广东省2022年中考英语复习学案-专题七动词的分类与辨析.docx

专题七动词的分类与辨析广东省卷近5年中考统计情况201720182019202020211. 情态动词2. 动词短语3. 动词辨析4. 固定搭配动词的基本概念定义动词是用来表示主语做什么, 或表示主语是什么或怎么样的词分类按照含义及在句中的作用分成四类: 行为动词(也称实义动词)、连系动词、助动词和情态动词实义动词的基本形式类别用法要求或变化规则示例原形位于情态动词之后He can play the piano. 他会弹钢琴。位于助动词之后Did you have a good time yesterday? 昨天你玩得开心吗? 位于感官动词或使役动词之后Lets play basketball with Jack. 我们和杰克一起打篮球吧。跟在to后面构成动词不定式Tell your father to give up smoking. 告诉你父亲戒烟。用在一般现在时中We get up at 6: 30. 我们六点半起床。第三人称单数在一般现在时中, 当主语是第三人称单数时, 动词要用第三人称单数形式。动词第三人称单数形式变化规则 一般动词在词尾加-s构成; 以x, s, ch, sh和o结尾的动词, 在词尾加-es; 以辅音字母加“y”结尾的动词, 先改“y”为“i”后, 再加-es。playplays; speakspeaks; comecomesteachteaches; gogoes; washwashesstudystudies; flyflies; crycries注意: 动词第三人称单数形式不规则变化: havehas; beis 以元音字母加-y结尾的, 直接加-s。如: buys, says, plays, obeys等。现在分词现在分词与be动词构成进行时态 现在分词的变化规则一般动词直接在词尾加-ing; 以不发音的字母e结尾的, 去e, 再加-ing; 以重读闭音节结尾、末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词, 先双写末尾的辅音字母再加-ing; 以辅音+ie的动词, 改ie为y再加-ing。 looklooking; listenlistening comecoming; writewriting putputting; stopstoppingrunrunning; swimswimminglielying; diedying; tietying注意: seeseeing; agreeagreeing续表过去式过去式用在一般过去时中, 分为规则变化和不规则变化动词动词过去式的变化规则一般动词在词尾加-ed构成; 重读闭音节词, 先双写末尾辅音字母再加-ed; 以不发音字母e结尾的动词, 加 -d; 以辅音字母加-y结尾的, 先改y为i, 再加-ed。workworked; callcalledstop stopped; dropdroppedlikeliked; smilesmiledcrycried; studystudied动词过去式的不规则变化需查看不规则动词表过去分词过去分词用在现在完成时、过去完成时和被动语态中, 规则变化同过去式, 不规则变化需查看不规则动词表系动词系动词又称为连系动词, 后常接形容词或名词等作表语。注: 系动词只能有主动语态, 不能有被动语态, 多数不能用于进行时态。连系动词有一定意义, 它们要与其后作表语的形容词、名词或介词(短语)一起构成合成谓语。常见系动词有: be, seem, keep, remain, look, feel, smell, sound, taste, become, get, grow, turn等。系动词分类例词例句be动词is, am, are, was, were, beI am a math teacher. 我是数学老师。She was ill yesterday. 昨天, 她生病了。表感官look(看起来), smell(闻起来), taste(尝起来), sound(听起来), feel (摸起来, 感觉)Lucy looks happy today. 今天, 露西看起来很开心。The food tastes delicious. 这些食品尝起来很可口。The material feels soft. 这种材料摸起来柔软。The music sounds beautiful. 这首音乐听起来优美。表变化become, get, turn ( +颜色), go ( + bad食物变质), grow (+tall, old), fall (+ill, sick, asleep)He becomes a doctor now. 现在, 他成了医生。The weather gets cold in winter. 冬天, 天气变冷。The trees turn green in spring. 春天, 树变绿了。Food goes bad easily in hot weather. 炎热的天气里, 食物容易变质。I didnt fall asleep until midnight yesterday. 昨天, 直到半夜我才睡着。保持, 保留keep, stay, remainWe all remained/stayed/kept silent. 我们都保持沉默。似乎, 好像seemHe seemed very sad yesterday. 昨天, 他似乎很伤心。(A)1. How do you like the fish I cooked for you? I havent had it yet. However, it_good.  A. smellsB. tastesC. soundsD. feels(B)2. Listen. The country music_so sweet.  A. smellsB. soundsC. feelsD. looks(A)3. I like the dress very much. It _comfortable.  A. feelsB. tastesC. soundsD. smells(B)4. The vegetable soup_delicious. Can I have more?  A. looksB. tastesC. soundsD. feels(B)5. What about the blue skirt on the right? I think it will _nice on you.  A. feelB. lookC. tasteD. sound助动词助动词没有任何含义, 不能单独作谓语, 只能和行为动词一起构成谓语, 帮助行为动词组成各种时态、语态、语气以及疑问或否定形式。常见的助动词有do, does, did, have, will, shall等, 具体用法如下: 种类用法示例be构成各种进行时态It was raining all day yesterday. 构成被动语态The meeting was held yesterday afternoon. 与不定式连用表示按计划、预先安排或规定要发生的动作They are to see an English film this evening. dodo的过去式是did; 第三人称单数形式是doesdo/did/does用于构成疑问式或否定式Does he think so? I didnt say anything about the result. 在动词前加上do, does, did表示强调, 意为“的确, 确实”They do study hard. She does love listening to English songs. havehave的过去式是had; 第三人称单数形式是hashave/has/had均可与动词过去分词一起构成完成时态He has lived here for three years. As soon as the sun had set, they returned. (D)1. We all know that one of the worlds most popular sports_football.  A. beB. amC. areD. is(C)2. I have bought a very beautiful postcard for celebrating Teachers Day. Really? When_ you_it?  A. do; buyB. will; buyC. did; buy D. have; bought(D)3. Well go boating if it_ cold tomorrow.  A. doesntB. wontC. wont be D. isnt(C)4. I_go to bed until I finished my work last night.   A. dontB. didC. didnt D. do(D)5. _you read the book Journey to the West?  Not yet, Ill do it right away. A. AreB. DoC. WillD. Have情态动词原形(过去式)用法含义示例can (could)表示能力(=be able to)能; 会Tom can swim. = Tom is able to swim. 汤姆会游泳。(疑问句中)表示请求许可, could比can更客气可以Can I help you? 我能为您效劳吗? Could you give us a hand? 你能帮我们一个忙吗? (否定句、疑问句中)表示可能性can 可能cant 不可能Can the news be true? 这条新闻会是真的吗? The boy cant be Jim. He has gone to Beijing. 那个男孩不可能是吉姆, 他去北京了。may (might)表示可能可能Tony may know the way. 托尼可能知道路。表示客气请求可以May I come in? 我可以进来吗? 表示祝愿祝May you be happy. 祝你幸福。续表原形(过去式)用法含义示例shall (should)Shall . . . ? 用于第一人称, 表示建议或请求好吗? Shall we ask our teacher for help? 我们向老师求助, 好吗? should用于各种人称, 强调义务和责任应该You should lie down and have a rest. 你应该躺下, 休息一下。must表示义务、命令或要求必须We must tell the truth. 我们必须讲实话。表示肯定推测一定Lisa must be at home. 丽萨一定在家。will (would)用于第二人称疑问句中, 表示征求意见或提建议愿意Will / Would you please go to the cinema with me? 你和我一起去看电影, 好吗? will用于各种人称, 表示一般将来时愿意; 将Telephone me this evening. Ill be at home. 今晚给我打电话, 我会在家。would用于各种人称, 表示过去将来时She told us that she would not go with us if it rained. 她告诉我们, 如果下雨她就不和我们一起去了。(C)1. Mr Jonathan _your new English teacher.  A. maybeB. mightC. may beD. must(A)2. With the help of Online Classroom, students _keep learning even with schools closed.  A. canB. mustC. shouldD. may(A)3. Polluted air and water _kill plants, animals, and even people.  A. canB. cantC. shouldD. shouldnt(A)4. Whose magazine is this? It_ be Nancys. Look! Her name is on its cover (封面).  A. mustB. cantC. mustntD. neednt(C)5. Mr Smith _be in the office. Because he has gone to Chengdu on business.  A. mustntB. shouldntC. cantD. neednt行为动词行为动词又称实义动词, 它们都含有实在的意义, 表示动作或状态, 可在句中独立作谓语。行为动词又分为及物动词和不及物动词。种类用法举例及物动词及物动词后一定要跟宾语, 意思才能完整。My mother told me she wanted to buy some books for me. 妈妈告诉我, 她想给我买一些书。不及物动词不及物动词意义完整, 不需带宾语, 但如果有些不及物动词非要带宾语时, 必须先加介词后加宾语。He only worried about his daughter. 他只是担心他的女儿。动词短语由两个或两个以上的单词构成一个短语, 具有动词的意义和功能, 这样的短语叫动词短语, 相当于一个动词。care about 关心 take care of 照顾put off 推迟come up with 想出keep in touch 保持联系 续表常考动词短语表look 短语look after 照顾 look around 环顾look down upon瞧不起 look for寻找 look forward to盼望; 期待 look into 往里看, 调查look out注意; 小心 look over检查look through浏览 look up查阅; 向上看take 短语take away带走; 拿走take it easy放松点 take care of照顾 take down写下; 记下take off起飞; 脱掉 take out取出take place发生take part in参加 take the place of取代 take up占据; 开始从事get 短语get away离开 get back回来 get close (to) 靠近 get on上车get on with sb. 与某人相处 get out of摆脱; 逃避get together 相聚 get off下车get ready for为做准备 get in进入; 到达; 收获get up起床 get over克服go短语go away离开 go by (时间)流逝 go for a walk 去散步 go in for从事; 参加 go on继续 go back回到go out外出; 熄灭 go over仔细检查go through检查; 经历; 通过come短语come across (偶然)遇见 come back回来 come down降落; 落下 come from来自 come on加油; 快点 come to共计; 达到 come up with想出 come true实现come out出现; 出版 come to oneself 苏醒; 复苏; 恢复知觉put 短语put away整理, 收起来 put out熄灭 put off推迟 put on穿上 put up张贴, 举起, 支起make 短语make friends with与交友make progress 取得进步 make mistakes犯错, 出错 make the bed 铺床make up ones mind 下决心 make sure务必; 确保up短语grow up长大 cheer up使高兴hurry up赶快 look up查阅 give up放弃 make up编造; 化妆 pick up捡起; 接载 take up占用; 开始从事 set up建立 ring up打电话 stay up熬夜 wake up醒来turn up出现; 调大 put up张贴; 举起mix up混淆, 搅匀on短语carry on继续 depend on依赖; 依靠 hold on等一下 keep on继续 live on . . . 以食为生 try on试穿; 试验put on穿上; 上演with 短语agree with sb. 同意某人 connect with与相连deal with 处理 talk with sb. 与某人谈话catch up with sb. 赶上某人 come up with想出get along with sb. 与某人和睦相处make friends with与交朋友keep in touch with 与保持密切联系(B)1. Shall we go to the airport to _your sister?   I dont think its necessary. She will come here by taxi. A. see offB. pick upC. look afterD. come across(A)2. Dont_ todays work for tomorrow. Todays work must be done today.  A. put off B. put out C. put up D. put on(B)3. Dont forget to _the lights when they are not in use!  A. turn overB. turn offC. turn upD. turn on(A)4. The volunteers _the sick kids in the hospital on weekends.  A. look afterB. look forC. look throughD. look up(A)5. We should learn how to _well with people around us.  A. get alongB. get downC. get to D. get up常见易混淆词辨析have gone to, have been to与 have been inhave gone to意为“到某地去了”, 表示到了某地或正在去某地的途中。总之, 说话时该人不在现场。Where is Mr Brown? 布朗先生在哪里? He has gone to the U. S. A. 他去了美国。(还没有回来)have been to表示“曾经去过某地”, 现在已经不在那里了。可与just, ever, never等连用。have been to后面可接次数, 表示去过某地几次。Have you ever been to Hangzhou? 你去过杭州吗? (人已从杭州回来)I have been to Beijing three times. 我去过北京三次了。have been in表示“在某地待多长时间”, 常与表示一段时间的状语连用, 如: since, for, how long等。Mr Brown has been in Shanghai for three days. 布朗先生来上海已经有三天了。fall与drop表示从高处往下掉或降落, 两者有时可互换。The temperature has dropped / fell. 气温降低了。 fall表示“落下”, 多指无意识的行为, 有自然坠落之意, 且通常是不及物动词。Leaves begin to fall off the trees in autumn. 秋天, 叶子开始从树上落下来。drop既可指无意的行为, 即表示“落下”(不及物动词), 也可指有意的行为, 即表示“投下”(及物动词)。He dropped the letter into the mailbox. 他把信投入信箱。hear of, hear from与hear abouthear of sb. / sth. 听到或知道某人/某事的情况I have heard of the song. 我曾听说过这首歌。hear about sth. 听到关于某物的Ive just heard about his promotion. 我刚刚听到了他被提拔的事。hear from sb. = get a letter from sb. 收到某人来信Jenny often hears from her pen pal from Japan. 詹妮经常收到日本笔友的信。leave与forgetforget 忘记, 不能与表示地点的词语连用Dont forget to lock the door when you leave. 你离开时, 不要忘记锁门。leave 在表示遗留某物在某地时后面要接表示地点的词语leave sth. at/in+地点I left my book at your home. 我把书忘在你家了。arrive, get to与reacharrive at+小地点; arrive in+大地点(大城市级); 无宾语时用arriveHas your friend arrived yet? 你的朋友到了吗? My uncle got to / arrived in / reached Beijing yesterday. 我叔叔昨天到达北京了。get to+地点(名词)reach+地点(名词)。另外reach还有“够到, 达到”之意注意如果动词后面接副词home, here, there, abroad, upstairs, downstairs时, 则省略介词。例如: come here来这里; arrive there到达那里; get home回到家; go abroad出国; get upstairs 上楼; come downstairs下楼续表borrow, lend与keepborrow意为“借进”, 常用词组: borrow. . . from. . . I borrowed a book from him. 我向他借了一本书。lend意为“借出”, 常用词组: lend. . . to. . . He lent a book to me. 他借给我一本书。keep意为“借, 保持”, keep+一段时间You can keep the book for a week. 这本书你可以借一周。beat与winbeat的宾语是对手, 即beat sb. ; beat还可表示“用力击打某人或某物(beat sb. /sth. )”或“(心脏)跳动”等。I cant believe that their team can beat ours. 我不相信他们队可以打败我们队。win的宾语是赢来的东西或打赢的比赛或战争, 即win sth. ; win还可以用作不及物动词。Class One won the basketball match. 一班赢了篮球赛。We won in the match last week. 在上周的比赛中我们赢了。bring, take, fetch, get与carrybring表示从别处把某人或物“带来”或“拿来” Jack, bring the pen to me. 杰克, 把钢笔拿过来。take指把某人或物“带走”或“拿走” (到别处)I will take the umbrella to Lily. She forgot it this morning. 我将要给莉莉送伞去, 她今天早上忘带了。fetch / get指到别处把某人或物带来, 相当于go and bringShall I get /fetch your coat from the next room? 要不要我从隔壁房间把你的大衣拿来? carry指“随身携带” (如搬、提、拿、扛、抬、抱、背、带等), 不具体说明来去的方向, 有时含有沉重之意Can you help me carry the box upstairs? 你能帮我把箱子搬到楼上吗? cost, pay, spend与takecost的常用句型: sth. cost(s) sb. money/It costs sb. money to do sth. It cost me 3, 000 yuan to fly from Beijing to Sanya. 乘飞机从北京到三亚花费了我三千元。pay的常用句型: sb. pay(s) money for sth. I have to pay 20 pounds for this room each month. 我每个月要付20英镑的房租。spend的常用句型: sb. spend(s) money/time on sth. /(in) doing sth. I spent 3, 000 yuan flying from Beijing to Sanya. 乘飞机从北京到三亚花费了我三千元。take的常用句型: It takes sb. some time to do sth. 或sth. takes some timeIt took him an hour to finish his homework. 做作业用了他一个小时的时间。dress, put on, wear与indress后跟人, 意为“给某人穿衣服”Jim always dresses his baby. 吉姆总是给他的小孩穿衣服。put on后跟衣服, 意为“穿上”, 表示动作Jim put on his coat and walked out. 吉姆穿上外套, 出门了。wear后跟衣服, 意为“穿着; 戴着”, 表示状态The girl is wearing a blue skirt. 那个女孩穿着一条蓝色的裙子。in后跟颜色/衣服, 意为“穿着”, 表示状态The boy in blue is Jeff. 穿蓝色外套的那个男孩是杰夫。look for, find与find outlook for意为“寻找”, 表示有目的地找, 强调动作Lily is looking for her pen everywhere. 莉莉在到处找她的钢笔。find意为“找到”, 强调结果Finally, she found a good job. 最终, 她找到了一份好工作。find out意为“查明, 找出”, 强调经过调查、询问等努力之后发现事实。Can you find out when the earliest plane will take off? 你能弄清楚最早的飞机什么时候起飞吗? 续表listen to, hear与soundlisten to“听”, 强调动作They are listening to the radio. 他们正在听收音机。hear“听见”, 强调结果I listened carefully but heard nothing. 我仔细听, 却没听到什么。sound“听起来”, 后接形容词The news sounds great. 这消息听起来很棒。look, see, read与watchlook“看”, 强调动作, 后接宾语时, 用look at+宾语”结构Look! Tom is over there. 看! 汤姆在那儿。Look at the blackboard, please. 请看黑板。see“看见”, 强调结果I couldnt see anything in the box. 我没有看到有什么东西在箱子里。read“看; 读”, 主要指看书、看报等I like reading at home. 我喜欢在家看书。watch“观看”, 带着某种情感地看, 主要指观看电视比赛等。常用结构: watch sb. do/ doing sth. Jack likes watching football matches very much. 杰克非常喜欢看足球比赛。say, speak , talk与tellsay一般作及物动词用, 着重强调说话的内容, 后接名词、代词或宾语从句。say to sb. “对某人说”Please say it in English. 请用英语说。What did he say to his mother? 他对妈妈讲了什么? speak强调说的动作, 不强调所说的内容。作及物动词时, 常以某种语言作宾语。作不及物动词时, 常见的搭配: speak to sb. 跟某人讲话Can you speak Japanese? 你会说日语吗? She is speaking to her teacher. 她正在跟她的老师说话。talk 一般为不及物动词, 意思是“交谈, 谈话”, 着重强调两者之间的相互说话。talk with sb. “和某人交谈”; talk about sth. “谈论某事” She is talking with Lucy about her past life. 她正在和露西谈她过去的生活。tell常作及物动词, 意为“讲述, 告诉”, 动词常跟双宾语。tell sb. sth. / tell sth. to sb. “告诉某人某事”Did you tell her the news? / Did you tell the news to her? 你把这个消息告诉她了吗? join, join in与take part injoin指加入组织、团体、机构等, 或后面接人She joined a health club. 她参加了一个健康俱乐部。take part in指参加某项活动, 并在其中发挥积极作用How many countries will take part in the Winter Olympics in 2022? 有多少国家会参加2022年的冬奥会? join in指参加竞赛、娱乐、游戏等, 或后面接动名词Can I join in the game? 我可以参加这个游戏吗? used to do, be/get used to与be used forused to do表示“过去常常做”He used to play basketball when he was young. 他年轻的时候常常打篮球。be/get used to (doing) sth. 表示“习惯于(做)某事” She is not used to eating Chinese food. 她不习惯吃中餐。be used for doing sth. / be used to do sth. 表示“被用来做某事”Wood can be used to ma