2022届初中英语二轮复习重难点题型讲解训练专题02完形填空之说明文含解析.docx

专题02 完形填空之说明文说明文是以说明为主要表达方式，用来说明事物、阐明事理的一种文体。它通过揭示概念来说明事物的特征、本质及其规律性，给人准确的科学知识或传递某种思想。中考中常见的说明类完形填空有自我介绍、人物介绍（传记）、地方介绍、习俗介绍、节日介绍、方法（步骤）介绍，产品说明、新闻报道等。Part 1考情分析说明型完形填空选材难度一般低于试卷中的阅读理解大题。在设空与选项设计方面充分体现了语言知识运用题的要求：以实词为主，名、动、形、副等词类占全部小题数的90%，绝大多数小题都要从全文角度进行判断。说明性完形填空用言简意赅的文字，按照一定的方法介绍事物、解释事理。最显著的特点是：1.开头点题做说明型完形填空时，要明确说明的对象是具体实物还是理论概念。因此，明确说明的对象是掌握说明细节的前提。在说明型填空中，作者一般会在首句直接提出说明的对象。2.结构清晰把握语篇特征对理解文意与答题极为有利。说明文的写作一般按时间顺序(指先后顺序)，空间顺序(从局部到整体，从上到下、从内到外)，逻辑顺序(前因后果，先果后因，先主后次)；认识顺序(由此及彼，由浅入深，由具体到抽象，由现象到本质)。 Part 2解题思路1.通过短文抓主旨一般情况下，完形填空短文都不给标题，不容易把握文章的主题和大意。但短文首句通常不设空格，这就为我们窥视文章全貌提供了一个窗口，而尾句往往是文章的总结、结论和点睛之笔，所以抓住开篇启示作用的首句和总结概括性的尾句是必要的。【例1】Every language student wants to know the secret to making the post progress in the shortest timeWhat does the perfect learner do to better acquire a foreign language？The following are some tips which may help you （75）_your language skillsLearn every dayEven when you are really tired，do some learning，even if it's only 5-10minutes Never miss a chance to increase your knowledgeUse it，（76） _lose it! Practice makes perfectMemorize new vocabularyTo really learn a new word，you have to remind yourself of it six times over hours，days and weeksWrite down all your new vocabulary in a little book that you can always carry around with you，or keep a （77）_in your mobile-you always have it with you，don't you？According to a recent study， 86percent of the participants believe that they are more likely to be successful in remembering new words with a vocabulary listBe（78）_Don't worry about small mistakes! No one minds! When you learn new vocabulary or grammar，use it as soon as possibleIf you can't use them （79）_ ，it is likely that someone will corrct you at onceChallenge yourself! Go for it!（80）_，you can use technology to improve your English such as listening to podcasts（播客）of native speakers，reading news in the language you are learning，watching videos etc.Cheer up! You can be a perfect language learner!75AaffectB createC improveD follow76AandB orC butD so77AdiaryB programC recordD promise78AseriousB activeC honestD brave79AaccuratelyB freelyC completelyD easily80 . A .For these reasonsB In additionCIn other wordsD In a word【详解】75C 考查动词辨析 affect 影响； create 创造； improve提高； follow 按照，遵循 根据题干关键句：The following are some tips which may help you 可知该句句意是： 下面的一些建议也许会帮助你"提高"你的语言技能 又因固定搭配： help sb do sth 帮助某人做某事 所以该空填动词原形 结合选项可知improve your language skills提高你的语言技能， 符合题意， 故选C76B 考查连词 and和； or 或者，否则； but 但是； so 因此 根据题干可知谚语： use it or lost it! 非用即失! 用连词or表否则所以该句选B 77C 考查名词辨析 diary日记； program 项目； record 记录； promise 许诺 根据题干可知固定短语： keep a record 作记录 又因关键词"a " 一，一个， 修饰可数名词的单数形式， 所以该空填名词 故选C 78D 考查形容词辨析 serious严重的； active积极的； honest 诚实的； brave 勇敢的 根据后一句： Don't worry about small mistakes! 句意： 不要害怕犯错误 可知要勇敢点 又因"be" 后面可接形容词做表语 所以该空填形容词 选项" brave" 勇敢的，是形容词， 符合题意， 故选D 79A 考查副词辨析 accurately准确地，精确地； freely自由地； completely 完全地； easily容易地 根据主句： it is likely that someone will corrct you at once句意：可能有人立马给你纠正 可知该句句意是： 如果你不能准确地使用它们 又因题干关键词"use"使用， 是动词， 可用副词来修饰， 所以设空处填副词 选项"accurately' 准确地， 是副词， 符合题意， 故选A80B 考查短语 For these reasons因为这些原因； In addition另外，并且； In other words换句话说； In a word 总之 根据后面分句：you can use technology to improve your English句意： 你可以用科技来提高你的英语 可知该句还是一条提高英语的建议， 所以前面用'In addition"另外， 并且，相当于副词， 放在句首， 引导附加的建议 故选B2.精读短文析文意应逐句精读短文，逐题分析选项，对特定的语境作深入的理解，克服“定式思维”，根据全文大意和词不离句、句不离文的原则逐项填空。要吃透文意，理解到位，应做到以下几点：第一点：从上下文的角度考虑，注意其内在联系。第二点：从词汇意义及用法、惯用方式和搭配的角度去考虑，准确判断。第三点：从逻辑推理、常识等角度考虑，挖掘文章的寓意及隐含意义。第四点：从英汉两种语言的差异角度去考虑，避免错误。3.复读全文再检验在做完一篇完形填空后，文章完整了，应从头至尾读一遍，根据复读的语感和对整篇短文的理解，再次将较明显的错误改正，个别需要推敲的再做调整，尽可能少出错。【例2】Staying healthy while travelling can make your trip happier. But do you know how to keep healthy during a trip？The following information may be（31）_ to youBefore leavingWear （32）_ shoes，a hat and sunglassesTake some necessary medicine（药） with youThey can be used when you get（33）_ or have other problemsDo some exercise for weeks or months before you（34）_ if you plan to do lots of walking or climbing during your trip（35）_ some foodThe first thing you need to think about is（36）_ you will travel with the foodIf you take a long trip，you should bring food such as sweets，biscuits and some fruitThey don't go bad （37） _The nearer people can bring meat，fish，eggs，milk and even salads and vegetablesWhile travellingIf you feel tired， get enough time to have a（38）_ during your tripThen be sure to eat fruit（39）_ season and not to try dirty or bad fruitFinally，tap（水龙头） water is not always safe，so drink bottled（40）_ and always remember this31 A carefulB usefulC cheerfulD hopeful32 A comfortableB dangerousC interestingD awful33 A unhappyB excitedC sickD bored34 A waitB leaveC returnD end35 A TrustB ThrowC RepairD Prepare36 A how longB how muchC how heavyD how many37 A slowlyB quicklyC quietlyD sadly38 A stayB testC lookD rest39 A inB forC onD to40 A coffeeB juiceC waterD milk【详解】31 B 考查形容词careful 仔细的；useful 有用的；cheerful 开心的；hopeful 有希望的结合语境可知此处表示以下信息也许对你来说有用，选B32 A 考查形容词comfortable 舒适的；dangerous 危险的；interesting 有趣的；awful 糟糕的结合语境可知此处表示穿上舒适的鞋子，帽子，戴上眼镜，选A33 C 考查形容词unhappy 不开心的；excited 激动的；sick 生病的；bored 无聊的由Take some necessary medicine（药） with you可知此处表示的是当你生病了或遇到问题了它们可以用得上，选C34 B 考查动词wait 等待；leave 离开；return 回归；end 结束结合语境可知此处表示如果你计划在旅行期间要多步行或攀爬，在你离开前要做几个星期或几个月的运动，选B35 D 考查动词trust 信任；throw 扔；repair 修理；prepare 准备由文章可知这段讲的是离开前要作的准备，此处表示准备一些食物，选D36 A 考查疑问短语how long 多久；how much 多少；how heavy 多重；how many 多少由 If you take a long trip， you should bring food such as sweets， biscuits and some fruit可知此处讲的是要考虑的第一件事就是你要带着这些食物旅行多久，选A37 B 考查副词slowly 慢慢地；quickly 快速地；quietly 安静地；sadly 伤心地上文提到的sweets， biscuits and some fruit是不容易坏的，所以此处表示它们不会很快坏掉，选B38 D 考查名词stay 停留；test 测试；look 看；rest 休息由If you feel tired可知此处表示在你的旅行期间要得到足够的休息，选D39 A 考查介词in 在里；for 为了；on 在上；to 到in season 应季的，时令的由not to try dirty or bad fruit可知此处表示确保要吃应季的水果，选A40 C 考查名词coffee 咖啡；juice 果汁；water 水；milk 牛奶由tap（水龙头） water is not always safe可知此处表示所以喝瓶装水，并时刻记住这一点，选C Part 3解题原则 1.上下一致。每个选择项必须从全文出发，从大处着手，避免孤立地分析每一空格，造成误选。2.语法正确。从语法地角度去考虑动词的时态、语态以及词类用法。3.逻辑合理。在完形填空题中，逻辑推理非常重要，有时每个选择项从语法上讲都正确，但是有的是不合语境逻辑的。4.符合搭配。英语中固定搭配很多，需要熟练掌握，才能做好此类题目。【例题1】 You want to run across the street to catch the bus which is leaving soon？ But（36）_ ! You'd better notIf a policeman sees you，you'll have to pay a fine（罚款）New traffic laws say that（37）_ people cross the street when the light is red，they can be fined as much as（50）_yuanTraffic accidents（38）_more than 104,000 people in China last yearChinese cities have more cars than ever（39）_and pedestrians（行人）must work together to make the streets saferThe law has new rules for drivers and pedestriansDrivers have to（40） _ when they are close to crosswalksIf people are in a crosswalk，cars must stop to let them passThere are（41）_for bus drivers，tooIf bus drivers smoke，drink or make phone calls while driving，policemen will fine themBuses that carry too many people are（42）_against（违反）the lawPedestrians will have to walk more （43） _under the new lawThey must cross streets at crosswalksAlso，they shouldn't climb over the fences（隔离栏）to cross streetsIf you see a hit-and-nm，tell the police They may give you a reward And don't be（44）_to help people to the hospital if they are hurt in an accidentDon't worry about moneyThe new law says that（45）_must take care of them even if they can't pay right away36 A hurryB lookC waitD listen37 A ifB whileC soD though38 A didB killedC diedD ran39 A ParentsB DriversC PolicemenD Tourists40 A get offB keep goingC speed upD slow down41 A lettersB articlesC rulesD exercises42 A alsoB sometimesC neverD often43 A safelyB slowlyC quicklyD happily44 A happyB afraidC sadD great45 A studentsB teachersC helpersD doctors【答案】CABBD CAABD【解析】36C考查动词A匆忙B看C等D听句意"你想跑过马路去赶那辆即将离开的公共汽车吗？但_，你最好不要"可知，应该是"等待"选C37A考查连词A如果B当时候C所以D虽然句意"_人们在_灯时横穿马路，就是罚款50元"可知，用if引导的条件状语从句，意思是"如果"选A38 B 考查动词，A did 做 B killed杀害 C died死亡 D ran跑， 根据Traffic accidentsmore than （104，000）people in China last year，可知去年在中国有104，000人死于交通事故，故选B39 B 考查名词，A Parents父母 B Drivers驾驶员 C Policemen警察 D Tourists游客， 根据and pedestrians（行人）must work together to make the streets safer结合选项，推出句意：司机和行人必须一起努力维护交通安全，故选B40 D 考查短语，A get off下车 B keep going一直走 C speed up加速 D slow down 减速，根据when they are close to crosswalks，可知在人行道上，司机必须减速，故选D41C考查名词A信B文章C规则D练习句意"对公交车司机也有着新的_"根据下一句If bus drivers smoke，drink or make phone calls while driving，they can be fined如果公共汽车司机在开车时抽烟、喝酒或打电话，他们可能会被罚款可知，应该是"规则"，选C42A 考查副词，A also 也B sometimes有时 C never从不 D often经常， 根据Buses that carry too many people are against（违反）the law，可知公交车司机也会违反交通规则，故选A43 A 考查副词，A safely安全地 B slowly慢地 C quickly快速地 D happily 幸福地，根据Pedestrians will have to walk more under the new law，结合选项，推出句意：在新交规下，行人在路上行走时更要注意安全，故选A44 B考查形容词A开心的B害怕的C伤心的D伟大的句意"不要_帮助受伤的人们去医院"可知，应该是不要"害怕"选B45 D 考查名词，A students学生 B teachers老师 C helpers助理工人 D doctors医生， 根据 help people to the hospital if they are hurt in an accident，可知在医院，病人没钱，医生也要抢救病号，故选D讲解用时：15分钟难度：3 适用场景：当堂例题 例题来源：吴中区期末 年份：2017【练习1】 A hot dog is one of the most popular American foodIt was named after Frankfurter，a German food. You may hear "hot dog"（36）_in other waysPeople sometimes（37）_ "hot dog" to express pleasure（快乐）For example，a friend may ask（38）_you would like to go to the cinemaYou might say，"GreatI'd love to" Or，you could say，"（39）_！I'd love to go" People（40）_ use the expression to describe someone who is a "show-off"，who tries to show everyone else how（41）_he isYou often hear such a（n）（42） _called a "hot dog"He may be a basketball player，for example，who（43） the ball with one hand making a（n）（44） _catch seem more difficultYou know he is a "hot dog" because when he makes such a catch，he bows（鞠躬） to crowd，hoping to（45）_ their cheers36AcookedBeatenCpickedDused37AspeakBtellCtalkDsay38AwhereBhowCifDwhen39AExcuse meBDon't worryCNever mindDHot dog40AeverByetCalsoDstill41AkindBhopefulCgreatDcareful42ApersonBdogChandDaction43AcatchesBplaysCthrowsDpasses44AfunnyBeasyCexcitingDgood45AloseBwinCavoidDexplain【答案】DDCDC CAABB【解析】36 D 考查动词，结合下文可知本文讲的是 hot dog 的特殊用法，即 hot dog 被用（used）在其它方面cook 意为"烹饪"，eat 意为"吃"，pick 意为"采摘，拾取"，均不符合文意故正确答案为D37 D 考查动词，结合下文 hot dog 可知说（say）的是内容，选 saytell 意为"告诉，讲述"，指把一件事或一个故事讲出来，有连续诉说之意；talk 为不及物动词，意为"谈话"，多和介词搭配使用；speak 意为"讲；发言"，做及物动词时，表示说某种语言这三项均不符合题意故正确答案为D38 C 考查副词，结合上下文，可知此处指的是你是否（if）想去看电影where 意为"在哪儿"，how 意为"如何，怎样"，when 意为"什么时候"，均不符合文意故正确答案为C39 D 考查短语，结合上文 "hot dog" to express pleasure 可知，下文给出的例子是用 Hot dog 来代替 GreatExcuse me 意为"打扰了"，Don't worry 意为"别担心"，Never mind 意为"没关系"，均不符合题意故正确答案为D40C 考查副词，结合下文可知，此处讲的是 hot dog 的另一种用法，即人们也（also）用这种表达来描述爱显摆的人ever 意为"曾经"，yet 意为"然而，尚未"，still 意为"仍旧"，均不符合题意故正确答案为C41C 考查形容词，结合上下文可知，这种人喜欢向别人显摆自己多么了不起（great）kind 意为"善良的"，hopeful 意为"有希望的"，careful 意为"细心的，体贴的"，均不符合题意故正确答案为C42 A 考查名词，结合下文的人称代词 He 指代前句的内容可知，此空填 persondog 意为"狗"，hand 意为"手"，action 意为"行为"，均不符合题意故正确答案为A 43A 考查动词，结合下文 making a（n）catch seem more difficult 可知，前一句讲的就是接球catch the ball 为固定搭配，意为"接球"主语为 who，指代前文中的 a basketball player，故谓语动词应使用第三人称单数形式故 catches 符合题意play 意为"打（球）；玩"，throw 意为"扔，丢"，pass 意为"传"，均不符合题意故正确答案为A44 B 考查形容词，结合上下文可知，一个喜欢显摆的人肯定会将一个看似容易的（easy）接球弄得很困难funny 意为"有趣的；滑稽的"，exciting 意为"兴奋的；激动的"，good 意为"好的"，均不符合题意故正确答案为B45 B 考查动词，结合上文可知，一个喜欢将容易的事情弄得复杂，从而来显摆自己的人，为的是赢取（win）他人的欢呼喝彩lose 意为"失去；丢失"，avoid 意为"避免"，explain 意为"解释"，均不符合题意故正确答案为B【例题2】 March 22nd is World Water DayIt started in 1993It not only makes us think about the importance of water，but also calls on（号召）us to（1） _and protect waterToday，we're facing terrible water problemsAmong them，wastewater problem is especially（2）_And the subject of World Water Day in 2017 is"wastewater"What is wastewater？It is used waterUsually，wastewater comes from homes，（3）_，hospitals and so onIt is produced by different kinds of activities，including washing the machines，taking showers and using the kitchenThe rain also（4）_wastewater when it is running down the street during a stormNo matter where it comes from，this kind of water is sure to have（5）_harmful in it（6）_must we treat（处理）wastewater？Wastewater has a big influence on our lifeIt causes both illness for us and pollution for the environmentWe must care for our environment and our own（7）_How can we treat wastewater？Different kinds of wastewater need different ways of treatmentWastewater（8）_homes can be reusedThen there will be（9）_wastewaterAlso，factory wastewater has to be cleaned（10）_it goes back to nature1AdrinkBsaveCcarryDwatch2AeasyBpopularCsmallDserious3AfactoriesBlakesCriversDseas4Agets backBhands inCchanges intoDpicks up5AnothingBsomethingCnobodyDsomebody6AWhatBWhoCWhyDHow7AworkBinterestChealthDbusiness8AonBforCwithDfrom9，AlessBmoreCbetterDworse10AandBwhetherCafterDbefore【答案】BDACB CCDAD【解析】1答案：B考查动词及语境的理解，drink喝，save节省，carry携带，watch观看，联系上文可知这里：世界节水日号召人们节约用水故选：B2答案：D考查形容词及语境的理解，easy容易的，popular受欢迎的，small小的，serious严肃的，严重的； 从后一句污水是2017年的主题，因此知道是严重的问题，故选D3答案：A考查名词及语境的理解，factories工厂，lakes湖泊，rivers河流，seas海洋，从homes，hospitals知道是产生污水之地，故选：A4答案：C考查动词短语及语境的理解，get back取回，hand in上交，change into变成，pick up捡起来，根据上文可知：废水是由各种各样的活动产生的，包括洗衣机、淋浴和使用厨房根据下文also知道是与前面相同的是下雨也产生污水故选：C5答案：B考查不定代词及语境的理解，nothing什么也没有，表示否定意义；something某物，通常用于肯定句；nobody没有人，表示否定意义；somebody有人，通常用于肯定句；污水是对人有伤害的，排除A和C，it是指污水，它里面应该是物质而不是人，故选B6答案：C考查疑问词及语境的理解，what什么，询问某物，who谁，询问人物；why为什么，询问原因；how怎样，询问方式或程度；根据后面的回答，介绍了处理废水的原因，即为什么必须进行废水处理？故选C7答案：C考查名词及语境的理解，work工作，interest兴趣，health健康，business生意，既然污水对人体与环境有危害，那么我们就应该关心环境与身体健康，故选C8答案：D考查介词及语境的理解，这可以根据41空前wastewater comes from homes知道答案家中的污水进行再次使用，故选D9答案：A考查形容词及语境的理解，less更少的，修饰不可数名词；more更多的，better更好的，worse更坏的，根据上文：家里产生的废水再次使用由此可以推断出：将有更少的废水故选A10答案：D考查连词及语境的理解，and和；whether是否； after之后；before之前，结合句意：工厂在排放污水前应该进行处理清洁，以减少对环境的污染，故选D【练习2】 Humans are mammals（哺乳动物）Most mammals are born able to do many thingsSome can walk within a few minutes