第05讲 形容词和副词(讲义)-2024年高考英语一轮复习讲练测(新教材新高考)(解析版).docx
第05讲 形容词、副词 (讲义) 【复习目标】 熟练掌握形容词和副词的句法功能和分类;掌握形容词、副词比较级和最高级的规则变化和不规则变化;掌握修饰比较级和最高级的标志词和相关句式;掌握倍数表达法;掌握形容词后缀、形容词变副词构词法掌握易混易错形容词和副词 【考情分析】 近年高考真题形容词、副词考点细目表年份卷别题号形容词题号副词2022新高考I卷63eventually(eventual)2021新高考I卷59hotter (hot)58undoubtedly(undoubted)2020新高考I卷56wealthy(wealth)近五年形容词、副词题型命题规律考点考查内容和备考策略必考点1. 词性变化:形容词变副词、动词变副词;动词变形容词、名词变形容词、副词变形容词;2. 词形转换:转换成反义词;3. 形容词副词比较等级;高频考点1. 倍数表达法;2. 上下文逻辑意义的副词一般考点1. 形容词、副词相关的句式2. 形容词短语中的形容词、动词短语中的副词【网络构建】 考向 一 形容词、副词的句法功能 一 形容词的句法功能:1. 作定语: 形容词作定语一般位于被修饰的词的前面。My mother tells me a funny story. 妈妈给我讲了一个非常有趣的故事。易混点:副词作定语多表示时间或地点,位于被修饰的词的后面,如here, there, up, down, below, above等。 The people here are very friendly to us.这儿的人对我们很友好。易混点:由“形容词介词短语/不定式短语”构成的形容词短语作定语时要后置。 It is a problem difficult to solve. 这是一个难解决的问题2. 作状语:形容词作状语用来说明主语的情况,表示原因、结果、伴随、时间、条件或方式,可位于句首、句中或句末,一般用逗号将其与其他部分隔开。 Careful with money, my mother managed to send me to college.妈妈小心地用着钱,把我送去上了大学。 The survivors lay on the beach, exhausted and shocked.幸存者们躺在沙滩上,疲惫不堪,心有余悸。易混点:副词作状语修饰动词、形容词、副词和句子。3. 作表语:形容词作表语位于系动词be, feel, get, become, turn, prove, seem等之后。 The painting is not representative of his work of the period.这幅画并不能代表他在那个时期的作品。易混点:副词作表语,表示主语的方位、方向、动作和状态等。4. 作补足语: Doing regular exercise can help to make one energetic.做有规律的锻炼可以帮助使一个人精力充沛。Please keep the classroom clean and tidy. 请保持教室干净、整洁。 二 表语形容词 表语形容词一般作表语或后置定语,不能被very修饰,可用much修饰。常见表语形容词如下:afraid害怕的; alive活着的;awake醒着的;asleep睡着的;alone单独的;ashamed羞愧的; aware意识到的;alike相像的;ill有病的;well身体健康的;fond喜欢的;glad高兴地;content满意的;pleased高兴的;sorry难过的;三 副词的句法功能1. 作状语: 修饰动词:Although living in a hut, we can think globally.修饰形容词:Im fully convinced that you will make it sooner or later.修饰副词:He left the room secretly.修饰句子:Actually, it would be much more sensible to do it later.2. 作表语:I hear that he is abroad now.易混点:表示位置的副词(above, across, inside, upstairs等)作表语时说明主语的状态或特征;表示动作方向的副词(up, down, on, in, off, out等)作表语时含有动作意义。Isn't he up yet? 他还没起床吗?3. 作定语:Please write to me at the address below.4. 作补语:Keep the coat on if you feel cold.考向 二 形容词、副词的比较等级一 形容词、副词比较级和最高级的构成规则1. 规则变化构成法原级比较级最高级单音节词末一般直接加er和estgreatgreatergreatest单音节词以e结尾,只加r和stbravewidebraverwiderbravestwidest闭音节单音节词如末尾只有一个辅音字母,需先双写这个辅音字母,再加er和estbighotbiggerhotterbiggesthottest以辅音字母加y结尾的词,先变y为i,再加er和esthappyhappierhappiest多音节词和少数双音节词在前面加more和mostdifficultexpensivemore difficultmore expensivemost difficultmost expensive少数以er,ow结尾的双音节词,加er和estclevercleverercleverestnarrownarrowernarrowest注意:(1) 有少数几个双音节形容词,既可以加er和est,又可以加more和most构成比较级和最高级。这些双音节词是:common, handsome, polite, quiet, wicked, pleasant, cruel, stupid, tired和以ow,er结尾的词。(2) 有些形容词没有程度可分,或形容词本身就表示某种程度,因此没有比较级和最高级。这类形容词有:right(正确的),wrong(错误的),excellent(优秀的),possible(可能的),empty(空的),favorite(最爱的),perfect(完美的)等。2. 不规则变化原级比较级最高级good, wellbetterbestbad, illworseworstmany, much许多的moremostlittlelessleastfarfarther距离远的farthest距离最远farfurther距离更远;程度更胜furthest距离最远;程度最深oldolder/elderoldest/eldest注意:elder 不能与than连用,只能用作定语修饰名词,仅用于同辈之间的排行,即家庭成员的长幼关系,如:elder sister(姐姐),elder brother(哥哥)考向三 比较级、最高级标志词和相关句式一 比较级和最高级的标志词(1) 修饰形容词/副词比较级的词有:rather,much,still,even,far,by far (后置),a lot,a little,a great deal,a bit, any等。The students study even harder than before.学生们甚至比以前学习更努力了。The book is far more interesting than the books I have ever read.这本书比我以前读的书有趣多了。(2) 最高级可用by far,almost,nearly,one of及序数词修饰,表示程度或顺序。The bridge being built now is by far the longest across the Yellow River.目前正在建的那座桥是横跨黄河之上的桥当中最长的。(3) 比较级+than. (比.更.) He rises earlier than anyone else in his class.他比班里其他人都起得早。(4) less+than 多音节或某些双音节的形容词或副词+than. (不如.) This book is less amusing than that one. 这本书不如那本书有趣。 (5) the+比较级+of (两者中更.的) He is the taller of the two boys.他是两个男孩中较高的。(6) the+比较级+主语+谓语,the +比较级+主语+谓语(越.就越.) The more careful you are, the fewer mistakes youll make. 你越认真,犯的错误就越少。易混点:the +最高级,副词最高级前通常不用the . Of all the mobile phones I like this one best.在所有手机中,我最喜欢这个。(7)“形容词/副词比较级and形容词/副词比较级”表示“越来越”在“比较级and比较级”结构中,单音节形容词或副词用“形容词/副词erand形容词/副词er”结构,多音节形容词和副词常用“more and more形容词或副词原级”结构。Things are getting better and better day by day.情况正在一天天好起来。It's becoming more and more difficult to find a rewarding job.找一份令人满意的工作越来越困难了。(8)否定词与比较级连用表示最高级 I have never heard a better voice.我从来没有听过比这更好听的声音。易混点:(1) 类似用法的结构:can't/couldn't . tooadj./adv.can't/couldn't . adj./adv.enough 表示“无论也不为过”。(2) 英语中有些词没有比较级,但仍可表示比较级的意思,通常与介词to连用,不与than共同使用,如:senior, junior, superior, inferior等。考向四 倍数表达法Ø A is倍数比较级thanBØ A is倍数as原级asBØ A is倍数the名词(size, length, height等)ofBØ The名词(size, length, height等)ofA is倍数thatofBØ A is倍数what引导的名词性从句考向五 形容词、副词的构成法一 名词、动词加上后缀构成形容词后缀示例名词+-yhealth-healthy; noise-noisy; leaf-leafy; sun-sunny; rain-rainy; snow-snowy名词+-fulpower-powerful; peace-peaceful; beauty-beautiful; wonder-wonderful;help-helpful; faith-faithful; shame-shameful; thank-thankful名词+-lesscare-careless; hope-hopeless; use-useless; wire-wireless名词+-icenergy-energetic; base-basic名词+-enwood-wooden;goldgolden; wool-woolen名词+-al/-ialnation-national;educationeducational;naturenatural;additionadditional名词ishfool-foolish; self-selfish; boy-boyish; childchildish名词ousdanger-dangerous; courage-courageous; fame-famous; envy-envious名词lyfriend-friendly; order-orderly; time-timely; month-monthly; year-yearly; day-daily名词/动词able/-ibleadvise-advisable; comfort-comfortable; afford-affordable; value-valuable; horror-horrible; sense-sensible动词iveact-active; impress-impressive二 常用形容词前缀前缀示例extra-超出,特别extraordinary非凡的;extra-large特大的 anti- 反;抗antinuclear反对使用核武的;anti-Japanese war抗日战争un- 不,非unable不能的;unhappy不快乐的in- 不,非inactive不活动的;inconvenient不方便的 im- 不,非impossible不可能的;impolite不礼貌的 ir- 不,非irregular不规则的;irresponsible无责任感的il- 不,非illegal非法的;illogical不合逻辑的non- 不,非nonviolent非暴力的;nonprofit非盈利的三 形容词变副词规则情况构成示词一般情况加lyquickquickly,bravebravely,immediateimmediately以辅音字母y结尾将y改为i再加lyeasyeasily, happyhappily,heavyheavily, busybusily以le结尾去e加ysimplesimply,gentlegently,terrible-terribly以元音字母e结尾去e加lytruetruly以ll结尾只加yfullfully, dulldully以ic结尾加allybasicbasically,scientificscientifically易错易混点: 以ly结尾的形容词friendly友好的 lovely可爱的 lively精力充沛的 lonely孤独的 weekly每周的 daily每日的deadly致命的 monthly每月的 yearly每年的 考向六 易混易错形容词、副词辨析1 既可作形容词又可作副词且有ly表抽象概念(有ly)的词情况形容词副词(抽象含义)deep深的The hole is deep.这个洞很深。深地;在深处He worked deep into the night.他工作到深夜。deeply深深地;深刻地He is deeply moved .他被深深地打动了。wide宽阔的;宽的The river is 10 meters wide.关阔地;充分地Open your eyes wide.睁大你的眼睛。widely广泛地English is widely used in the world.英语在世界上被普遍应用。high高的 高;向高处He jumps high.他跳的很高。highly高度地;非常He is highly spoken of.他被高度评价。close近的;亲密的;仔细的He is my close friend.他是我关系很好的朋友。挨着;接近Stand close to the door.站的挨着门。closely密切地 Listen closely.仔细地听。2有无ly意义大不相同的副词 考向1 形容词、副词的功能1.(2023届湖南省长沙市雅礼中学高三下学期模拟试题)It is an ancient _ (architecture) complex with a history of more than 600 years. 【答案】architectural 【解析】考查形容词。句意:它是一个有600多年历史的古代建筑群。分析句子可知,此处应为形容词,作定语修饰名词“complex”,表示“建筑的”。故填architectural。2.( 2023届湖北省高三5月国度省考模拟测试试题)Weifang, known as a _ (globe) center of kite culture, is widely regarded as the birthplace of these popular flying toys.【答案】global【解析】考查形容词。句意:潍坊被称为全球风筝文化中心,被广泛认为是这些流行的飞行玩具的发源地。分析句子可知,空格处为定语修饰名词center,应使用形容词,故填global。考向 2 比较等级(2023届山东省齐鲁名校大联盟高三下学期三模试题)Becca said. In India, which had the _(high) participation outside the US last year, tens of thousands of people submitted bird checklists.【答案】highest【解析】考查最高级。句意:印度是去年除美国外参与人数最多的国家,成千上万的人提交了鸟类清单。根据下文的“tens of thousands of people submitted bird checklists”可知,印度是除美国外参与人数最多的国家,用形容词最高级。故填highest。考向3 词性、词形转换1.(河北省石家庄市2023年高三第二学期全过程试题) A video clip of Zhang Huiyu, a Chinese girl with visual impairment (受损), _ (passionate) reciting “Ode to the Yellow River” has recently attracted a lot of attention online. 【答案】passionately【解析】考查副词。句意:近日,一段中国视力障碍女孩张慧玉激情吟诵黄河颂的视频在网上引起了广泛关注。此处修饰动词reciting,应用副词形式。故填passionately。2 (2023届江苏省南通徐州市等5地高三三模试题)You can sit inside a _ (tradition) teahouse and take in the classical atmosphere as you drink tea.【答案】traditional【解析】考查形容词。句意:你可以坐在传统的茶馆里,一边喝茶一边感受古典的氛围。此处应用形容词traditional作定语,修饰名词teahouse,故填traditional。考向4 相关句式1. (2023届湖北省圆创联考高三下学期五月联合测评试题)Words become filled with meaning for us by experience; and the_64_ (long) we live, the more certain words recall to us the happy and sad events of our past; and the more we read and learn, the more the number of words that mean .【答案】longer【解析】考查形容词比较级。句意:我们活得越久,越是有更多的特定的单词能唤起我们对过去开心的和伤心的回忆。根据后文的the more可知,此处为“the+比较级,the+比较级”结构,故填longer。所给词的适当形式填空1.(2022年新高考II卷) When he looked down, he _60_ (accidental ) slipped and fell over the edge. 【答案】accidentally【解析】考查副词。句意:当他往下看时,不小心滑了一跤,从悬崖边上掉了下去。根据句子结构,设空处应该填写副词修饰动词slipped。accidental为形容词,意为“意外的,失误的”,其副词为accidentally,意为“意外地,失误地”,符合句意。故填accidentally。2. (2021年新高考I卷) The hot spring at the foot of the mountain is something you must try after the climb. It will _58_(undoubted) help you get refreshed! 【答案】undoubtedly【解析】考查副词。句意:它无疑会帮助你恢复精神!修饰动词help,应用副词undoubtedly“毫无疑问地”。故填undoubtedly。3. (2020年全国卷1)Landing on the moons far side is _62_ (extreme) challenging. 【答案】extremely【解析】考查副词。句意:登录月球的背面是极其有挑战性的。空处修饰形容词challenging,应使用extreme的副词形式,故填extremely。学科网(北京)股份有限公司