重难点25完形填空之说明文-2023年中考英语【热点·重点·难点】专练(全国通用)(原卷版).docx

专项五 中考题型 重难点25 完形填空之说明文1.命题特点分析：1.1. 开头点题。说明文类完形填空中，作者一般在文章的首句直接提出说明的对象，这是掌握说明细节的前提。1.2. 结构清晰。说明文一般按一定的顺序展开。理清文章的说明顺序，对于正确把握文意和上下文的逻辑关系，选择正确答案具有重要意义。1.3. 难度较大。说明文往往采用比较正式的文体，表述准确严谨，生词术语较多，句子较长，结构较为复杂。1.4. 说明文一般采用简练的语言，按一定的方法介绍事物的类别、性质、特点、构造、成因、关系或事物的运动变化、发展的过程及其规律。1.5. 说明文十分讲究条理性，一般采取时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序或认知顺序来说明事物或事理。2.解题方法：2.1. 快速弄清文章大意。对于此类文章我们结合选择项，进行粗读或略读，对文章的大意要先有一个大体的了解。说明文往往生词较多，而题材又比较广泛，所以阅读时，首先要能够掌握文章的大意。2.2. 弄清楚说明的顺序。把握了说明顺序，就能准确把握文章的脉络，加强对整篇文章的理解。2.3. 把握文章的组织结构，理清事实细节。把握语篇特征对理解文意与答题极为有利。说明性的文章一般都是一篇完整的、意思表达清楚的、逻辑比较严密的短文。在阅读这类文章时，我们一定要仔细研读文章的开头和结尾，从主题句着手，找出支持句，然后寻找文章的结论。这时，我们还要特别注意，不要被表面的一些细节所迷惑，我们在理解细节的基础上，还要斟酌文字的内涵意义，从而对文章进行深层次的理解。2.4. 注重上下文语境应逐句精读短文，逐题分析选项，对特定的语境作深入的理解，克服思维定势，根据全文大意和词不离句、句不离文的原则逐项填空。2.5. 熟练做题方法，遵循四个原则：（1）上下一致。每个选择项必须从全文出发，从大处着手，避免孤立地分析每一空格，造成误选。（2）语法正确。从语法的角度去考虑动词的时态、语态以及词类用法。（3）逻辑合理。在完形填空题中，逻辑推理非常重要，有时每个选择项从语法上讲都正确，但是有的是不合语境逻辑的。（4）符合搭配。英语中固定搭配很多，需要熟练掌握，才能做好此类题目。1. 试题难度保持基本稳定。2. 强调考生的通篇理解能力。大部分题需从全文出发，根据前后语境或行文逻辑做出判断，体现出了 突出语篇的命题风格。 3. 考查内容主要以实词为主，其中各词考查比例稍微有变动。纵观近三年的中考题，动词、名词、形容词、副词和代词等实词的比例始终稳定占据80%左右。 4.有少量题目对初中学生提出了新的要求，即在掌握了双基的基础上对英语知识有一定的扩展。要求初中学生在掌握双基的基础上必须扩展知识面，特别是要注重开发大纲内动词的用法。典例解析（2020·四川眉山·统考中考真题）In the US, lots of people have waimai, or food delivered to their home. Pizza and Chinese food are popular. The delivery _73_ can usually get the food to your door in half an hour.But wanmai for other things is not so quick in the US. For example, if you order toothpaste or cooking oil, it will usually _74_ at least one day to arrive.Here in China. I can order nearly anything and get it _75_ just 30 to 45 minutes. Did I forget to buy onions and cabbages for making dinner? No problem - waimai will deliver it soon. There is even waimai for things _76_medicine and snacks.Some people say this makes people lazier. I guess theyre not wrong. But I really love the _77_ life.73AdriversBpostmenCpolicemenDcleaners74AspendBcostCtakeDpay75AatBforCafterDin76Aas forBsuch asCrather thanDinstead of77AcomfortableBconvenientCcarefulDcommon【短文大意】这是一篇说明文，文章介绍美国的外卖和中国的外卖的不同之处，中国的外卖可以预订更多的事物而且有些东西送到的时间也更短。作者喜欢这种便利的生活方式。【答案解析】73句意：送外卖的司机通常可以在半个小时内将食物送到你门口。drivers司机；postmen邮递员；policemen警察；cleaners清洁工。根据前文“food delivered to their home”可知外卖需要司机送到你门口，用名词drivers。故选A。74句意：例如，如果你预订牙膏或者食用油，通常要花至少一天的时间才能到达。spend某人花费时间在某物上或做某事；cost某物花某人多少钱；take做某事花某人多长时间；pay某人为某物付款。句中it是形式主语，真正的主语是动词不定式to arrive，此处表达“到达要花多长时间”用动词take，故选C。75句意：我可以预订几乎任何的东西而且可以在30到45 分钟内就能得到它。at表示具体的某一时刻；for为了；after在之后；in一段时间以内或者以后。“ just 30 to 45 minutes”是一段时间，此处用in表示30到45 分钟以内或者以后。故选D。76句意：甚至有外卖比如药品和小吃这样的东西。as for对于；such as例如；rather than而不是；instead of而不是。根据“medicine and snacks”可知是在举例说明，用短语such as。故选B。77句意：但是我真的喜欢这种便利的生活。comfortable舒服的；convenient便利的；careful小心的；common平常的。根据前文讲述的外卖可以在很短时间送任何东西，可以此处用形容词convenient表达“便利的”。故选B。（2022·安徽淮南·统考二模）Chinese people are well-known for being hospitable (好客的). Many even feel that they will lose face if their _1_ eat up all the food on the table. As we all know, food waste becomes a _2_ problem in China. Luckily, this situation can be _3_ with the help of a rule.According to the rule, food providers who encourage or force people to _4_ too much food may face fines (罚款) of up to 10,000 yuan. And they should remind people to order the _5_ amount of food.Besides, people are encouraged to finish all the food on the dining table. Now many people show their support for the rule by sharing photos and videos of empty _6_ online. And many Chinese people have _7_ the habit of taking leftovers (吃剩的食物) home.The purpose of introducing the rule is not to _8_ anybody, but to avoid food waste. Wasting food is not just a waste of money, but more. _9_, it is a waste of resources (资源). Its necessary to create an environmentally friendly _10_. In a word, there is no excuse for wasting food.1AleadersBwinnersCguestsDofficers2AsimpleBseriousCpossibleDdifferent3AchangedBacceptedCcreatedDreturned4AsellBorderCcookDtaste5AsameBtotalClargeDproper6AchairsBbowlsCbusesDrooms7AexpectedBbrokenCdiscoveredDdeveloped8ApunishBallowCinviteDunderstand9AnaturallyBsimilarlyCimportantlyDinterestingly10AsocietyBfamilyCschoolDcompany（2021·广东广州·校考二模）It is a cold and dry winter morning. When you _11_, you suddenly feel that your throat hurts. You begin to sneeze and later you may cough. You must have a cold! Wait a second. Could it just be a _12_cold or the flu that's been going around?A cold gives you a runny nose and cough. But it's usually easy to_13_with. Some take medicine such as aspirin (阿司匹林)_14_others try home treatments like herbal tea or chicken soup. Usually you feel better after a week.The flu on the other hand can be much more_15_. It usually gives you fever. Sometimes it can be deadly. The worst flu, the so-called Spanish Flu of 1918 to 1919, killed about 50 million people, according to The Atlantic.Don't worry. Getting a flu vaccine (流感疫苗) can_16_you from the virus. Flu vaccines work by giving the body a small amount of flu viruses. This causes our body to develop antibodies （抗体). _17_next time you get the flu, the antibodies can help protect you.Unfortunately, the flu virus_18_every few years. Therefore, there are so many types of flu, such as H1N1 and H5N1. The antibodies for one type of flu can't protect us against all types of flu. That's_19_we need to get the vaccine every year.However, good health_20_may also help to prevent a cold or flu. Washing your hands often helps protect you from viruses. Getting regular exercise and eating healthy food is also important. All these can help you strengthen your immune system (免疫系统).11Astand upBturn upCgive upDwake up12AcommonBlittleCpopularDstrange13AagreeBdealCmeetDstart14AbecauseBafterCuntilDwhile15AinterestingBfamiliarCdangerousDsmooth16AprotectBleaveCrecoverDdraw17ASoBUnlessCSinceDAs18AstopsBchangesCspreadsDkills19AhowBwhenCwhetherDwhy20AclubsBcustomsChabitsDhobbies（2022·河北石家庄·统考三模）If a friend helps you a lot, what do you do in return? You could just say “thanks”, or you could write a(an) _21_ note which is more polite. But most people dont do this. Why dont people like _22_ thank-you notes? And how do most people react (反应) when they _23_ one? Kumar from University of Texas made a study of it. He asked each student to write a thank-you note to another person _24_ email. Then, they questioned both the writer and the recipient (接受者) about the note and how it made them feel. They found there were several _25_ for people not to write thank-you notes. They feel like they have to think too much about it. They _26_ what to say and how to say it. They also overthink the “correctness” of what they are writing. But people _27_ like receiving thank-you notes. “As recipients, they pay attention to the _28_ of the thank,” Kumar says. “Besides, they (recipients) feel positive (积极的) _29_ they were receiving these expressions.” If people knew that writing a thank-you note can have such a big influence on the recipient, they would do it more _30_. Kumar adds.Kumar says this study told us that “simple, small changes in our everyday lives can make a big difference in how we treat other people and how we feel.”21AadviceBthank-youCinstructionsDsale22AreadingBcopyingCfindingDsending23AwriteBhearCreceiveDoffer24AbyBinCatDfor25AformsBreasonsCskillsDuses26Acare forBtake downCworry aboutDmake up27AeasilyBrecentlyCfinallyDreally28AwarmthBtimeCresultDspirit29AbeforeBwhenCifDthough30AseldomBhardlyCoftenDusually（2022·山东淄博·统考一模）COVID - 19 outbreak drives the general public to take measures to protect themselves. In many Asian countries its _31_ to see people wearing masks (口罩) in public. However, this practice is almost unheard-of in many Western countries. In many Asian countries, people with colds are _32_ to wear masks to prevent others from getting sick. Some people with allergies (过敏症) feel that wearing masks helps them breathe better. Masks have _33_ become a fashion accessory (配饰). Some people like the mysterious _34_ masks give them, while others enjoy the feeling of privacy they provide in public. However, in most Western countries, masks are only worn by hospital workers and _35_. If you wear one in public, people might find it unusual or may worry that you have a terrible disease. Whats more, masks arent usually thought as a way to _36_ illness. Instead, more attention is paid on hand washing, and people who are sick are encouraged to stay home. In addition in _37_ like France, Italy, and Austria, it is actually against laws to wear a mask in public. The laws try to stop people from hiding their faces for public safety. This is _38_ wearing a mask would make it more difficult for the police to find a criminal. Some countries _39_ wearing masks only in high-rick situations, such as public events or protests. In others, wearing a mask anywhere in public could very well result in a fine (罚款). As you can see, masks are treated very _40_ in Asia and the West. While cultural differences like these are important to avoid, we should all try to understand and respect each other no matter what.31AcommonBdifficultCspecialDcomfortable32ArefusedBrememberedCencouragedDdisagreed33AstillBalsoCinsteadDyet34AsoundBtasteCsmellDlook35ApatientsBstudentsCteachersDplayers36AdevelopBreachCpreventDfind37AvillagesBtownsCcitiesDcountries38AalthoughBbecauseCunlessDuntil39AallowBacceptCstudyDbelieve40AeasilyBimportantlyCdifferentlyDcarefully（2022·河北·模拟预测）Customers in the US spend less money on Black Friday than previous (以前的) years.Black Friday is the day after Thanksgiving in the US. Thanksgiving is always the fourth _41_ in November.Black Friday is traditionally the day when the Christmas shopping period begins. It is usually one of the _42_ days of the year for sellers.Many sellers _43_ their prices to encourage shoppers to spend their money. Some customers arrive at stores before they open, and wait in line for a chance to buy _44_ things.Last year, Americans _45_ a total of $57.4 billion over the four days (from Thursday to Sunday). However, this year, experts think that the amount will _46_ to around $ 50.9 billion.Black Friday started in the US, but has become more popular in other _47_ recently.Many customers from the UK have started spending more money on Black Friday, even though British people don't celebrate Thanksgiving.Online seller Amazon UK said that Friday was its busiest day ever. According to the _48_, customers bought 5.5 million products on Friday, which was around 64 things per second.Many stores in the UK also offered cheap _49_, such as TVs, coffee machines and other electronic products.In some stores shoppers _50_ to leave the store, even though all of the products had already been sold out.41AMondayBTuesdayCWednesdayDThursday42AbusiestBcoldestCquietestDlongest43AraiseBriseCreduceDchange44AheavyBbigCcheapDspecial45AmadeBspentCtookDpaid46AincreaseBaddCdropDget47AcitiesBmountainsCtownsDcountries48AwebsiteBstudyCstoryDdiary49AvegetablesBproductsCfruitsDsnacks50AhopedBdecidedCrefusedDtried（2020·江苏苏州·统考一模）When I got home the other day, I found a lovely red envelope(信封) waiting for me. It was a note from a friend of mine, congratulating(祝贺) me on my new book. It was _51_ unexpected and joyful.In a _52_ world where everyone is too rushed for everything, here are some ways that you can be a more wonderful human:Rediscover snail mailAnd not just for lifes big events. Consider _53_ ones you can stick a stamp on and send love toward. Maybe someone lost their dog, and you want to express your _54_. Maybe a classmate did something brave, and you want to show gratefulness or thanks.Smile and dialWhen was the last time you _55_ someone to wish them a happy birthday, to get well or to say thank you? Text messages are great. But when someone picks up the phone, you hear their voice and can share a laugh (or even a cry) together, and it _56_ an emoji(表情符号) any day of the week.Ask someone their goals + give a little somethingAsk someone about their goals for the year is a very generous act. This kind of question goes _57_surface(表面的) conversation and leads you to really get to know a person. Ask just out of curiosity.Besides, give them something that might help them: a book, a connection, or even just a few words of _58_.Share your blessingsI made a promise earlier this year to give a little money every month to charity. I _59_ myself often of something that Anne Frank wrote: “How wonderful it is that _60_ need wait a single moment before starting to improve the world.” The powers always ours.51AcompletelyBcarefullyCcorrectlyDpeacefully52AlazyBbusyCcrazyDsilly53AluckierBbetterCsmallerDstranger54AsadnessBcarelessnessChappinessDillness55AaskedBtoldCmistakeDcalled56AlosesBshutsCstealsDbeats57AthroughBbeyondCacrossDfor58AencouragementBdevelopmentCgovernmentDinstrument59AreachBrecordCremindDremember60AeverybodyBnobodyCanybodyDsomebody（2022·江苏常州·统考一模）阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。Researchers at China Aerospace Science and Industry Corp have developed and made the worlds first robot whale shark,which has been _61_in an aquarium(水族馆)at Shanghai Haichang Ocean Park in the citys Pudong New Area since January.The whale shark is a slow-moving carpet shark and the largest known living fish. _62_and built by engineers at the Shenyang-based No. 111 Factory, the underwater robot is4.7 meters long, _63_350 kilograms and can move_64_the speed of 42 meters a minute.Powered by a lithium(锂) battery, it can swim, turn,_65_ and dive like a real shark by moving its mechanical fins. The mouth and gills(鲐) can also open and close like a sharks.The robot can reach the _66_of 10 meters and operate for _67_ 10 hours, said FangXuelin, a senior researcher at the factorys Underwater Propulsion Technology Laboratory who is incharge of the robot shark program.The shark can be remotely _68_and can also swim based on preset(预设的) programs or its own sensors(传感器), he said.