考点13 不定式（核心考点精讲精练）-备战2024年高考英语一轮复习（教师版）.docx

考点13 不定式（核心考点精讲精练）1. 三年真题考点分布考点题型不定式语法填空2023 试卷类型不定式考点2023·新高考卷to bite不定式作宾语2023·新高考卷to be lifted动词不定式作宾语补足语2023·全国甲卷to teach动词不定式作目的状语20222022年新高考全国卷to see目的状语2022·全国高考乙卷To strengthen目的状语2022·新高考I卷 to increase目的状语2022·全国甲卷 to journey作后置定语20212021新课标II卷to educate目的状语2021全国甲卷to walk主语2021全国乙to have目的状语2. 命题规律及备考策略【命题规律】近3年新高考卷对于不定式的考查共计10次，主要考查：1不定式作目的状语；2不定式作定语；3. 不定式作宾补；4. 不定式作主语和宾语；5. 不定式的各种形式及其意义。【备考策略】系统归类不定式的用法，尤其是不定式作目的状语；熟练掌握不定式的各种形式的意义和用法。【命题预测】语法填空对不定式的考查仍然会成为高考的重点，主要集中考查不定式作目的状语。基础知识：时态主动式被动式一般式to doto be done完成式to have doneto have been done进行式to be doing-完成进行式to have been doing-不定式的否定形式在to 前加上 not或者never。重难点知识：考点1 不定式作主语1. 【2021·英语全国甲卷】 It is possible _ (walk) or bike the entire 14 kilometers.【答案】to walk【解析】考查动词不定式。句意：在观察了城墙上所有的防御设备后，我们决定是时候采取行动了，还有什么比骑在历史上更好的呢。分析句子可知，此处为句型“it +be+adj+to do sth.”，it为形式主语，动词walk的不定式短语作真正主语。故填to walk。2. 2021·八省1月联考）Fortunately, nowadays it is much easier _（make）eco-friendly lifestyle choices.【答案】to make【解析】考查不定式。幸运的是，现在更容易选择环保的生活方式。此处it是形式主语，后面的不定式短语作真正的主语。故填to make。【方法指导】1不定式作主语：动词用单数。To do morning exercises is useful for our health. 2表示具体的某次动作，特别是将来发生的动作，多用不定式作主语。表示比较抽象的一般行为或者经常性习惯性的动作时，多用doing作主语。3在下列两个句型中it是形式主语，不定式是真正主语；of sb和for sb是不定式的逻辑主语：A. It is/was + 形容词（of sb）to do sth.【赞扬，责备的形容词通常用of sb作逻辑主语：wrong, right, kind, nice, brave, careful, careless, greedy, honest, lazy, modest, selfish, thoughtful, impolite, polite, clever, foolish, silly, stupid, cruel, rude, generous，considerate】B. It is/was + 形容词（for sb）to do sth.【以下形容词通常用for sb作逻辑主语：easy, hard, difficult, important, necessary, impossible, possible, safe, dangerous, unusual, wonderful。多数情况都用for sb作逻辑主语。】1)It is polite (of you) to respect the old.2)It is important (for us) to do as the Romans do.3)Its important for the figures to be updated regularly.Its important for the figures _ regularly.【答案】to be updated【解析】考查不定式。数据定期更新是很重要的。此处it是形式主义，后面的动词不定式的复合结构是真正的主语。数据是被更新的，故用不定式的被动式。故填to be updated。考点2 不定式作目的状语1.（2023·全国甲卷 语法填空）For thousands of years, people have told fables (寓言) 61. (teach) a lesson or to pass on wisdom. 【答案】to teach【解析】考查不定式。句意:几千年来,人们讲寓言故事或为了教课或为了传递智慧。根据空后的or to pass on wisdom可知,此处和后文是并列关系,故填to teach。2. 2021·浙江1月 Researchers say they have translated the meaning of gestures that wild chimpanzees use _（communicate）.【答案】to communicate【解析】考查不定式。研究人员表示，他们已经翻译出了野生黑猩猩用来交流的手势的含义。此处不定式作目的状语，原句理解为wild chimpanzees use gestures to communicate。故填to communicate。3. 2020·海南卷 _ (survive) in the forest, animals must climb, jump or fly across the gaps.【答案】To survive【解析】考查不定式。为了在森林中生存，动物们必须在缝隙间攀爬、跳跃或飞行。此处是不定式作目的状语。故填To survive。【方法指导】1.不定式作目的状语：1)To complete the project in time, the workers will have to work day and night. 2)To be a winner, you need to give all you have and try your best.3)Many airlines now allow passengers to print their boarding passes online to save their valuable time. 4)You must set out at once in order not (so as not ) to be late for school.5)Many people have to wear glasses to/in order to/so as to see distant objects clearly. = To/in order to see distant objects clearly, many people have to wear glasses.(so as to一般不放在句首)2. to不定式可作目的状语，doing也可作目的状语。区别是doing前常有一个逗号。1)The man has come to the town, looking for his lost wife.2)The lawyer listened with full attention, trying not to miss any point3. 为了做, 某人尽所能；尽力做do what sb can to do sth: do all (that) sb can to do sth:do everything/anything (that)sb can to do sth:1)You must do everything that you can to save the woman's life.2)The farmers ought to do what they can to get in all the rice before the heavy rain.3)We should do all (that) we can to help the poor people to live through the winter.4. 不定式作结果状语： so/suchas to:(如此以致)enough to :(足够)only to :(结果)never to:(结果再也没有) too to:(太而不能)1)She was so silly as to give all her money to the cheat.2)They came here so early as to see the famous film stars.3)I am not such a fool as to believe that kind of thing.4)The boy is old enough to join the Royal Army.5)My mothers uncle went abroad in 1936, never to come back home again.only to do/be done: 可译为： “ 结果” 这是一种预料之外的结果。常含有 “ 惊讶，失望，放心 ”之意。only doing sth. 表示谓语动词本身的动作造成的结果。1)She hurried to the station, only to be told that the 9:45 train had left. 2)Tom took a taxi to the airport, only to find his plane high up in the sky.3)His father died, (only) leaving him 1000 pounds. a. too + 形/副 + to do sth: 太而不能做。 不定式为结果状语。1)The boy is too young to attend school. 2)The man is running too slowly to catch up with his workmates. b. too + 形/副 + to do sth: 非常/很做。 这种用法too后的形容词常是：easy, anxious, eager, willing, glad, pleased, ready, satisfied等, 并且too 前常有not, only, but, all, just。1)We are not too sorry to see the new soldiers leave our hometowns.2)I am only too pleased to take part in the activity.3)They know but too well to keep it a secret.4)My tailors are too ready to do some sewing for the middle school students.5)Such an earthquake is all too likely to happen again in Japan.5.不定式作原因状语：1)I am very happy to see you again.2)You will be disappointed to fail in the college entrance exams next year.3)She was sorry to have kept us waiting so long.4)She was happy to have been staying with her aunt.5)He jumped with joy to see the nice Christmas presents.I. 以下形容词后常接不定式的主动形式：hard, difficult, easy, light, heavy, nice, good, clear, dangerous, pleasant, interesting, fit, bitter, exciting, comfortable, convenient, amusing, impossible等后常接主动式不定式。如形容词前有too或 形容词后有enough时，不定式用主动，被动均可。1)Chongqing is hard/difficult/easy to find on this map.2)This machine is very easy to operate. Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes. 3)I like getting up very early in summer. The morning air is so good to breathe.4)In many peoples opinion, that company is pleasant to deal with. 5)This building is dangerous/pleasant/comfortable to live in.6)The medicine is bitter to drink.7)That flying bird is impossible to catch. 8)The food is too hot to eat/to be eaten.9)My schoolbag is too heavy to carry/to be carried.10)Her schoolbag is light enough to carry/to be carried.1.（2023·江苏省苏州市常熟市阶段性抽测二）He used different shades of ink _ _ (model) the shrimps torso (躯干) and head. These shrimps are not just passive subject matter; rather they are firmly stating their presence. 【答案】to model【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：他用不同色调的墨水来展示虾的躯干和头部。此处作目的状语，应用动词不定式。故填to model。2.（2023·山西省高三1月适应性调研考试（一模）China is developing a new-generation launch vehicle _ _(send) astronauts to the moon, which will be completed by 2030.【答案】to send【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：中国正在开发新一代运载火箭，将宇航员送上月球，并将于2030年完成。根据语境可知，此处用动词不定式作目的状语。故填to send。3.2020·海南卷 _（remember）all the questions you have when you are not in the doctor's office, write them down and bring the list with you to your appointment.【答案】To remember【解析】考查不定式。当你还没在医生办公室的时候，为了记住你有的所有问题，把它们写下来，带着这个清单去预约医生。此处是不定式作目的状语。故填To remember。4.2023·吉林省长春市普通高中高三质量检测Several years ago, Wang left Shandong _ (live) with his children in Mengshan county.【答案】to live【解析】考查不定式。几年前，王离开山东，和他的孩子们一起住在蒙山县。此处用不定式作目的状语。故填to live。5.（2021·江苏省苏锡常镇四市教学情况调查（一）Those of us who watched the lunar voyage of Apollo11 were amazed as we saw the first man walk on the moon. But _ (get) there those astronauts literally had to break out of the huge gravity pull of the earth.【答案】to get【解析】考查不定式。句意：但为了到达月球，毫不夸张地说，宇航员们必须挣脱地球对其巨大的引力。句中用不定式作目的状语。故填to get。6.（2021·江苏省扬州市调研）China is also actively communicating with Russia and European countries _(improve)the compatibility of the BDS so that it can better serve its global users.【答案】to improve【解析】考查不定式。句意：中国也在积极与俄罗斯和欧洲国家沟通，以提高BDS的兼容性，使其能够更好地为全球用户服务。分析句子结构可知句子的谓语是is communicating，故空格处填非谓语动词，根据句意，此处表目的，故用不定式作目的状语。故答案为to improve。考点3 不定式作定语(2022·全国甲卷)A visually­challenged man from Beijing recently hiked (徒步) 40 days to Xi'an, as a first step _ (journey) the Belt and Road route (路线) by foot.【答案】to journey【解析】此处journey为动词，表示“旅行”，step前有序数词修饰，应用不定式作后置定语。故填to journey。【方法指导】1.不定式作定语：1)If theres a lot of work to do, Im happy to keep on until it is finished.2)The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself.3)With the world changing fast, we have something new to deal with all by ourselves every day.4)Today I have nothing/something to say at the conference.5)I was watching the clock all through the meeting, as I had a train to catch.6)Were having a meeting in half an hour. The decision to be made at the meeting will influence the future of our company.2.不定式作定语，修饰序数词等;1)The first person to arrive at the scene was Tony Black from the police station.2)She was the first/second/third/tenth (student) to come to school today.3) He is a hardworking student. He is always the first to come and the last to leave.3.以下不定式短语的介词不能省去，因为它们前面的名词是它的逻辑宾语：1)I will find a chair to sit on/in.2)You should find a bright house to live in.3)The painter needs to find somewhere to live.4)Do you have a pen to write a letter with?5)You will have to buy a piece of paper to write the notice on.6)At the department store there are a lot of cameras to choose from.7)He is a good person to work with.4.以下两句主语是不定式短语的逻辑宾语：1)The soft bed is very comfortable to sleep on.2)I dont think the chair is firm enough to stand on.5.注意下面3句的区别：1)I will attend the meeting to be held next Tuesday. (表将来, 被动)2)I attended the meeting held last Friday. （表过去, 完成, 被动）3)I will attend the meeting being held at the hall now. （表进行，被动）1(2023·西南名校高三第一次大联考)The first human case of monkeypox was recorded in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) during a period of intensified effort _ (get) rid of smallpox.【答案】to get【解析】effort后面应用动词不定式作后置定语。故填to get。2.（2023·江苏省南京市第一中学高三第一次模拟）“We tell people about the club and our goals _ _ (raise) awareness,” said member Kevin Guo, 16.【答案】to raise【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：16岁的会员Kevin Guo说：“我们向人们介绍这个俱乐部，以及我们提高人们的认识的目标。”此处用动词不定式充当定语，修饰前面的名词。故填to raise。3.（2023·江苏省扬州中学测试）Gaining inspiration from jade for a second time honors the Chinese capitals unique position as the first city _ _（host) the Summer and Winter Olympics.【答案】to host【解析】考查不定式。句意：第二次从翡翠中汲取灵感，彰显了中国首都作为第一个举办夏季和冬季奥运会的城市的独特地位。序数词后动词不定式做后置定语，修饰city，故填to host。4.（2023·广东省惠州实验中学5月试题）This community, called Hua Yan Hui, was founded in 2011 following a Hanfu revival (复兴) movement that emerged from growing cultural confidence and the desire _ (express) national identity. Since then, he has been volunteering to support the group.【答案】to express【解析】考查不定式。句意：这个名为“华严会”的社团成立于2011年，随着汉服复兴运动的兴起，这场运动源于日益增长的文化自信和表达民族认同的愿望。the desire to do“做的欲望”，不定式作定语修饰desire，故填to express。5. 2021·八省1月联考）In my everyday life, I am on an ongoing journey to figure out different ways _（reduce）my carbon footprint on the planet.【答案】to reduce【解析】考查不定式。在我的日常生活里，我正在进行一次寻找不同方法来减少碳排放的旅程。此处是短语way to do something意为：做事的方法。不定式作定语。故填to reduce。6. 2021·吉林省吉林市高三第一次调研考试Another Weibo user wrote, “Thank you for giving me an opportunity _ (appreciate) the landscape in the countryside.”【答案】to appreciate【解析】考查不定式。谢谢你给我一个欣赏乡村风景的机会。句中涉及固定短语“an opportunity to do sth.”，意为“一个做某事的机会”，此处是不定式短语作定语。故填to appreciate。考点4 不定式作表语(2023·重庆市第八中学校4月考)But the one thing that reading a book or talking to someone cannot do is _ (provide) you with the experience of wandering Paris on foot. 【答案】 to provide/provide【解析】考查不定式。句意：但是，读书或与某人交谈无法做到的一件事就是为您提供步行流浪巴黎的体验。从one thing.cannot do可知，空处为不定式做表语，主语部分有实义动词do，to可以省略。故填(to)provide。 2021·云贵川桂四省高三上学期联考Scientists around the world are looking for all kinds of ways to protect and maybe even revive corals. One option is _ (create) more marine protected areas-essentially national parks in the ocean.【答案】to create/creating【解析】考查非谓语动词一种选择是创造更多的海洋保护区。此处非谓动词作表语，是对主语option的解释说明，用不定式或动名词均可。故填to create/creating。【方法指南】不定式作表语： 不定式作表语时，主语常是: duty, work, job, task, wish, hope, thing, goal, aim, problem, question, happiness, what, advice, idea等：1)Her duty is to look after the old leaders. 2)Their goal is to become a developed district.3)The problem is where to build the dam. to 不定式作表语解释前面do时, to可省去:1)Yesterday all we did was (to) clean the kitchen and the toilet.2)What I would like to do today is (to) have a good sleep at home.3)The only thing you need to do now is (to) fill in/up/out the form immediately.4)All she wanted to do when she got the first prize in the contest was (to) say thanks to her teachers and parents.考点5 不定式作宾补（2023·新高考卷 语法填空）Nanxiang aside, the best Xiao long bao have a fine skin, allowing them (lift) out of the steamer basket without tearing or spilling any of their contents. 【答案】to be lifted【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:除了南翔,最好的小笼包有精美的外皮,可以让它们从蒸笼篮中拿出来,而不会撕裂或溢出里面的馅。根据固定搭配allow sb to do sth“允许某人做某事”,空处需用动词不定式作宾语补足语,补足语与宾语是逻辑上的动宾关系,空处需填动词不定式的被动形式to be lifted。1.（2023·湖南省雅礼十六校第一次联考）Two things I did may have caused people _(think) that something is wrong with me. 【答案】to think【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：我做的两件事可能让人们认为我有问题。固定搭配cause sb to do sth.“让某人做某事”。故填to think。2.（2023·河北省石家庄市全过程测试）No schools are allowed _ (decline) their appeal for schooling. 【答案】to decline【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：任何学校都不得拒绝他们的入学申请。分析可知，此处是固定搭配allowto do sth.“允许做某事”的被动形式be allowed to do sth.“被允许做某事”，不定式作主语补足语。故填to decline。3.（2023·湖南省长沙市雅礼中学模拟）After the end of the Qing Dynasty, the Palace Museum was established in 1925, allowing tourists at home and abroad _ (visit) the architecture and appreciate the artistic treasures.【答案】to visit【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：清朝结束后，故宫博物院于1925年建立，允许国内外游客参观建筑和欣赏艺术珍品。根据句中谓语“was established”可知，此处应为非谓语动词；固定短语allow sb to do sth 意为：允许某人做某事，符合句意，故应用动词不定式to visit。故填to visit。【方法指导】不定式作宾语补足语：ask/beg/require/request/tell/advise/allow/permit/cause/encourage/expect/wish/force/oblige/invite/need/order/persuade/remind/teach/urge/want/get/like/hate/warn/help/prefer sb to do:1)Ms. Hill told the students to copy all the words and expressions in Book Seven.2)Miss Janson persuaded the boy not to smoke any more.在feel, hear, listen to, look at, see, watch, notice, let, make, have等动词在主动语态时，后面作宾语补足语接的动词前不能加to； 但以上动词如为被动语态，后面接的动词前要加to。1)Just now I saw a man rush out of the bank carrying a bag of money.2)Every morning the blind man listens to the birds sing in the park.3)The boss often makes the boy work like a cow.4)Just now a man was seen to rush out of the bank carrying a bag of money.5)Paul doesnt have to be made to learn. He always works hard. 6)The teacher is often listened to to sing th