考点31阅读理解推理判断之写作方法（核心考点精讲精练）-备战2024年高考英语一轮复习（教师版）.docx

考点31 阅读理解推理判断之写作方法（核心考点精讲精练）1. 三年真题考点分布考点题型推理判断之写作方法阅读理解2021 试卷类型设问考点2021·北京卷阅读D32The author raises three questions in Paragraph 2 mainly to_写作方法20202020·全国新课标III32. What does the author want to tell us by the examples in paragraph 1?写作方法20122020·全国新高考I山东卷68.The author explains the law of over learning by_.写作方法2. 命题规律及备考策略【命题规律】近3年新高考卷对于阅读理解中没有对写作方法进行考查，这不意味着未来不会考查。高考备考要充分准备未来可能考的题，不是盲目追风必考考过的试题。主要考查：根据阅读文章整体或某一段落的内容推断写作手法。推断写作方法的方法：1.通过分析文章内容，断定文章采用的写作方法，即举例说明法、比较说明法、对比说明或论证法、设问引起读者注意等；2.根据文章内容，如果是记叙文，通常采用以时间为序、以地点为序、以故事情节发展为序（开端、发展、高潮、结局）等叙事方式进行写作。也可能是倒叙的方法。【备考策略】系统归类推断文章写作方法；熟练掌握阅读技能。【命题预测】通过阅读理解中，推断文章写作方法考查考生的基本的写作技能，在新高考命题中很可能会出现。推断文章写作方法的命题依据是：新课程标准中要求学生掌握：常见文章文体的写作方法。因此，推断文章写作方法的推理判断题，有可能在2024年高考中将成为高考阅读理解的题型，应该倍加注意。【2023年高考命题预测】推理判断之写作手法考点是高考中的常考点。作者在写作文章的时候总是要用一些写作手法，了解写作手法是学生阅读理解要掌握的内容之一。做这类题时，我们可以借鉴中文的一些写作手法，在写作方法上它们是相通的。预测在2023高考中，写作手法有可能会在高考阅读理解中呈现。【推理判断之写作手法考点指南】规律方法：常见的设问方式：（1）How is the passage organized?（2）The author develops the passage mainly by _.（3）The first paragraph serves as a（n）  _.（4）The example of is given to show/illustrate that_.了解文章的修辞手法。从修辞手法上讲，在高考阅读中主要考查下定义、分类说明、列举例证和对比等写作手法。其中，“引用”和“例证”是议论文和说明文中最常用的写作手法之一。是历年高考阅读试题中必不可缺的命题方向。“引用”和“例证”的共同目的就是增强说服力，以更好的达到说理、说明的目的。“引用”和“例证”的共同功能就是服务于段落或篇章的主题。说明文往往采取下定义、举例子、列数字、对比或比较等说明方式进行写作，而这些说明方式都是为了使文章要说明的内容或问题更加清晰明了、真实可信，或者更具说服力。记叙文可以采取以时间为序、以地点为序、以故事情节发展为序（开端、发展、高潮、结局）等叙事方式进行写作。以故事情节为序又可以不按照时间的先后顺序叙述，比如，先写结局，再写其他，最后写高潮，这种叙事手法叫做倒叙。 2012·全国卷，D    Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since. A man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away. He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son. A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears. One explanation is the law of overlearning, which can be stated as follows: Once we have learned something, additional learning trials(尝试) increase the length of time we will remember it.In childhood we usually continue to practice such skills as swimming, bicycle riding, and playing baseball long after we have learned them. We continue to listen to and remind ourselves of words such as "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" and childhood tales such as Cinderella and Goldilocks. We not only learn but overlearn.The multiplication tables(乘法口诀表) are an exception to the general rule that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school, because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood.The law of overlearning explains why cramming(突击学习)for an examination, though it may result in a passing grade, is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course. By cramming, a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination, but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned. A little overlearning, on the other hand, is really necessary for one's future development. 68.The author explains the law of over learning by_.A. presenting research findingsB. setting down general rulesC. making a comparisonD. using examples 【答案】68. D【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。成年人常常惊叹他们能很好地记住儿时学过的东西。作者认为这是儿时过度学习的结果，是因为当我们儿时学会一样东西的时候，我们不是就此停止，而是继续学习，才使我们记忆深刻。文章用例证法说明了“过度学习”的概念。最后作者谈到了“过度学习”的好处和突击学习的弊端。【答案】D【解析】根据文章的内容可知：作者采用了举例子的说明方法。比如：practice such skills as swimming, bicycle riding, and playing baseball long after we have learned them和The multiplication tables(乘法口诀表) are an exception to the general rule that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school, because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood.1.【2023届安徽省A10联盟高考最后一卷】Water equals life. This is true for people, animals and plants. And while water is plentiful in some locations, this is not the case all over the world. Now scientists from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) may have developed a way to change that.The new desalination (脱盐) device produces water actually above the World Health Organization standards, just by pushing a button. There are no filters (过滤器) required, and the device uses electrical power to remove salt and other particles (微粒) including bacteria and viruses from the saltwater. This reduces the need for constant maintenance.Most commercially available portable desalination units use filters that require high-pressure pumps to push the water, which makes them huge in size and less energy efficient. The filterless MIT device will allow it to be used in remote or resource-limited places like small islands, ships, and even for emergency use.The device took years to develop. After running tests in the lab with water that had different salinity and particles, it was tested at Bostons Carson Beach. The device produced drinkable water in just half an hour.The new desalination unit needs less power than a cell phone charger, reported Fast Company, and works using two types of electrical fields to filter the saltwater. But best of all, it is designed to be used by average people and not engineers. In fact, the device only has three buttons, one to power the device, one to start it, and one to stop it.The researchers are still working on a final design that could use cheaper materials to make it ready by the end of next year. This small but mighty desalination unit may be the key to bringing safe water to a thirsty world.1Whats the advantage of the new desalination device?AIts convenient.BIfs a lot cheaper.CIt has improved filters.DIt has a larger output.2How is the third paragraph developed?ABy making comparisons.BBy giving examples.CBy analyzing causes.DBy listing figures.3What does the author think is the most outstanding quality of the new device?AIt requires much less power.BIt possesses two electrical fields.CIt can be easily operated by ordinary people.DIt is controlled by the same button.4What is the best title for the text?ADeeper research finds new contents of seawaterBBetter method improves the quality of drinking waterCReport shows a world thirsty for safe drinking waterDNew portable device makes seawater drinkable on the way【答案】1A 2A 3C 4D【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一款新的即将面市的便携式海水脱盐设备，它操作方便，体积虽小但功能强大，普通人也能使用，可以为我们缺水的世界带来安全可用淡水。1细节理解题。根据第二段中“The new desalination (脱盐) device produces water actually above the World Health Organization standards, just by pushing a button.(这种新的海水脱盐装置只需要按下一个按钮，就能产生高于世界卫生组织标准的水)”可知，这个新的脱盐设备的优势是操作非常方便。故选A项。2推理判断题。根据第三段“Most commercially available portable desalination units use filters that require high-pressure pumps to push the water, which makes them huge in size and less energy efficient. The filterless MIT device will allow it to be used in remote or resource-limited places like small islands, ships, and even for emergency use.(大多数商业上可用的便携式海水脱盐装置使用的过滤器需要高压泵来推动水，这使得它们体积庞大，能源效率较低。这种无过滤器的MIT设备可以在偏远或资源有限的地方使用，比如小岛、船只，甚至是紧急情况下使用)”可知，第三段主要通过对比新的脱盐设备和其他商业上可用的便携式脱盐设备来说明新设备的优势。由此推知，这段是通过对比来发展的。故选A项。3细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“But best of all, it is designed to be used by average people and not engineers.(但最重要的是，它是为普通人而不是工程师设计的)”可知，作者认为这个新设备最突出的优点是普通人也可以轻松操作。故选C项。4主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了一款新的即将面市的便携式海水脱盐设备，它操作方便，体积虽小但功能强大，普通人也能使用，可以为我们缺水的世界带来安全可用淡水。由此可知，D项“新的便携式设备即将使海水可以饮用”符合文章大意，适合作为文章标题。故选D项。2.【2023届江苏省徐州市高三5月考前模拟】If reducing stress has been on your summer to do list, theres one powerful thing you can still do before the season ends: get in the habit of taking a walk outside with a friend. A quick walk in nature with a friend combines three of the most effective stress-reducing and resilience(恢复力)building techniques: physical exercise, spending time in nature and social connection. The activity works by helping normalize the hormonal changes that result from long time stress and enhancing the emotional resources that help us cope. Walking quickly activates(激活)the bodys stress response. And when the walk is over, the stress system comes back down to baseline. Regular exercise helps your stress response become more efficient, says Jennifer Heisz, associate professor at McMaster University. As little as 10 minutes of sitting or walking in nature can decrease a persons heart rate, blood pressure and cortisol levels, as well as self-reported stress levels. One possible explanation, the researchers say, is that spending time in nature lowers the activity of our sympathetic nervous system, which regulates stress hormones, and taps into the parasympathetic(副交感)nervous system, which promotes our calm and relaxation responses. Taking that hike with a loved one can further reduce stress by adding the important element of social connection. Talking with trusted friends helps people process stressful events and lifts self-esteem. Social support has positive effects on the brain and body, scientific research finds. Earlier this year, Cassie Moreno was in a rut of stress and anxiety. She was starting a new job, struggling to make new friends during the pandemic, and going through a breakup. Strolling along the Hudson River with other women, the 26-year-old Maine native says she felt an immediate surge of confidence and calm. “I was, like, how do we live here? Look at the water! Look at the Statue of Liberty! How did we get this lucky?” she says.1What is the purpose of paragraph 2?ATo explain a rule.BTo clarify an argument.CTo present a fact.DTo introduce a topic.2What is an advantage of spending time in nature?AReducing blood pressure.BLifting self-esteem.CRaising stress hormones.DActivating nervous system.3What does Cassie Morenos remark in the last paragraph indicate?AShe was refreshed with confidence.BShe was in a state of stress and anxiety.CShe was struggling through a hard time.DShe was amazed by the fantastic scenery.4How is the passage developed?ABy giving explanations.BBy making comparisons.CBy listing examples.DBy proving assumptions.【答案】1B 2A 3A 4A【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了在大自然中快速行走有益于身心健康。1推理判断题。根据第二段“A quick walk in nature with a friend combines three of the most effective stress-reducing and resilience(恢复力)building techniques: physical exercise, spending time in nature and social connection.(与朋友在大自然中快速漫步组合了三种最有效的减压和恢复能力建设技巧：体育锻炼、在大自然中度过时光和社交联系)”可知，此处是要回答上文的问题，可推理出此处要阐释上文提出的观点，故选B项。2细节理解题。根据第四段“As little as 10 minutes of sitting or walking in nature can decrease a persons heart rate, blood pressure and cortisol levels, as well as self-reported stress levels.(在大自然中坐着或走路只要10分钟，就能降低一个人的心率、血压和皮质醇水平，以及自我报告的压力水平)”可知，在大自然中坐着能降低血压水平，故选A项。3推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Strolling along the Hudson River with other women, the 26-year-old Maine native says she felt an immediate surge of confidence and calm.(这位26岁的缅因州本地人和其他女性一起沿着哈德逊河漫步，她说自己立刻涌起了一股自信和平静的力量)”可推理出，Cassie Moreno感到信心十足，精神抖擞，故选A项。4推理判断题。根据文章第一段“If reducing stress has been on your summer to do list, theres one powerful thing you can still do before the season ends: get in the habit of taking a walk outside with a friend.( 如果减轻压力已经列入了你夏天的任务清单，那么在这个季节结束之前，你仍然可以做一件很有影响力的事情：养成和朋友出去散步的习惯)”、第二段“A quick walk in nature with a friend combines three of the most effective stress-reducing and resilience(恢复力)building techniques: physical exercise, spending time in nature and social connection.(与朋友在大自然中快速漫步组合了三种最有效的减压和恢复能力建设技巧：体育锻炼、在大自然中度过时光和社交联系)”、第四段“As little as 10 minutes of sitting or walking in nature can decrease a persons heart rate, blood pressure and cortisol levels, as well as self-reported stress levels.(在大自然中坐着或走路只要10分钟，就能降低一个人的心率、血压和皮质醇水平，以及自我报告的压力水平)”以及倒数第二段“Strolling along the Hudson River with other women, the 26-year-old Maine native says she felt an immediate surge of confidence and calm.(这位26岁的缅因州本地人和其他女性一起沿着哈德逊河漫步，她说自己立刻涌起了一股自信和平静的力量)”可知，本文在开头提出概念，后续段落对这一概念进行解释，使用了解释概念的方式，故选A项。基础过关（最新模拟试题演练）1.【2023届浙江省四校（杭州二中、温州中学、绍兴一中、金华一中）高三5月联考】As an intense heat wave sweeps through China, residents are seeking relief in air raid shelters and swimming pools to stay cool, and dozens of cities, including Shanghai, Chongqing and Hangzhou, have issued their highest-level red alert warnings. Shanghai has issued three red alerts this year, with the temperature hitting 40.9 Celsius on July 13, matching the record set in 2017 since 1873. The fact that Shanghai has experienced only 16 days of 40°C-plus temperatures since the city began keeping records in 1873 should give us an idea about the seriousness of the situation.Medical experts say extreme heat could cause nausea (恶心), fatigue, sunstroke and even death, with senior citizens and people with long-term illnesses particularly vulnerable to heat waves.Extreme heat events, which began a month ago, have affected the lives of more than 900 million people in China. Between June 1 and July 12, the average number of days with temperatures above 35°Cwas 5.3, up 2.4 days over normal years, breaking the national record set in 1961, according to the National Climate Center.Parts of Europe are also in the grip of heat waves and experiencing extreme weather events after the western part of North America faced extreme heat waves last year. In response to the exceptionally high temperatures, the United Kingdom has declared a national emergency and issued the highest-level red alert warning for Monday and Tuesday for the first time. More alarmingly, the average global temperature in June this year was 0.4°C higher than normal years and the highest since 1979, with temperatures in countries such as Spain, France and Italy exceeding 40°CUnfortunately, extreme heat, which is directly related to climate change, will become more frequent and intense in the next 30 years, setting new records for high temperatures. As global warming intensifies, losses and devastation will increase, forcing natural and human systems to raise their adaptation limits.1What can we know about the heat waves this year?AIt may cause more harm to the old and people with long-term illnesses.BThe number of days above 35°Cin June breaks the national record.CShanghai has experienced a higher temperature than that in 2017.DThe whole Europe as well as America are suffering from the heat waves.2How does the author develop the text?ABy analyzing and concluding.BBy explaining and contrasting.CBy giving examples and quoting.DBy giving figures and comparing.3According to the writer, what is the trend of extreme heat?ABecoming more serious.BRemaining stable.CStaying unpredictable.DGetting controllable.4What is the text mainly about?AThe solutions to the climate change.BThe economic losses from heat waves.CThe increase of severe heat waves.DThe destructive