详解各级英语语法.docx

ENGLISHFO R E V E RYO N EENGLISH GRAMMAR GUIDE Consultant, British EnglishDiane Hall has been working in English language teaching for over30 years, as a teacher, trainer, editor, publisher, and writer. She haspublished several books, both general courses and grammar books,for major English-language publishers. She has an MA in AppliedLinguistics, and is currently also an Associate Lecturer in Englishgrammar and functional linguistics at the Open University.Consultant, American EnglishProfessor Susan Barduhn is an experienced English-languageteacher, teacher trainer, and author, who has contributed tonumerous publications. In addition to directing English-languagecourses in at least four dierent continents, she has been Presidentof the International Association of Teachers of English asa Foreign Language, and an adviser to the British Counciland the US State Department. She is currently a Professorat the School of International Training in Vermont, USA. ENGLISHFO R E V E RYO N EENGLISH GRAMMAR GUIDEconditionalnegativeverbcomparativenoun ContentsUS Editors Jenny Siklos, Allison SingerProject Editor Ben Ffrancon DaviesArt Editors Dominic Clifford, Paul Drislane,Sunita Gahir, Clare SheddenEditorial Assistants Sarah Edwards, Helen LeechIllustrators Edwood Burn, Michael ParkinJacket Designers Suhita Dharamjit, Ira SharmaJacket Editor Claire GellThe present simple8121416202224Jacket Design Development ManagerSophia MTTProducer, Pre-Production Andy HilliardProducer Mary SlaterThe present simple negativePresent simple questionsThe present continuousPresent tenses overviewImperativesManaging Editor Daniel MillsManaging Art Editor Anna HallPublisher Andrew MacintyreArt Director Karen SelfPublishing Director Jonathan MetcalfDK IndiaSenior Managing Art Editor Arunesh TalapatraSenior Art Editor Chhaya SajwanArt Editor Meenal GoelAssistant Art Editor Rohit Dev BhardwajFirst American Edition, 2016Published in the United States by DK PublishingThe past simple345 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014Copyright © 2016 Dorling Kindersley LimitedDK, a Division of Penguin Random House LLCThe past simple negativePast simple questionsThe past continuous2816 17 18 19 20 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1001289769Dec/2016303234All rights reserved.Without limiting the rights under the copyright reserved above, no partof this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into aretrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means(electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise),without the prior written permission of the copyright owner.Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited.The present perfect simpleThe present perfect continuousThe past perfect simpleThe past perfect continuousA catalog record for this bookis available from the Library of Congress.ISBN 978-1-4654-5154-538DK books are available at special discounts when purchasedin bulk for sales promotions, premiums, fund-raising, or educationaluse. For details, contact: DK Publishing Special Markets, 345 HudsonStreet, New York, New York 100144042444648SpecialSalesPrinted and bound in China“Used to” and “would”All images © Dorling Kindersley LimitedFor further information see: Past tenses overviewA WORLD OF IDEAS:SEE ALL THERE IS TO KNOWThe future with “going to” The future with “will”The present for future eventsThe future continuousThe future perfect50545660626466687274Object and subject questionsIndirect questions102104106108110112114116120122124128130132134138142145146Question tagsShort questionsThe future in the pastFuture overviewShort answersQuestions overviewReported speechThe passiveThe passive in the pastThe passive in the futureThe passive with modalsOther passive constructionsConditional sentencesOther conditional sentencesConditional sentences overviewFuture possibilitiesTenses in reported speechReporting verbsReported speech with negativesReported questionsReported speech overviewTypes of verbs7678848688909498100Action and state verbsInfinitives and participlesVerb patternsWishes and regretsForming questionsVerb patterns with objectsVerb patterns with prepositionsPhrasal verbsQuestion wordsOpen questions Modal verbs152154156158162164166168174176180182184188190192194196198Quantity202208210212216220226228230232234238240242244246250252256AbilityApproximate quantityPersonal pronounsReflexive pronounsIndefinite pronounsPossessionPermission, requests, and offersSuggestions and adviceObligationsMaking deductionsPossibilityDefining relative clausesNon-defining relative clausesOther relative structuresQuestion words with “-ever”“There”ArticlesArticles overview“This / that / these / those”No / none”Each / every”Introductory “it”Either / neither / both”Shifting focusSingular and plural nounsCountable and uncountable nounsSubject-verb agreementAbstract and concrete nounsCompound nounsInversionEllipsisShortening infinitivesSubstitutionAdjectivesNumbersGradable and non-gradable adjectives Comparative adjectives258263266268272274276280282284286288290292296298302306310Linking words overviewPrefixes312314316320322324326328Two comparatives together“As. as” comparisonsSuffixesSuperlative adjectivesAdverbs of mannerEasily confused phrasesSequencing and organizingCorrecting and changing the subjectDeciding and hedgingMaking conversationComparative and superlative adverbsAdverbs of degreeAdverbs of timeAdverbs of frequency“So” and “such”Reference330350354Enough” and “too”GlossaryPrepositionsIndex and AcknowledgmentsPrepositions of placePrepositions of timeOther prepositionsDependent prepositionsCoordinating conjunctionsSubordinating conjunctionsMore linking words The present simpleThe present simple is used to make simple statementsof fact, to talk about things that happen repeatedly,and to describe things that are always true.See also:Present continuous 4 Present for futureevents 19 Adverbs of frequency 102THE PRESENT SIMPLETo make the present simple of most verbs,use the base form (the innitive without “to”).The base form ofthe verb “to eat.”Adverbs of frequencyare often used with thepresent simple.With “he,” “she,” and “it,” add “-s” to the base form.FURTHER EXAMPLESHOW TO FORMThe base form of the verb.REST OF SENTENCESUBJECTVERBWith “he,” “she,” and “it,” “-s” is added.8 “-S” AND “-ES” ENDINGSWith some verbs, “-es” is added for “he,” “she,” and “it.”These include verbs ending with “-sh,” “-ch,” “-o,” “-ss,” “-x,” and “-z.”“-es” is added toverbs endingwith “-o.”“-es” is added toverbs endingwith “-sh.”“-es” is added toverbs endingwith “-ch.”“-es” is added toverbs endingwith “-ss.”“-es” is addedto verbs endingwith “-x.”“-es” is added toverbs endingwith “-z.”FURTHER EXAMPLESCOMMON MISTAKES FORMING THE PRESENT SIMPLEWhen the present simple is used withhe,” “she,” “it,” or one persons name,it always ends in “-s” or “-es.”There is no need to add the auxiliary verb“do” when forming the present simple. It isonly used to form questions and negatives.“An “s” is added to thebase form “start.”“Start” without an “s” is only used“Do” is only used as an auxiliary verb whenforming negatives or questions.for “I,” “you,” “we,” and “they.”9 “BE” IN THE PRESENT SIMPLE“Be” is an important verb with anirregular present simple form.“Are” also followswe” and “they.”“Is” also follows“she” and “it.”HOW TO FORMSUBJECT“BE”REST OF SENTENCEFURTHER EXAMPLESContractions canalso be used.10 “HAVE” IN THE PRESENT SIMPLEHOW TO FORM“Have” is an irregular verb. The third personsingular form is “has” not “haves.”SUBJECT“HAVE”OBJECT“Has” is used for the third personsingular: “he,” “she,” and “it.”FURTHER EXAMPLES11 The present simple negativeTo make negative sentences using “be” in the presentsimple, “not” is added after the verb. For other verbs,the auxiliary verb “do not” or “does not” is used.See also:Present simple 1 Present overview 5Types of verbs 49NEGATIVES WITH THE VERB “BE”The verb “be” takes thesame form in positive andnegative sentences. The onlydierence is adding “not.”HOW TO FORMSUBJECT + “BE”“NOT”REST OF SENTENCENEGATIVE CONTRACTIONS“Is not” and “are not”can be contracted intwo ways. The“You are”becomes “youre.”subject and verb canbe contracted, or theverb and “not.” Theymean the same thing.“Are not” becomes “arent.”FURTHER EXAMPLES“I amnt” is incorrect.12 NEGATIVES WITH OTHER VERBS IN THE PRESENT SIMPLEFor verbs other thanbe,” “do not” ordoes not” goes“before the verb tomake the negative.Verb inbase form.HOW TO FORMSUBJECT“DO / DOES” + “NOT”BASE FORMREST OF SENTENCEThe base form is used nomatter what the subject is.FURTHER EXAMPLESThis is the contractedform of “does not.”COMMON MISTAKES FORMING NEGATIVE SENTENCESThe main verb in a negative sentencealways stays in its base form, even ifthe subject is “he,” she,” or “it.”13 Present simple questionsQuestions in the present simple with “be” are formed byswapping the verb and subject. For other verbs, the auxiliaryverb “do” or “does” must be added before the subject.See also:Present simple 1 Forming questions 34Question words 35 Open questions 36QUESTIONS WITH “BE” IN THE PRESENT SIMPLETo form questions in thepresent simple using “be,”reverse the order of thesubject and the verb.In a statement, the subjectcomes before the verb.In a question, the verb movesto the start of the sentence.The subject comes after the verb.HOW TO FORM“BE”SUBJECTREST OF SENTENCEFURTHER EXAMPLESQuestion words can be used beforethe verb to form open questions.14 QUESTIONS WITH “DO” AND “DOES”For questions withverbs other thanbe,” start thequestion withdo” or “does.”“Dont swap thesubject and themain verb.Add “do” to questionswith “I,” “you,” “we,”and “they.”Add “does” toquestions with“he,” “she,” and “it.”The main verb goesin its base form.HOW TO FORM“DO / DOES”SUBJECTBASE FORM OF VERBREST OF SENTENCEThe verb never takes an “-s” or“-es” when you ask a question.FURTHER EXAMPLESQuestion words can be used before“do” or “does” to form open questions.COMMON MISTAKES FORMING PRESENT SIMPLE QUESTIONSNever add “-s” or “-es” to the base form of the verb when askinga question, even in the third person singular (“he,” “she,” or “it”).The main verb always goes inits base form in questions.Do not add “-s” or “-es” to the mainverb when asking a question.15 The present continuousThe present continuous is used to talk about continuedactions that are happening in the present moment.It is formed with “be” and a present participle.See also:Present simple 1 Action and state verbs 50Innitives and participles 51THE PRESENT CONTINUOUSThe present continuous isused to describe a current,continued action.This is the present simple. It describesa repeated action or situation.The present continuoususes the verb “be.”This is the present continuous. It describeswhat is happening right now.HOW TO FORMSUBJECT“AM / IS / ARE”VERB + “-ING”REST OF SENTENCEPresent participleFURTHER EXAMPLESThe subject and the verbcan be contracted.16 PRESENT PARTICIPLE SPELLING RULESThe present participle is formed by adding “-ing” to the base formof the verb. Some participles have slightly dierent spelling rules.Last letters are consonantvowelconsonantand the nal syllable is stressed.Last letteris an “-e.”Last lettersare “-ie.”Add “-ing” to formregular present participles.Leave out “e.”Change“-ie” to “y.”Double the lastletter, unless its“w,” “x,” or “y.”TIPPresent participlesfollow the samespelling rulesas gerunds.FURTHER EXAMPLESDont double the last letter becausethe nal syllable is not stressed.COMMON MISTAKES STATE VERBS IN CONTINUOUS TENSESAction verbs can be used in simple and continuous forms.State verbs are not usually used in continuous forms.ACTIONSTATE17 QUESTIONS IN THE PRESENT CONTINUOUSTo ask questions in the present“He” is the subject.continuous, swap the subjectand the form of “be.”In a question, the verb movesto the start of the sentence.This action is happening right now.HOW TO FORM“AM / IS / ARE”SUBJECTVERB + “-ING”REST OF SENTENCEFURTHER EXAMPLESQuestion words such as “what,” “where,” and “how”can be used before the verb to form open questions.18 THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS NEGATIVETo make the negative of the presentcontinuous, add “not” after “be.”The present participlestays the same whenyou make the negative.Add “not” after “be” to make thenegative. Contractions are also possible.HOW TO FORMSUBJECT“AM / IS / ARE” + “NOT”VERB + “-ING”REST OF SENTENCEThe present participledoesnt change.FURTHER EXAMPLES19 Present tenses over viewTHE PRESENT SIMPLE AND THE PRESENT CONTINUOUSThe present simple is used to talk aboutpermanent situations, regular occurrences,things that are always true, repeated actions,and ongoing states.This is always true.This is a temporary situation.The present continuous is used to referto temporary situations, repeated actionsaround the present moment, and ongoingactions in the present moment.PRESENT TENSE QUESTIONSPresent simplequestions with “be”are formed dierentlyfrom other verbs.The form of “be” comesbefore the subject.“Do” or “does” is addedbefore the subject.Present continuousquestions are alwaysformed in the same way.The form of “be” comesbefore the subject.COMMON MISTAKES USING “S” IN THE PRESENT SIMPLE“-s” is never added to the base form of theAFFIRMATIVEverb when asking a question or making anegative sentence, even in the third personsingular (“he,” “she,” or “it”).An “-s” is added to the baseform in armative sentences.The base form without an “-s” is onlyused for “I,” “you,” “we,” and “they.”20 The present simple and present continuous are used indierent situat