TED经典演讲稿健康的时间观念.pdf
TED题：The psychology of time作者:Philip Zimbardo 健康的时间观念I want to share with you some ideas about the secret power of time,in a very short time.我想跟你们分享些对时间的神秘量的看法当然是在很短的时间内Video:All right,start the clock please.30 seconds studio.Keep it quiet please.Settle down.Its about time.End sequence.Take one.15 seconds studio.10,nine,eight,seven,six,five,four,three,two.视频：好的，开始计时。30秒倒计时保持安静。注意时间。结束倒计时。15秒倒计时10，9，8，76，5，4，3，2.Philip Zimbardo:Lets tune into the conversation of the principals in Adams temptation.Come on Adam,dont be so wishy-washy.Take a bite.I did.One bite,Adam.Dont abandon Eve.I dont know,guys.I dont want to get in trouble.Okay.One bite.What the hell?Philip Zimbardo:让我们来看看这段对话是有关“亚当的诱惑”快，亚当，别磨磨唧唧的，就咬，我已咬过了就，亚当。不要放弃夏娃我不知道啊我真的不想惹烦好吧，就。能怎么样？Life is temptation.Its all about yielding,resisting,yes,no,now,later,impulsive,reflective,present focus and future focus.Promised virtues fall prey to the passions of the moment.活中充满了诱惑。且到处都是：屈服或反抗是、不是、现在、随后、冲动、沉稳专注现在和展望未来激情时刻旦到来，道德束缚将皆被打破principalsadj.最重要的；负责temptationn.诱惑，引诱yieldingadj.柔软的；顺从的impulsiveadj.易冲动的Of teenage girls who pledged sexual abstinence and virginity until marriage-thank you George Bush-the majority,60 percent,yielded to sexual temptations within one year.And most of them did so without using birth control.So much for promises.那些承诺婚前性为的孩 这感谢下布什总统多数，概百分之六的在年之内就违背了的承诺这些乎没采取任何“安全措施”多么多的承诺啊Now lets tempt four-year-olds,giving them a treat.They can have one marshmallow now.But if they wait until the experimenter comes back,they can have two.Of course it pays,if you like marshmallows,to wait.What happens is two-thirds of the kids give in to temptation.They cannot wait.The others,of course,wait.They resist the temptation.They delay the now for later.现在我们来试试引诱4岁的孩，拿他们来做个试验他们现在有个棉花糖，如果他们能够等到实验员回来再吃的话，就可以得到2个棉花糖这当然是需要付出的，如果你真喜欢吃棉花糖的话，那就等着但结果是3分之2的孩屈服于诱惑他们等不了。当然，其它的孩都得到了第个棉花糖因为他们抵抗了诱惑。他们于先苦后甜。Walter Mischel,my colleague at Stanford,went back 14 years later,to try to discover what was different about those kids.There were enormous differences between kids who resisted and kids who yielded,in many ways.The kids who resisted scored 250 points higher on the SAT.Thats enormous.Thats like a whole set of different IQ points.沃特塞奇，是我在斯坦福学的同事他在14年后重新找到这些孩并去勘察他们现时的情况结果发现这两组孩在各个都有着巨的差异那些等到了第个棉花糖的孩在SAT中另组得分平均250分这是多么的差异啊！这根本就是两组智商平不同的孩啊sexual abstinence 性禁欲virginityn.处状态；贞洁temptationn.诱惑marshmallown.棉花糖experimentern.实验者enormousn.巨的They didnt get in as much trouble.They were better students.They were self-confident and determined.And the key for me today,the key for you,is,they were future-focused rather than present-focused.他们都没有任何问题，都是好学他们信且果断。那么今天我所要说的关键是同样也是你们的关键点就是由“向现在”转变为“展望未来”So what is time perspective?Thats what Im going to talk about today.Time perspective is the study of how individuals,all of us,divide the flow of your human experience into time zones or time categories.And you do it automatically and non-consciously.They vary between cultures,between nations,between individuals,between social classes,between education levels.And the problem is that they can become biased,because you learn to over-use some of them and under-use the others.那什么是时间洞察呢？这将是我下要讲的时间洞察是研究个包括我们在内，如何以时间区域或时间类别为单位划分的经历体验。其实我们直都在然然地做着影响我们划分式的因素有很多，包括不同的化背景、国家个、社会阶层以及不同的教育背景问题是由于这些因素的存在，最终导致时间洞察都具是的因为你学会经常使其中的些，其他的则被很少使What determines any decision you make?You make a decision on which youre going to base an action.For some people its only about what is in the immediate situation,what other people are doing and what youre feeling.And those people,when they make their decisions in that format-were going to call them present-oriented,because their focus is what is now.是什么促使你做出那些选择？你所做的决定是基于你怎么采取动的对些来说，这个决定只是基于现状另些是基于他们的直觉。对于那些基于现状做决定的我们称呼他们为：“向现在”因为他们专注于现正发的事情determinedadj.坚定的time perspective时间洞察automaticallyadv.动的individualsadj.个的For others,the present is irrelevant.Its always about What is this situation like that Ive experienced in the past?So that their decisions are based on past memories.And were going to call those people past-oriented,because they focus on what was.对于另些来说，现正发什么并不重要就好像是说：“我以前好像经历过类似的事情”样所以，他们基于过去的经验来做决定我们称呼这些为：“观望过去”，因为他们专注于过去For others its not the past,its not the present,its only about the future.Their focus is always about anticipated consequences.Cost-benefit analysis.Were going to call them future-oriented.Their focus is on what will be.还有部分，他们的考虑不是基于现在，也不是过去是未来他们专注于预期的结果就像成本效益分析样我们称呼这些为：展望未来。因为他们专注于将来会是怎么样的So,time paradox,I want to argue,the paradox of time perspective,is something that influences every decision you make,youre totally unaware of.Namely,the extent to which you have one of these biased time perspectives.Well there is actually six of them.There are two ways to be present-oriented.There is two ways to be past-oriented,two ways to be future.那么，时间悖论，这我要讨论的是：时间洞察的悖论会不会有某个因素影响你做出的每个决定你又完全不知？那你就具有某种程度上的的时间洞察实际上是有六种时间洞察，其中两个属于“向现在”两个属于“观望过去”，还有两个属于“展望未来”anticipated预期的consequencen.结果time perspective时间洞察You can focus on past-positive,or past-negative.You can be present-hedonistic,namely you focus on the joys of life,or present-fatalist-it doesnt matter,your life is controlled.You can be future-oriented,setting goals.Or you can be transcendental future:namely,life begins after death.Developing the mental flexibility to shift time perspectives fluidly depending on the demands of the situation,thats what youve got to learn to do.你可以专注于“积极经历”或“消极经历”也可以专注于“享受现在”指的是你专注于活中的快乐，或者宿命这些都所谓，因为你的活尽在掌握当然，你也可以“展望未来”，设定个标或者超越未来指的是：命在死后重新开始通过增强精神灵活性来顺利地提升时间洞察这有赖于环境的需求这就是你要学着去做的So,very quickly,what is the optimal time profile?High on past-positive.Moderately high on future.And moderate on present-hedonism.And always low on past-negative and present-fatalism.So the optimal temporal mix is what you get from the past-past-positive gives you roots.You connect your family,identity and your self.What you get from the future is wings to soar to new destinations,new challenges.What you get from the present hedonism is the energy,the energy to explore yourself,places,people,sensuality.那么，什么是最佳的时间洞察呢？度依赖于“积极经历”，适度依赖于未来适度依赖于”享受现在“永远不考虑“消极经历”和“宿命论”其实，最佳的时间洞察是由你过去的经历“积极经历”奠定了基础，你和你的家庭，独主从未来得到是值得奋的标，新的挑战从“享受现在”中得到的是动去探索世界、他以及原始需求Any time perspective in excess has more negatives than positives.What do futures sacrifice for success?They sacrifice family time.They sacrifice friend time.任何时间洞察中总是负性多于正性的举个例：为了将来的成功我们需要牺牲些什么呢？我们需要牺牲和家庭在起的时光，需要牺牲和朋友在起的时光present-hedonistic现在享乐主义future-oriented向未来flexibilityn.灵活性moderateadj.中等的；温和的destinationn.的地；终点They sacrifice fun time.They sacrifice personal indulgence.They sacrifice hobbies.And they sacrifice sleep.So it affects their health.And they live for work,achievement and control.Im sure that resonates with some of the TEDsters.需要牺牲那些快乐的时光，需要牺牲个嗜好需要牺牲业余爱好，需要牺牲睡眠时间。因此会影响体健康他们的活中只有作、成就和控制欲我保证你们在座的些会对此引起共鸣And it resonated for me.I grew up as a poor kid in the South Bronx ghetto,a Sicilian family-everyone lived in the past and present.Im here as a future-oriented person who went over the top,who did all these sacrifices because teachers intervened,and made me future oriented.Told me dont eat that marshmallow,because if you wait youre going to get two of them,until I learned to balance out.Ive added present-hedonism,Ive added a focus on the past-positive,so,at 76 years old,I am more energetic than ever,more productive,and Im happier than I have ever been.这些与我引起了共鸣，我出于南布朗克斯贫民窟中的个贫困的西西岛的家庭中。每个都是在沉湎过去和活在当下在这，我，作为位“展望未来”的拜我的师所赐，我做出了以上所有的牺牲并将我改变成为位“展望未来”的。告诉我不要那个棉花糖因为如果你等待的话，就能吃到2个直到我学会了如何平衡舍与得的关系。现在我学会了“享受现在”，同时也学会了观望“积极经历”因此，在我76岁的时候，我感觉到从没有过的精、动现在的我以前任何时候都要快乐！hedonismn.快乐主义I just want to say that we are applying this to many world problems:changing the drop-out rates of school kids,combating addictions,enhancing teen health,curing vets PTSD with time metaphors-getting miracle cures-promoting sustainability and conservation,reducing physical rehabilitation where there is a 50-percent drop out rate,altering appeals to suicidal terrorists,and modifying family conflicts as time-zone clashes.这，我只是想说：要应这个原理去解决世界上的很多问题改变学校的退学率打击毒品，增强青少年健康时间隐喻法治疗那些患有创伤后应激障碍的兵 创造医学奇迹促进可持续发展和保护在具有50%退出率的医院内减缓体康复改变那些呼吁杀的恐怖分将家庭盾转化为时间区域的冲突So I want to end by saying:many of lifes puzzles can be solved by understanding your time perspective and that of others.And the idea is so simple,so obvious,but I think the consequences are really profound.Thank you so much.最后我想说的是如果真正理解的以及其他的时间观点的话活中的许多困惑都会被解开道理是简单且显易见的但结论是深奥的谢谢！metaphorn.隐喻physical rehabilitation 身体康复appeal to suicidal terrorists呼吁杀的恐怖主义
