2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二真题(含答案解析).pdf

2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二真题（总分：100.00,做题时间：180分钟）一、Section I Use of English（总题数：1,分 数:10,00）It s not difficult to set targets for staff.It is much harder,1,tounderstand their negative consequences.Most work-related behaviors have multiplecomponents.2 one and the others become distorted.Travel on a London bus and you 11 3 see how this works with drivers.Watchpeople get on and show their tickets.Are they carefully inspected?Never.Do peop1e get onwithout paying?Of course!Are there inspectors to 4 that people have paid?Possibly,but very few.And people who run for the bus?They are 5.How aboutjumping lights?Buses do so almost as frequently as cyclists.Why?Because the target is 6.People complained that buses were late andinfrequent.7,the number of buses and bus lanes were increased,and driverswere 8 or punished according to the time they took.And drivers hit thesetargets.But they 9 hit cyclists.If the target was changedto 10,you would have more inspectors and more sensitive pricing.If thecriterion changed to safety,you would get more n drivers who obeyed trafficlaws.But both these criteria wou1d be at the expense of time.There is another 1 2:people became immensely inventive in hitting targets.Have you 13 that you can leave on a flight an hour late but still arrive ontime?Tailwinds?Of course not!Airlines have simply changed the time a 14 ismeant to take.A one-hour flight is now ballad as a two-hour flight.The 15 of the story is simple.Most jobs are multidimensional,with multiplecriteria.Choose one criterion and you may wel 1 1 6 others.Everything can bedone faster and made cheaper,but there is a 17.Setting targets can and doeshave unforeseen negative consequences.This is not an argument against target-setting.But it is an argument for exploringconsequences first.All good targets should have multiplecriteria 18 critical factors such as time,money,quality and customerfeedback.The trick is not only to 19 just one or even two dimensions of theobjective,but also to understand how to help people better 20 the objective.（分数：10.0）（1）.（分数：0.5）A.thereforeB.however VC.againD.moreover解析：逻辑关系题。观察选项可知，本题考查逻辑关系。比较前后两句语义，即It s n o t d i ffi c ult to.（做 不难）和 i t i s m uc h h a rd e r to.（做 难得多），由 n o t d i ffi c ult 和 m uc h h a rd e r 可知，前后两句语义相反，B项h o we ve r（提示转折关系）符合原文逻辑关系。本题答案为B项。干扰选项：A项th e re fo re （因此）提示因果关系，C项a ga i n （又、再）提示并列关系，D项m o re o ve r（而且）提示递进关系，均不符合原文逻辑关系。（2）.（分数:0.5）A.E m p h a si ze JB.Id e n ti fyC.Asse ssD.E xp la i n解析：逻辑关系题。句中o n e和Ih e o lh e r提示对比关系，a n d前后语义相反。由a n d后的Ih e o th e rs be c o m ed i sto rte d （其余的就被扭曲了）可知，A项E m p h a si ze （强调）符合原文逻辑关系，即，强调一个，其余则被忽略扭曲。本题答案为A项。干扰选项：B项Id e n ti fy（识别），C项Asse ss（评估），D项E xp la i n （解释）均不符合原文逻辑关系。（3）.（分数：0.5）A.n e a rlyB.c uri o uslyC.e a ge rlyD.q ui c k ly J解析：语境题。代词th i s指代前一句的观点，即，设定目标会带来负面后果：只强调一点，其余则被忽略扭曲。本句是对该观点的举例论述。对比各项语义：A项n e a rly（几乎），B项c uri o usly（好奇地），C项e a ge rly（渴望地）和D项q ui c k ly（快速地）。其中D项符合原文语义，即：坐上伦敦公交车，你很快就会看到这点是如何体现在司机身上的（Tra ve l o n a Lo n d o n bus a n d yo u*1 1 q ui c k ly se e h o wth i s wo rk s wi th d ri ve rs）。本题答案为 D 项。（4）.（分数：0.5）A.c la i mB.p ro veC.c h e c k JD.re c a ll解析：语境题。观察本段句式特点，可知，本段首句（W a tc h p e o p le ge t o n a n d sh o w th e i r ti c k e ts）与下文为总分关系。作者随后以自问自答的形式，引出在公交车上乘车买票这一场景中几个群体的表现。由前文Do p e o p le ge t o n wi th o ut p a yi n g?O f c o urse!（人们会逃票上车吗？当然！）对乘客表现的提问可知，本句要对检票员（i n sp e c to rs）是否尽到检票责任提问。因此C项c h e c k （检查）符合原文语义。本题答案为C项。干扰选项：A项c la i m （宣称），B项p ro ve （证明）和D项re c a ll（记起）均不符合原文语义。（5）.（分数：0.5）A.th re a te n e dB.i gn o re d JC.m o c k e dD.bla m e d解析：语境题。借助前文 Are th e re i n sp e c to rs to 4 th a t p e o p le h a ve p a i d?P o ssi bly,b u t v eryfew （有检察员检查大家是否支付吗？可能有，但是很少）可知，本句对赶公交的人这个群体的提问也涉及到是否买票的问题。根据前文中各个群体的表现可知，他们买票与否很可能也无人注意。B项i g n o red（被忽视）符合语义，本题答案为B项。干扰选项：A项th reaten ed （被威胁），C项mo c k ed （被嘲弄）和D项b lamed （被责备）均不符合原文语义。（6）.（分数：0.5）A.pu n c tu ali ty VB.h o spi tali tyC.c o mpeti ti o nD.i n n o v ati o n解析：逻辑关系题。本句为段首句，本段下文与段首句为总分关系，语义一致。借助下文中d ri v ersw ere 8 o r pu n i sh ed ac c o rd i n g to th e ti me th ey to o k （司机根据所用的时长获得 8 或惩罚）,以及A n d d ri v ers h i t th ei r targ ets（司机们达到他们的目标），可知，本句的targ et（目标）与时间有关。A项pu n c tu ali ty （准时）符合原文逻辑关系。干扰选项：B项h o spi tali ty （好客），C项c o mpeti ti o n （竞争）和D项i n n o v ati o n （创新）均不符合原文逻辑关系。（7）.（分数：0.5）A.YesB.S o VC.B esi d esD.S ti ll解析：逻辑关系题。观察选项可知，本题考查句间逻辑关系。比较前后两句语义，即P eo ple c o mplai n ed th atb u ses w ere late an d i n frequ en t（人们抱怨公交车晚点且班次较少）和 th e n u mb er o f b u ses an d b u slan es w ere i n c reased （公交车和公交车道的数量增加），可知二者为因果关系，即，人们抱怨为因，增加公交车数量为果。B项S o （所以）符合原文逻辑关系。本题答案为B项。干扰选项：A项Yes（确实如此），C项B esi d es（此外）和D项S li ll（仍然）均不符合原文逻辑关系。（8）.（分数：0.5）A.h i redB.trai n edC.rew ard ed VD.g ro u ped解析：逻辑关系题。o r（或者）提示选择关系，由o r后面的pu n i sh ed （惩罚）可知，C项rew ard ed （奖励）符合原文逻辑，即，根据所花时长，司机们或接受奖励或遭受惩罚。本题答案为C项。干扰选项：A项h i red （被雇佣），B项trai n ed （被培训）和D项g ro u ped （被分组）均不符合原文逻辑关系。（9）.（分数：0.5）A.o n lyB.rath erC.o n c eD.also J解析：逻辑关系题。观察选项可知，本题考查句间逻辑关系。比较上句d ri v ers h i t th ese targ ets与本句th ey 9 h i t c y c li sts,可发现，h i t为原词复现，提示两句为平行结构，D项also （也）符合原文逻辑，即，两个h i t两个目标：前者h i t到的是真正目标：后者h i t到的是c y c li sts,意为误撞。由此引出设定目标带来的负面后果。本题答案为D项。干扰选项：A项o n ly （只有），B项ralh er（宁可）和C项o n c e（一旦）均不符合原文语义。（1 0）.（分数：0.5）A.c o mfo rtB.rev en u e JC.effi c i en c yD.sec u ri ty解析：语境题。根据后半句 y o u w o u ld h av e mo re i n spec to rs an d mo re sen si ti v e pri c i n g （你将会看到更多检票员和更敏感的价格）可知，本题与金钱有关。B项rev en u e（收益）符合原文语义。本题答案为B项。干扰选项：A项c o mfo rt（舒适），C项effi c i en c y （效率）和D项sec u ri ty （安全）均不符合原文语义。(1 1).(分数：0.5)A.fri en d lyB.qu i etC.c au ti o u s JD.d i 1 i g en t解析：语境题。本句选项均为修饰d r i v er s （司机）的形容词，根据本句I f t h e c r i t er i on c h a nged t o s a fet y（如果把标准改为安全性）可知，修饰司机的形容词需要体现司机安全驾驶的能力。因此D项c a u t i ou s（谨慎的）符合原文语义，即，你将会看到更加谨慎且遵守交通规则的司机。本题答案为C项。干扰选项：A项fr i end ly （友好的），B项qu i et （安静的）和D项d i li gent （勤勉的）均不符合原文语义。（1 2）.（分数:0.5）A.pu r pos eB.pr ob lem JC.pr eju d i c eD.poli c y解析：逻辑关系题。a not h er提示本句与前文语义一致。根据上句B u t b ot h t h es e c r i t er i on w ou ld b e a t t h eex pens e of t i me（此处c r i ler i on可理解为t a r get,意为：但这两个标准都将以牺牲时间为代价），可知，前文在说设立目标所致的负面影响。B项pr ob lem（问题）可与前文的负面影响进行呼应，符合原文逻辑关系。本题答案为B项。干扰选项：A项pu r pos e（目的），C项pr eju d i c e（偏见）和D项poli c y （政策）均不符合原文逻辑关系。（1 3）.（分数：0.5）A.r epor t edB.r ev ea ledC.a d mi t t edD.not i c ed J解析：语境题。比较各项语义，A项r epor t ed （报道），B项r ev ea led （揭露），C项a d mi t t ed （承认）和D项not i c ed （注意到），可知，D项符合原文语义，即：你是否注意到，飞机起飞迟了一小时，却仍然准时到达？本题答案为D项。（1 4）.（分数：0.5）A.b r ea kB.t r i p JC.d epa r t u r eD.t r a ns fer解析：语境题。根据1 3 题所在句语义“飞机起飞迟了一小时，却仍然准时到达”，及下句A one-h ou r fli gh ti s now b i lled a s a t w o-h ou r fli gh t （一小时的航程按两个小时收费）可知，此处，航空公司改变的是t r i p（旅程、航程）应花的时长。本题答案为B项。干扰选项：A 项 b r ea k（休息），C 项 d epa r t u r e（离开）和 D项 t r a ns fer （转移）均不符合原文语义。（1 5）.（分数：0.5）A.mor a l JB.b a c kgr ou ndC.s t y leD.for m解析：语境题。t h e s t or y 指代前文航空公司为准时到达而修改航班实际时长，本句是对该故事的总结。A 项mor a l（寓意）与 s t or y 组 成“i h e mor a l of t h e s t or y ，意为“该故事的寓意“，符合原文语义。本题答案为A。干扰选项：B 项 b a c kgr ou nd （背景），C 项 s t y le（风格）和 D 项 for m（形式）均不符合原文语义。（1 6）.（分数：0.5）A.i nt er pr etB.c r i t i c i z eC.s a c r i fi c e JD.t oler a t e解析：逻辑关系题。one和 ot h er s 提示对比，a nd 前后内容语义相反。而且，本句与前一句所组成的结构“M os tjob s a r e mu lt i d i mens i ona l,w i t h mu lt i ple c r i t er i a.C h oos e one c r i t er i on a nd y ou ma yw ell 1 6 ot h er sw 与首段最后两句的结构 M os t w or k-r ela t ed b eh a v i or s h a v e mu lt i plec omponent s.2 one a nd t h e ot h er s b ec ome d i s t or t ed 相似，语义也相近。借助首段对应部分的 t h e ot h er s b ec ome d i s t or t ed 可知，C项符合原文逻辑关系，即：选择一个标准，你可能就要牺牲另一个。本题答案为C 项。干扰选项：A 项 i nt er pr et （诠释），B 项 c r i t i c i z e（批评）和D 项 t o l e r a t e （容忍），均不符合原文逻辑关系。（1 7）.（分 数:0.5）A.t a s kB.s e c r e tC.p r o d u c tD.c o s t J解析：逻辑关系题。本句中的b u t 提示前后语义相反。由前半句Ev e r y t h in g c a n b e d o n e f a s t e r a n d m a d ec h e a p e r （每件事都可以完成得很快，成本很低）可知，D 项 c o s t （代价）符合原文逻辑关系，即：但这是有代价的。本题答案为D 项。干扰选项：A项t a s k （任务），B项s e c r e t （秘密）和C项p r o d u c t （产品）均不符合原文逻辑关系。（1 8）.（分数：0.5）A.l e a d in g t oB.c a l l in g f o rC.r e l a t in g t o JD.a c c o u n t in g f o r解析：语境题。本题考查连接m u l t ip l e c r it e r ia和c r it ic a l f a c t o r s的形容词短语语义。比较各选项语义，A项 l e a d in g t o （导致），B 项 c a l l in g f o r （要求），C 项 r e l a t in g t o （关于）和 D 项 a c c o u n t in g f o r（对作出解释），可知，C项符合原文语义，即，所有好的目标都应具有与关键因素（如时间、金钱、质量和用户反馈）相关的多个标准。本题答案为C项。（1 9）.（分数：0.5）A.s p e c if y VB.p r e d ic tC.r e s t o r eD.c r e a t e解析：逻辑关系题。n o t o n l y .b u t a l s o提示递进关系，借助u n d e r s t a n d可知，先确定目标才能进一步理解目标，所以A项s p e c if y （明确规定）符合原文逻辑关系，即，诀窍是不仅要确定目标的一个甚至两个方面，而且要理解。本题答案为A项。干扰选项：B项p r e d ic t （预 测），C项r e s t o r e （恢复）和D项c r e a t e （创造）均不符合原文逻辑关系。（2 0）.（分数：0.5）A.m o d if yB.r e v ie wC.p r e s e n tD.a c h ie v e V解析：语境题。比较各项语义，A项m o d if y （修改），B项r e v ie w （复习）和C项p r e s e n t （展示）和I）项a c h ie v e （实现），可知D项最符合原文语义，即，实现目标（a c h ie v e t h e o b j e c t iv e）,本题答案为D。二、S e c t io n I I R e a d in g Co m p r e h e n s io n（总题数：0,分数：0.0 0）三、P a r t A（总题数：4,分数：4 0.0 0）T e x t 1“R e s k il l in g“is s o m e t h in g t h a t s o u n d s l ik e a b u z z w o r d b u t is a c t u a l l y a r e q u ir e m e n t if w ep l a n t o h a v e a f u t u r e w h e r e a l o t o f w o u l d-b e w o r k e r s d o n o t g e t l e f t b e h in d.W e k n o w w e a r emoving into a period where the jobs in demand wi11 change rapidly,as wi11 the requirementsof the jobs that remain.Research by the World Economic Forum finds that on average 42 percent of the“core skills”within job roles will change by 2022.That is a very shorttimeline.The question of who should pay for reskilling is a thorny one.For individual companies,thetemptation is always to let go of workers whose ski 11s are no longer in demand and replacethem with those whose skills are.That does not always happen.A T&T is often given as thegold standard of a company that decided to do a massive reski Hing program rather than gowith a fire-and-hire strategy.Other companies had also pledged to create their own plans.When the skills mismatch is in the broader economy,though,the focus usually turns togovernment to handle.Efforts in Canada and elsewhere have been arguably languid at best,and have given us a situation where we frequently hear of employers begging for workers,even at times and in regions where unemployment is high.With the pandemic,unemployment is very high indeed.In February,at 3.5 per cent and 5.5per cent respectively,unemployment rates in Canada and the United States were atgenerational lows and worker shortages were everywhere.As of May,those rates had spiked upto 13.3 per cent and 13.7 per cent,and although many worker shortages had disappeared,notal 1 had done so.In the medical field,to take an obvious example,the pandemic meant thatthere were still clear shortages of doctors,nurses and other medical personnel.Of course,it is not like you can take an unemployed waiter and train him to be a doctor ina few weeks.But even if you cannot close that gap,maybe you can close others,and doing sowould be to the benefit of all concerned.That seems to be the case in Sweden:When forcedto furlough 90 per cent of their cabin staff,Scandinavian Airlines decided to start up ashort retraining program that reskilled the laid-off workers to support hospital staff.Theeffort was a collective one and involved other companies as wel1 as a Swedish university.（分数：10）（1）.Research by the World Economic Forum suggests（分数：2）A.a controversy about the acore skills”B.an increase in full-time employmentC.an urgent demand for new job skills VD.a steady growth of job opportunities解析：本题为细节题。根据题干关键词Research by the World Economic Forum定位到第一段句，由42 percent of the core skills”within job roles will change 可知大量工作“核心技能”将发生变化。C项an urgent demand for new job skills（对新工作技能的迫切需求）符合题意。所以本题选C。（2）.A T&T is cited to show（分数：2）A.an immediate need for government supportB.an al ternative to the fire-and-hire strategyC.the characteristics of reski 11ing programsD.the importance of staff appraisal standards解析：本题为例证题。根据题干关键词AT&T定位到第二段句：A T&T is often given as the gold standardof a company that decided to do a massive reskilling program rather than go with a fire-and-hire strategyo B 项 an alternative to the fire-and-hire strategy（解雇和雇佣策略的替代方案）是对ralher than go with a fire-and-hire strategy（而不是推行解雇和雇佣策略）的同义替换。所以本题选B。（3）.Efforts to resolve the skills mismatch in Canada.（分数：2）A.have appeared to be insufficient JB.have driven up labour costsC.have proved to be inconsistentD.have met with fierce opposition解析：本题为细节题。根据题干关键词ski 11 s mismatch、Canada定位到第二段句：Efforts in Canada andelsewhere have been arguably languid at best,and have given us a situation where wefrequently hear of employers begging for workers,even at times and in regions whereunemployment is high。A 项 have appeared to be insufficient（似乎不够）是对句中 languid（虚弱无力的），以及“employers begging for workers V S unemployment is high（雇主缺人 V S 失业率高）”这一困境的合理概括。所以本题选A。（4）.W e can learn from Paragraph 3 that there was.（分数：2）A.a sign of economic recoveryB.a call for policy adjustmentC.a change in hiring practicesD.a lack of medical workers J解析：本题为细节题。根据题干Paragraph 3定位到第三段。本段句是论点”疫情期间失业率很高”。句是数据论据;句是事例论据，以医疗领域为例，证明人员的紧缺。D项a lack of medical workers（医疗工作者短缺）对应句 there were still clear shortages of doctors,nurses and other medicalpersonnel o所以本题选D。（5）.Scandinavian Airiines decided to.（分数：2）A.create job vacancies for the unemployedB.retrain their cabin staff for better servicesC.prepare their laid-off workers for other jobs JD.finance their staff s col lege education解析：本题为细节题。根据题干关键词Scan din avian A ir i in es decided to定位到第四段句Scan din avianA ir l in es decided to s tar t up a s ho r t r etr ain in g p r o gr am that r es k il l ed the l aid-o ff wo r k er sto s up p o r t ho s p ital s taff 0 C 项 p r ep ar e their l aid-o ff wo r k er s fo r o ther jo bs （帮助他们的失业员工为其它工作做准备）对应句 r es k il l ed the l aid-o ff wo r k er s to s up p o r t ho s p ital s taff o 所以本题选C。Text 2With the gl o bal p o p ul atio n p r edicted to hit cl o s e to 1 0 bi 1 1 io n by 2 0 5 0,an d fo r ecas ts thatagr icul tur al p r o ductio n in s o m e r egio n s wil l n eed to n ear l y do ubl e to k eep p ace,fo o ds ecur ity is in cr eas in gl y m ak in g headl in es.I n the UK,it has beco m e a big tal k in g p o in tr ecen tl y to o,fo r a r ather p ar ticul ar r eas o n:B r exit.B r exit is s een by s o m e as an o p p o r tun ity to r ever s e a r ecen t tr en d to war ds the UK im p o r tin gfo o d.The co un tr y p r o duces o n l y abo ut 6 0 p er cen t o f the fo o d it eats,do wn fr o m al m o s tthr ee-q uar ter s in the l ate 1 9 80 s.A m o ve back to s el f-s ufficien cy,the ar gum en t go es,wo ul dbo o s t the far m in g in dus tr y,p o l itical s o ver eign ty an d even the n atio n,s heal th.So un dsgr eat-but ho w feas ibl e is this vis io n?A cco r din g to a r ep o r t o n UK fo o d p r o ductio n fr o m the Un iver s ity o f L eeds,UK,85 p er cen t o fthe co un tr yr s to tal l an d ar ea is as s o ciated with m eat an d dair y p r o ductio n.That s up p l ies80 p er cen t o f what is co n s um ed,s o even co ver in g the who l e co un tr y in l ives to ck far m swo ul dn,t al l o w us to co ver al l o ur m eat an d dair