考点01 名词（核心考点精讲精练）-备战2024年高考英语一轮复习（教师版）.docx

考点01 名词（核心考点精讲精练）1. 三年真题考点分布题型语法填空高考考点名词新高考I卷2023tasty（taste）2022populations（population）2021humans（human）新高考II卷2023（arrive）arrival（interview）interviews2022sons（son）2021representative（represent）2. 命题规律及备考策略【命题规律】近3年新高考卷对于名词的考查共计7次，主要考查：1给出名词提示词，考查名词的数；2给其他词性形式(通常为动词、形容词)提示词，填写名词；3. 名词所有格；4名词的固定搭配。【备考策略】熟练掌握名词单数变复数的基本规则，根据句意或主谓一致原则确定名词的数；明确形容词与名词、冠词与名词之间的修饰关系以及在句中所作成分，确定名词的恰当形式。另外，在学习过程中，要注意一词多义和旧词新义。【命题预测】语法填空对名词的考查仍然会成为高考的重点，主要集中在给出词根进行词类转化，根据习惯用法或固定短语确定名词，名词的复数形式，所有格形式的变化。主谓一致一般会与名词、动词的时态和语态放在一起考查。考点一、名词单数变复数的用法（1）名词变复数的规则一般情况下在词尾直接加-smouthmouths,househouses以-s,-x,-ch,-sh结尾的名词在词尾加-esglassglasses,matchmatches以辅音字母+-y结尾的名词变y为i再加-escountrycountries,factoryfactories以元音字母+-y结尾的名词在词尾直接加-sholidayholidays,monkeymonkeys以o结尾的名词一般在词尾加-spianopianos,photophotos有些在词尾加-esheroheroes,potatopotatoes以-f,-fe结尾的名词一般要变f或fe为v加-esselfselves,wolfwolves少数直接加-sroofroofs,beliefbeliefs单复数同形deer, sheep, Chinese, means(方式,方法), series, species词形变化manmen, womanwomen, childchildren,toothteeth, footfeet, mousemice合成名词的复数将主体名词变为复数:passer-bypassers-by, looker-onlookers-on无主体名词时通常在最后一个词后加-s:grown-upgrown-ups, stand-bystandbys名词前有man/woman修饰man/woman和中心词都要变为复数形式。如:woman doctorwomen doctors, man teachermen teachers。1.（2023·新高考卷 语法填空）They also need to be ready to give 61. (interview) in English with international journalists. This is why they need an English trainer. 【答案】interviews【解析】考查名词复数。句意:他们还需要准备好用英语接受国际记者的采访。interview为可数名词,本空前没有冠词,故应用名词复数形式。2.（2023·1月新高考浙江卷 语法填空）Thanks to Beijings long history as capital of China, almost every hutong has its stories, and some are even associated with historic _ (event). 【答案】events【解析】考查名词的数。句意：感谢北京作为中国首都的悠久的历史，同时每一条胡同都有自己的故事，甚至有一些还跟历史事件有关。根据空格前的形容词historic可知，空格处需要填名词，且event为可数名词，应用复数形式。故填events。3.（2022·新高考卷 语法填空）The GPNPs main goal is to improve connectivity between separate _62_ (population)and homes of giant pandas, and _eventually (eventual)achieve a desired level of population in the wild. 【答案】populations 【解析】考查名词。句意：GPNP的主要目标是改善不同种群和大熊猫家园之间的联系，最终达到理想的野生大熊猫数量水平。设空处和and后的复数名词homes并列在句中作宾语，应用可数名词population (种群)的复数的形式。故填populations。单句语法填空1.【2023·河南省南阳市一中模拟】Unlike traditional paintings, onto which colors are “added,” “knife painters” apply varied pressure on the paper in different _ (direction) to create different colors and tones.【答案】directions【解析】考查名词。句意：与传统绘画不同的是，在纸上“添加”颜色，“刀画家”在不同的方向在纸上施加不同的压力，以创造不同的颜色和色调。形容词修饰名词作介词in的宾语，different修饰用复数，故填directions。2.【2023·江西省临川第一中学高三期末】They found one star that appeared to be affected by gravity from an unseen object nearby. Follow-up_(observation)confirmed that this object was a black hole. 【答案】observations【解析】考查名词。句意：随后的观测证实这个物体是一个黑洞。分析句子结构可知，空前是follow-up为形容词，所以空处应填名词，observation意为“观测”，为可数名词，根据常识知，天文观测不会只做一次，此处应用复数形式。故填observations。3.【2023·安徽省安庆二中年高三质量检测】Far from being narrow-minded and hostile to _(foreign) ，people came up to talk to me the first time I went out on the street. 【答案】foreigners【解析】考查名词的数。foreigner为可数名词，此处表示人们对待外国人的态度，数量大于一，故用复数形式foreigners。考点二、不可数名词的用法不可数名词用法（1）知识总结（2）通常只用作不可数名词的名词：advice建议，furniture家具，fun乐趣；information信息，news新闻，weather天气，progress进步，wealth财富，value价值等。（2023·新高考卷 语法填空）Whenever I tell people that I teach English at the Berlin Zoo, I almost always get a questioning look. Behind it, the person is trying to figure out who exactly I teachthe animals?Since June 2017, right before the (arrive) of the two new pandas, Meng Meng and Jiao Qing, I have been helping the panda keepers at the zoo to feel more comfortable and confident speaking English.【答案】arrival【解析】考查名词。句意:自2017年6月以来,就在两只新熊猫梦梦和娇庆到来之前,我一直在帮助动物园的熊猫饲养员更加自在和自信地说英语。本空作介词before的宾语,根据空前冠词the可知,本空应用名词形式。1.There will be new _ (equip) for the sports club. 【答案】equipment【解析】考查名词。句意：体育俱乐部将有新设备。空处应填名词形式作there be句型的主语，equipment设备，不可数名词，故填equipment。2.The invention would have wide _ (apply). 【答案】application【解析】考查名词。句意：这项发明将会有很广的应用。作“应用”时，application为不可数名词，故填application。3.There are many ways to greatly increase agricultural _ (efficient) in the poorer areas of the world . 【答案】efficiency【解析】考查名词。句意：有许多方法可以大大提高世界上较贫穷地区的农业效率。分析句子结构可知，此处为名词作宾语，efficient的名词为efficiency，且为不可数名词。故填efficiency。4.These paints can be used in _ (combine). 【答案】combination【解析】考查名词。句意：这些油漆可以混合使用。分析句子结构可知，此处为名词作宾语，combine的名词为combination，in combination意为“组合，结合”符合句意。故填combination。5.Her novels have gained in _(popular) over recent years. 【答案】popularity【解析】考查名词。句意：近年来，她的小说越来越受欢迎。分析句子可知，空处作in的宾语，应用popular的名词形式popularity，表示“受欢迎”，是不可数名词。故填popularity。考点三、抽象名词具体化用法具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常考的有：单词抽象名词意义具体化名词意义success 成功成功的人或事pleasure乐趣令人高兴的事beauty美；美丽美丽的人或事物comfort安慰；慰藉令人感到安慰的人或事物danger危险危险的人或因素delight高兴令人高兴的事 failure失败失败的人或事物surprise惊奇令人惊奇的事情 shock震惊令人震惊的事情pride骄傲令人骄傲的事情Your contribution will certainly make the event a huge success.你的贡献一定会使这个事件很成功。物质名词具体化drink饮料two drinks 两杯饮料coffee咖啡a coffee一杯咖啡chalk 粉笔a chalk 一支粉笔hair 头发a hair 一根头发抽象名词与a(an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。例如：Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough times.在那些艰难的时期，能够买得起一杯酒会是一件欣慰的事。名词单复数的形式比较复杂，注意掌握好以下的情况1)有些名词一般不用复数形式，但可用复数形式来表达不同的类别fishes各种鱼；fruits各种水果；steels各种钢材2)有些名词的单复数形式表达不同的含义snow雪, snows积雪; two people两个人，two peoples两个民族3)glass一词作 “玻璃”解时，为物质名词，不可数The cup is made of glass. 作 “玻璃杯”解时，则为个体名词，可数；如I bought ten glasses this morning. 作 “眼镜”解时，须用复数形式glasses.如: a man with thick glasses4)paper一词作“纸”解时，不可数write on paper; 作“报纸”“文件”“考卷”解时，则可数,如: hand in your test papers5)物质名词表示数量时，一般用表示数量的短语来表示。of之前的数量名词，要根据情况使用单数或复数形式a cup of tea; four pieces of bread; a cake of soap6)有些抽象名词的复数形式表示不同的含义time(时间)times( 时代，次，倍数) work(工作) works( 著作，工厂，工事)air(空气) airs( 气派，架子,姿态 ) look(看)looks(容貌)custom(习惯) customs(海关) advice(劝告)advices(消息)arm(手臂)arms(军火) damage(损坏)damages(赔偿金)glass(玻璃)glasses(眼镜,玻璃杯) good(利益) goods(货物)green(绿色)greens(青菜) cloth(布) clothes(衣服)compass(指南针)compasses(圆规) manner(态度) manners(礼貌,习俗)paper(纸) papers(考卷,文件) sand(沙子) sands(沙滩)water(水) waters(水域) wood(木柴) woods(树林)1.（2023·全国甲卷 语法填空）The themes of traditional fables often deal with simple truths about everyday life. However, Carsons theme is a more weighty (warn) about environmental destruction. 【答案】warning【解析】考查名词。句意:然而,Carson的主题是一个更加重要的有关环境破坏的警告。根据前文的a和形容词weighty可知此处用单数名词warning。故填warning。2.（2020·新课标II卷语法填空）Chinese New Year is a _ (celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring.【答案】celebration【解析】考查名词作表语。句意：中国新年是一个庆祝冬天的结束和春天的开始。不定冠词a后接名词形式。故填celebration。（单句语法填空）He is expected to give us a lively _ (describe) of the football match that was broadcast live last night. 【答案】description【解析】考查名词。句意：他应该给我们生动地描述一下昨晚现场直播的足球比赛。结合空前的不定冠词及形容词lively可知，空处应填名词形式，description描述，可数名词，由a可知应用单数形式，在句中作动词give的直接宾语。故填description。考点四、名词所有格的用法要点精讲1：名词所有格：表示人或有生命的名词常在词尾加's或。表示两者各自所有关系时，分别在每个名词的词尾加s；表示两者共有，在最后名词词尾加s。如：my sister's telephone 姐姐的电话Jones room琼斯的房间 Nurses Day护士节Womens day 妇女节。表示店铺、办公室或某人家时，名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省略。如：at the barber's在理发店at my uncle's在我叔家Have you ever met Tom's and Jim's fathers before?汤姆父亲和吉姆父亲若一样东西为两人所有，只在后一个名词后加s。This is Tom and Jim's father 汤姆和吉姆的父亲。2.of所有格无生命的名词常用of所有格表示所有关系；名词短语或定语修饰的有生命的名词用of所有格。the window of the room 房间的窗户3.双重所有格指名词of名词所有格或名词of名词性物主代词。a play of Shakespeares(莎士比亚的一个戏剧)a friend of mine(我的一个朋友)主要用于表示有生命的人或物的所有关系。(1)一般是名词词尾加-'s。如:John's home约翰的家;(2)以-s或-es结尾的复数名词,只在词尾加-'。如:students' textbooks 学生们的课本;(3)词尾不带-(e)s的复数名词,仍加-'s。如:children's game 孩子们的游戏。表示无生命的事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所有关系;名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of所有格。如:the title of the article文章的标题;the name of the girl over there那边那位女孩的名字。双重所有格的构成为:“名词+of+-'s所有格”或“名词+of+名词性物主代词”。表示“其中之一”或“其中一部分”,名词前可用a,any,some,a few,two,this,that,these,those 等修饰,但不能用the。如:a picture of my mother's我母亲(拥有)的一张照片;this little cat of your sister's你妹妹的这只小猫。1.（2022·新高考全国卷语法填空）OHe saved my _ (son) life," said Mrs. Brown. 【答案】sons【解析】考查名词所有格。句意：他拯救了我儿子的生命。根据句意，life与提示词son之间是所属关系，故应该使用名词所有格。故填sons。2.（2021浙江卷语法填空）It is calculated by dividing a _ (person) weight in kg by their height in meters squared, and a BMI of between 19 and 25 is considered healthy.【答案】persons【解析】考查名词所有格。此空后接名词，且根据句意“它的计算方法是用一个人的体重公斤数除以身高米数的平方”，故此处填person的所有格形式。1.Sometimes in my life, I felt my growth looked like my _ (grandma) flowers, which were loved and cared for.【答案】grandma's【解析】句意：在我的生活中，有时我觉得我的成长就像我奶奶的花，被爱和照顾。此处做定语修饰名词flowers，表示所属关系，用名词所有格。故填grandma's。2.You don't have to live in China long to know the _ (country) most popular foods with stories behind them.【答案】country's【解析】句意：你不必在中国生活太久，就能知道这个国家最受欢迎的食物及其背后的故事。空处作定语，表所属关系，应用名词所有格。且指中国这个国家，名词用单数形式。故填country's。3It is believed that _ (today) children and teenagers are consuming three times the recommended level of sugar, putting them at _higher risk of the disease. 【答案】 todays a【解析】考查名词所有格和冠词。句意：据信，如今的儿童和青少年摄入的糖是建议摄入量的三倍，这使他们患糖尿病的风险更高。根据句意可知，该句第一空由空后children名词可知，此处为名词所有格形式，作定语。该句第二空由空后higher可知，此处为不定冠词a+比较级，表示“一个更高的风险”，满足句意要求。故分别填todays；a。4It is calculated by dividing a _ (person) weight in kg by their height in meters squared. 【答案】persons【解析】考查名词所有格。句意：它是用一个人的体重（以千克为单位）除以身高（以米为单位）的平方来计算的。分析句子结构可知，person修饰名词weight，应用 person的名词所有格形式persons。故填persons。5She had views quite different from her _ (father). 【答案】father's【解析】考查名词所有格。句意：她和她父亲的观点有很大不同。分析句意可知，设空处要表示“她父亲的观点”，应该用名词的所有格形式，完整表述为her father's views。故填father's。6She was at her _ (dentist) for two hours yesterday. 【答案】dentist's【解析】考查名词所有格。句意：昨天她在牙医那待了两个小时。根据句意可知，要表达“牙医诊所”，应该用名词所有格表示地点。故填dentist's。7The tourist center is far away from here indeed.Its two _(hour) walk. 【答案】hours【解析】考查名词所有格。句意：旅游中心离这里确实很远。 走路要两个小时。分析句式结构可知，此处用名词所有格形式作定语修饰名词walk。所以用 two hours walk 表示“两小时的路程”符合语境。故填 hours。8The _ (girl) shoes were covered with mud, so I asked them to take them off before they got into _ (Tom) car. 【答案】 girls Toms【解析】考查名词所有格。句意：女孩们的鞋上沾满了泥，所以我让她们在上汤姆的车之前把鞋脱掉。根据“I asked them”可知，此处是指很多女孩，所以girl应用复数形式，且应用名词所有格表示所属关系。第二处是指汤姆的车，所以应用名词所有格Toms表示所属关系。故填girlsToms。9A _ (student) college experience is his or her own, and the student must put his or her education first. 【答案】students【解析】考查名词所有格。句意：一个学生的大学经历是他或她自己的，学生必须把他或她的教育放在第一位。根据空后college experience为名词短语可知，此处为名词所有格的形式。结合空前a可知，此处student应为单数形式的名词所有格形式。故填students。10We have two _ (week) vacation for Christmas. 【答案】weeks'【解析】考查名词所有格。句意：我们有两周的圣诞节假期。分析句子结构可知，设空处应填形容词作定语，修饰后面的名词，且前面two为复数，应该用名词复数的所有格形式。故填weeks'。考点五、动词/形容词变为名词的归纳与总结1：动词转化为名词的后缀后缀例词ion/tion/sion/ationcorrectcorrection改正 celebratecelebration庆祝concludeconclusion结论；结束 discussdiscussion讨论；论述decidedecision决定 admitadmission承认；准许加入permitpermission允许，许可 inviteinvitation邀请explainexplanation解释 graduategraduation毕业expectexpectation期望er/or sailsailor海员，水手 drivedriver司机；驾驶员gathergatherer收集者，采集者 teachteacher老师announceannouncer广播员 conductconductor指挥；售票员mentpunishpunishment惩罚 achieveachievement成就argueargument辩论；论据 treattreatment对待；治疗equip equipment装备；设备 governgovernment政府astonishastonishment惊奇ance/enceappearappearance出现；外貌 guideguidance指引；指导performperformance表演；表现 existexistence存在；生存preferpreference偏爱 referreference参考，查阅ure/turefailfailure失败；倒闭 presspressure压力departdeparture离开；出发 mixmixture混合(物)inghearhearing听力，听觉 beginbeginning开始buildbuilding建筑yrecoverrecovery恢复 discoverdiscovery发现 scarescarey害怕2：形容词转化为名词的后缀后缀例词ageshortshortage 短缺 percentpercentage 百分比cyefficientefficiency效率 fluentfluency流利 accurateaccuracy准确性 privateprivacy隐私domfreefreedom自由 wisewisdom明智；智慧encedifferentdifference差异 evident evidence 证据nessweakweakness虚弱；弱点 thickthickness厚度kindkindness仁慈，友好 carelesscarelessness粗心大意thstrongstrength力气；优势 warmwarmth温暖；热情y/ty/itysafesafety安全 disabledisability缺陷；伤残responsibleresponsibility责任 honesthonesty诚实difficultdifficulty困难1.【2022·全国甲卷】Cao and Wu also collected garbage along the road, in order to promote environmental _65_ (protect).【答案】 protection【解析】考查词形转换。曹和吴还沿路收集垃圾，以促进环境保护。根据句意和空前的形容词environmental可知，此处用名词protection，作宾语。故填protection。2.【2022·全国高考乙卷】“As a main promoter of the International Tea Day, the birthplace of tea and the largest tea-producing country, China has a _45_ (responsible)to work with other countries to promote the healthy development of the tea industry.【答案】responsibility【解析】考查名词。句意：中国是茶的发源地和最大产茶国，作为国际茶日的主要推动者，中国有责任与其他国家共同促进茶产业的健康发展。不定冠词a后接可数名词的单数形式。故填responsibility。1. （2023·福建省厦门第一中学高三下学期4月期中）Theres only one way to find out: Im rolling up my sleeves and training under the _ (guide) of senior stage masters in the field.【答案】guidance【解析】考查名词。句意：只有一种方法可以找到答案：我卷起袖子，在资深舞台大师的指导下训练。此处为短语under the guidance of表示“在的指导下”。故填guidance。2.（2023·山东省实验中学高三一模）Up to now, the crosstalk has become a nationwide_ (entertain) loved by different walks of people.【答案】entertainment【解析】考查名词。句意：时至今日，相声已成为一种深受各界人士喜爱的全国性娱乐活动。作表语，根据不定冠词可知用单数名词。故填entertainment。3.（2023·山西省三重教育高三5月联考）Companies should improve product quality to raise competitiveness and explore more_(cooperate) globally.【答案】cooperation【解析】考查名词。句意：企业应提高产品质量以提高竞争力，并在全球范围内探索更多合作。空处应填名词作宾语，cooperation“合作”是抽象概念，不可数。故填cooperation。4. （2023·新疆一模）Each person's handwriting is unique and conveys an individual's_ (personal) and emotion.【答案】personality【解析】考查名词。句意：每个人的笔迹都是独一无二的，传达着每个人的个性和情感。空处和emotion并列，需填名词作宾语。故填personality。考点六、名词分类及句法功能名词分类精讲2：名词句法功能1.作主语The young woman played an important part in the matter. 那年轻女人在这件事上举足轻重。His grandpa joined the Red Army at the age of fifteen. 他爷爷十五岁时参加红军。2.作宾语（1）作及物动词的直接宾语I met your elder brother in the street。我在街上碰见你哥哥了。Have you finished the letter to Jane?你写完给珍的信了吗？（2）作及物动词的间接宾语。I told my students a funny story. 我给学生们讲一个有趣的故事。She asked the doctor another question. 她问了医生另一个问题。（3）作介词的宾语。After 20 years traveling, he settled down in Liangxiang. 二十年的流浪后,他在良乡定居。Do you still ask your parents for money?你还向爸妈要钱吗？3.作表语Its a good idea to plant trees here . 在这里栽些树