法国的印太战略-法国政府-2021.ppt

FrancesIndoPacificStrateg yTable of Contents46Foreword by the Presidentof the French RepublicForeword by the Ministerfor Europe and Foreign Affairsof the French Republic9 Section One 39 Section Three Frances partnershipsin the IndoPacificThe IndoPacific:a regionwith polarizing tensionsand significant global issues40 3.1.Strategic partnerships43 3.2.Partnership with ASEAN10 1.1.Geopolitical balances of powerare changing46 3.3.Frances actions inthe Pacific Ocean12 1.2.A structuring axis ofthe global economy50 3.4.Frances actions inthe Indian Ocean14 1.3.The IndoPacific at the heartof global issues and the objectivesof sustainable development55 Section Four Frances objectives andactions in the IndoPacific17 Section Two France and the IndoPacific,presence and influence56 Pillar 1:Security and Defence59 Pillar 2:Economy,connectivity,research,and innovation18 2.1.Overseas territories,at the heartof the French strategy62 Pillar 3:Multilateralism andthe rule of law23 2.2.The French States networkand its agencies65 Pillar 4:Climate change,biodiversity,sustainable management of oceans24 2.3.Military and security presence28 2.4.Economic footprint69 Section Five 32 2.5.Partnerships in education,research,and innovationReinforcing the commitmentof the European Unionin the IndoPacific70 5.1.Presence of the EU in the region71 5.2.A European strategyfor the IndoPacific74 Glossary 3Forewordby the President ofthe French RepublicThe French IndoPacific strategy,whose principles and lines of action I setout in spring 2018,is based on the major ongoing strategic transformationsobserved in that space,and Frances role through its overseas departmentsand communities.Over 1.6 million French citizens live in these overseas territories,while threequarters of the French exclusive economic zone the worldssecond largest is located in the IndoPacific.Our armed forces provide a strongpresence of over 7,000 soldiers,which is essential to defend our sovereignty and tocontribute,alongside our main partners,to regional security.As a fullyfledged IndoPacific country,France also wants to be a stabilizing force,promoting the values of freedom and rule of law.We aim to provide solutionsto the security,economic,health,climate and environmental challenges facingcountries in the zone.The French IndoPacific strategy,which turns theseobjectives into concrete actions,is based on four main pillars.First,our actions take place in the area of security and defence.We want theIndoPacific to remain an open and inclusive area,with each State observing eachothers sovereignty.In this zone,which is the epicentre of global maritime tradeand where tensions are appearing regarding maritime borders,it is essential toensure freedom of navigation and overflight,in full compliance with the UnitedNations Convention on the Law of the Sea.The second main theme is economic,particularly the connectivity of physicaland digital infrastructures,which are sectors in which IndoPacific countries havehuge needs.Here too,promoting and complying with international standards,particularly regarding trade,is a priority.The third pillar involves promoting effective multilateralism,based on the rule oflaw and the rejection of coercion.Multilateralism,which involves all stakeholders,is the best framework in which to reduce tensions and encourage cooperativeapproaches,rather than operating via blocks.And the need to work together hasbeen all the more obvious due to the COVID19 pandemic.We can only succeed4 by working together to tackle the latest particularly tough global health challengesin the IndoPacific region.The fourth essential component of our strategy is our commitment to commongoods.It is largely the IndoPacific space that will determine our ability to meetour strict climate and biodiversity requirements.In this part of the world,Franceis promoting ambitious environmental diplomacy by mobilizing its partnersaround concrete initiatives for energy transition,the protection of biodiversityand sustainable ocean management.Finally,the IndoPacific must be one of the main priorities of our Europeanagenda.An increased European presence will enable us to better meet thechallenges of this vast region,where the European Union has already forgedstrong partnerships.I look forward to the upcoming adoption of an ambitiousEU Strategy for Cooperation in the IndoPacific.Many initiatives have been developed over the past three years,and ourpartnerships with countries in the region have reached unprecedented levelsof cooperation.But much remains to be done.Our aim is to help make theIndoPacific a free,safe and open space,which has high ambitions in termsof oceans,the climate and biodiversity,and is integrated with regard toinfrastructure and human exchanges.You can count on Frances full commitment.We will continue to play a full role in contributing to the stability of this newstrategic space,which is at the core of major global challenges.Emmanuel MacronPresident of the French Republic 5Forewordby the Minister for Europeand Foreign Af fairs ofthe French RepublicBecause the IndoPacific region is becoming the worlds strategic centreof gravity and because the security,economic,technological andenvironmental challenges emerging there are also ours,France and theEuropean Union have interests to defend,values to promote and partnershipsto forge there.That is one of the priorities of the European and international action of France,now acknowledged as a fullyfledged nation of the IndoPacific,not onlybecause of our overseas departments and communities and permanent militarypresence,but also because of our ability to take the initiative with our partnersand regarding their cooperation needs,thanks to an exceptional networkof diplomatic and consular posts,government agencies,higher educationestablishments and scientific research institutes.Since the President of the Republics founding speech in Sydney in May 2018,we have worked to unite and to act.In this region marked by polarization and rising tensions,we have proposed toour partners to move forward,with us,on the path of multilateral cooperationbased on law and respectful of all sovereignties.This approach clearly fulfils theaspirations of the main countries in the region,with which we have constantlystrengthened our ties on the basis of converging views and shared interests.We have also started intensifying our cooperation with regional organizations,particularly ASEAN,which is set to remain central to building a multipolar Asia.We are now proud to be an ASEAN Development Partner.Thanks to these partnerships,we have been able to carry out tangible actionsto strengthen stability in the IndoPacific,contribute to settling regionalcrises,promote the rule of law and international standards,ensure balancedand sustainable economic development,foster the deployment of qualityinfrastructure and work to preserve our common goods:the climate,theenvironment and biodiversity,health,marine resources and maritime security,education and digital technology.6 We have also supported the deployment of our companies towards theIndoPacific,convinced that they can contribute to that progress by enteringmarkets which offer immense growth potential.Lastly,we have advocated for the European Union to fully play the role it musthave in the IndoPacific,addressing all the consequences of the geopolitical pivotthat is taking shape and making greater use of its cooperation instruments.Theadoption of a European strategy for the IndoPacific will soon crown those efforts.That intense diplomatic work,the first results of which are presented in thisdocument,will naturally continue and be stepped up,particularly during FrancesPresidency of the Council of the European Union in the first half of 2022.A considerable share of the balances of tomorrows world are today in play inthe IndoPacific.We are determined to be there and ready for this historic shift.Jean-Yves Le DrianMinister for Europe and Foreign Affairsof the French Republic 7 During his visit in May 2018,the President of the Republic launched Frances IndoPacific Strategyat Garden Island naval base in Australia.8 Section One-The Indo-Pacific:a region withpolarizingtensions andsignificant globalissuesThe main principles and objectives of FrancesIndoPacific strategy were presented in the foundingspeeches made by President Macron in Sydney(GardenIsland)on 2 May 2018,during the AmbassadorsConference on 27 August 2019,and in SaintDenis dela Runion on 23 October 2019(“Choose La Runion”summit).The French approach presented by PresidentMacron seeks to maintain a space that is open andinclusive,free of all forms of coercion,and in accordancewith international law and multilateralism,which extendsfrom the eastern shores of Africa to the island Statesof the Pacific.President Macron noted the importanceof our major partnerships and underlined the role thatour overseas departments and communities in the Indianand Pacific Oceans play in regional cooperation.91.1.Geopolitical balancesof power are changingCurrently,the IndoPacific is anarea that is seeing profoundstrategic changes.Chinas powerin a modern military for over a decade.Combined with technological progress,this trend causes a general hardening ofoperational environments and a potentialfracture in regional,as well as global,balances of power.is increasing,and its territorial claimsare expressed with greater and greaterstrength.Competition between Chinaand the US is increasing,as are tensionsat the ChineseIndian border and on theKorean peninsula.All of these elementsare changing regional balances of power,and making strategic calculations morecomplex.To this can be added persistenttransnational threats,such as piracy,terrorism,trafficking(drugs,preciousstones and wood,protected species,etc.)and unresolved proliferation crises,aswell as the disastrous effects of climatechange,which are already being felt interms of security.All of these changeshave a direct impact on the entire region,including on French territories.Oceans,at the heartof tensionsThe IndoPacific is characterized by itsmaritime dimension.Maritime transitrepresents 90%of global trade flowsand the oceans are crucial strategicspaces for guaranteeing supplies ofgoods and energy.Securing shippinglanes is therefore an absolute priority.International mobilization in the fightagainst Somalian piracy around 2010was the first indication of the needfor a multilateral response to thesethreats.Today efforts are also beingmade to fight trafficking in drugs andweapons,as well as human trafficking,and also against illegal,undeclared andunregulated fishing,a practice that ison the rise,that some States use as adestabilizing force.In this area where seven of the ten largestdefence budgets in the world are located,the increasing strategic and militaryimbalances are a threat with globalconsequences,and could as such directlyimpact Europe:30%of trade betweenAsia and Europe goes through the SouthChina Sea.Most of the States of theIndoPacific region have sought to investThese nontraditional security threatsare on top of conflicts for maritime10 Section One The IndoPacific:a region with polarizing tensions and significant global issuesboundaries that are a source of greattension between States,including inthe South China Sea and East ChinaSea.Since this concerns freedom ofnavigation in international straits,France is opposed to any attempted faitaccompli,unilateral change in existingsystems,or challenge to international lawthrough the use of force.while global challenges are requiringgreater cooperation from States.Therisks of uncontrolled escalation aregreat in this region,which lacks crisisregulation mechanisms.In line with theprinciples and values demonstrated in itsinternational commitment,France worksfor a multilateral international orderthat is based on the rule of law.It sharesthis goal with its main partners in theIndoPacific,including India,Australia,Japan,and ASEAN.Preserving an internationalorder based on the ruleof law through actionsthat are based on amultilateral approachThe United States and China are engagedin global strategic competition wherethe main areas of interaction are locatedin the IndoPacific.Initially centred oneconomics and technology,this rivalryhas extended to the military sphere and,in the medium term,will determine mostof the regional strategic issues.ChineseAmerican strategic competition andthe behaviour of certain regional actors,giving priority to bilateral arrangementsand power relations in order to favourtheir own national interests,contribute tothe breakdown of the international order,111.2.A structuring axisof the global economyStrong economic potentialsupported by a dynamic middle classthat will soon represent three billionpeople in Asia.These people have a tastefor high quality goods and services.Theyare mobile,connected,and increasinglylive in urban areas(21 of the 30 largestcities on the planet are in Asia).Theseurban ecosystems are also laboratoriesfor innovation,where the city of thefuture is being created,one that is moreinclusive and more sustainable.TheIndoPacific offers great opportunity forFrench companies,including those in thedefence sector,as the region has becomethe largest global importer of militaryequipment.In two decades,the IndoPacific regionhas become the new driver of globaleconomic growth.The IndoPacificincludes six members of the G20,andthe region generates almost 40%ofglobal wealth.According to the IMF,the IndoPacific could represent morethan 50%of global GDP in 2040,and itsmarkets could represent 40%of globalconsumption.Despite the internal economicheterogeneity of the region,it displayssignificant regional integration.Asiantrade is buoyed by value chains that areincreasingly concentrated,60%of Asiantrade is interregional in nature.Financing Connectivity,for Asian startups from inside thea major challengeregion amounts to 70%of all financingsources.The Regional ComprehensiveEconomic Partnership(RCEP)free tradeagreement was signed in November 2020between 15 States(10 ASEAN countries,China,Korea,Japan,Australia and NewZealand).It will further strengthenregional integration,which for States alsocontributes to resilience in the face ofglobal economic shocks.The rapid economic developmentof this region has brought about theneed for significant investment.Thisis particularly the case in the area ofinfrastructure for transportation,energy,and telecommunications,sectorswhere French companies have proventheir skills.The field of infrastructureis one that is highly competitive acrossthe region,including the Chinese Beltand Road Initiative.France supports aGrowth in the IndoPacific region is12 Section One The IndoPacific:a region with polarizing tensions and significant global issuesset of norms and standards,and thedeployment of multilateral tools forfinancing quality infrastructure.Thisincludes,within the framework of theG20,seeking to promote environmentalprotection,social inclusion,respect ofcompetition