the door before I left the office,but forgot to turn off the lights.我离开办公室前记得锁门，但忘记关灯了。I tried reading the text without consulting my dictionary.我试着不看词典读课文。Life isnt a match.Ifs a journey.If you spend that journey always trying to impress others,youre wasting your life.生活并不是比赛。它是一次旅行。如果你在途中一直都试图给他人留下深刻印象，那你就是在浪费生命。I didnl mean to bother you.我不是故意打扰你的。What he said means going there by air.他所说的意思是坐飞机去那里。Im very busy now,so I cant help(to)clean the room.我现在很忙，所以不能帮忙打扫房间。The girl couldnt help crying when she saw her mother again.当女孩再次见到她的母亲时，她忍不住哭了起来。2.以下词可接不定式，也可接V-ing形式，意义基本相同：prefer,like,love,start,begin,hate,intend 等I prefer going to the cinema tonight.I prefer to go to the cinema tonight.我宁愿今晚去看电影。I intend to rewrite the story for younger children.I intend rewriting the story for younger children.我打算把这个故事改写给小孩子听。【名师点津】动词want,need,require作“需要”讲时，其后要用u.ing形式的主动形式或不定式的被动语态作宾语。与此用法相同的动词还有deserve（值得）。My car needs washing/to be washed.我的车需要洗了。The house wants painting/to be painted.这所房子需要漆一遍。Your hair needs cutting/to be cut.你的头发该剪了The window needs cleaning/to be cleaned.（clean 与 the window 之间存在动宾关系）He needs to leave at once.（leave与 he之间不存在动宾关系）4.动词作介词的宾语时，要用动名词形式，不能用动词不定式。由“动词+介词”构成的短语，其后跟动名词作宾语，常见的有：be/get used to（习惯于）doing sth.；feel like（想要）doing sth.；insist on（坚持）doing sth.；object to（反对）doing sth.；get down to doing sth.；（开始认真做某事）devote.to.doing sth.；（致力于.）stick to doing sth.；（坚持）give up doing sth.；（放弃）等此外，have difficulty/trouble（in）doing sth.；have fun（in）doing sth.等句型中也用动名词作宾语。Dont forget to turn off the lights before leaving your classroom.离开教室前别忘了关灯。He entered the chemistry lab without being permitted.他未经允许就进入了化学实验室。The author begins his account of the tour in the forest mainly by describing various sounds.作者在叙述森林之旅时，主要是通过描述各种声音开始的。Just stop talking and get down to working.别说话了，开始工作吧。Many local people object to the building of the new airport.许多当地人反对修建新机场。Do you feel like eating out tonight?今晚想出去吃饭吗？Glick had a bad accident two years ago and had to give up farming.格利克两年前遭遇一次严重事故，不得不放弃务农。Many students have difficulty in delivering a speech in public,but they can overcome itthrough training.许多学生在公共场合演讲有困难，但是他们可以通过训练来克服。Ifs quite hot today.Do you feel like going for a swim?今天很热。你想去游泳吗？I had as much fun sailing the seas as I now do working with students.我现在与学生们打交道和我过去航海一样开心。【名师点津】当非谓语动词位于介词but,except后时，习惯上要用不定式。并且，当其前有实义动词 do及相关形式时，则不定式要省略to；若其前没有动词d o,则不定式通常带to。We had no choice but to wait.我们除了等待之外别无选择。I could do nothing except agree.我除了同意，什么都做不了。but后总跟省略不定式符号to 的短语：do nothing but只能.；cannot help but.禁不住.；cannot but.不得不.；cannot choose but.只得.For the second time on this trip I can do nothing but cry.这是在整个旅行中的第二次，我无法抑制自己的感情哭了起来。I cant help but think of the good old days我不禁回忆起过去美好的日子5.believe/consider/find/feel/make/think+it+adj.+to do sth.,it 是形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的不定式。He feels it his duty to help the poor.他感到帮助穷人是他的责任。We think it quite importanl for us to learn a foreign language well.我们认为学好一门外语对我们来说很重要。八、非谓语动词作宾语补足语（一）动词不定式作宾语补足语不定式作宾补时，宾语和不定式之间在逻辑上是主谓关系，不定式表将来、主动。Mum forbad them to play ball in the public garden.妈妈禁止他们在公园里打球。Hed managed to persuade Dad to buy a car for him.他已设法说服爸爸给他买了一辆车。How could you allow him to do something like that?你怎么能允许他做那样的事呢？If we expect people to give up the habit of driving,we must give them an alternative they canrely on.如果我们期望人们放弃开车的习惯，我们必须给他们可以依赖的选择。Having finished her project,she was invited by the school to speak to the new students.完成她的项目之后，她被学校邀请去给新生讲话。【名师点津】有些动词，如 think,consider,believe,suppose,feel,find,understand 等后常用 to be 作宾补或主补。Chinese people are considered to be the most hard-working people in the world.中国人被认为是世界上最勤劳的人民。在 sb.be sa