高三英语专题复习阅读技巧.ppt

高二英语专题复习高二英语专题复习阅读技巧一猜测词义二抓住主题思想三进行推理和判断四确定作者的观点和态度生词1.生词2.熟词生用3.一词多义语境线索contextclues阅读中的生词问题阅读中的生词问题所谓猜测词义,是指在阅读过程中根据对语篇的信息、逻辑、背景知识及语言结构等的综合理解去猜测或推断某一生词、难词、关键词的词义,它是一种非常有用的阅读技巧,获得这种技巧之后,读者在阅读过程中能很快通过上下文提供的线索或生词本身的结构特点推断出词义来,从而提高阅读速度和阅读能力.Accordingtotheauthortheword.means_.Byword.theauthormeans_.Whichofthefollowingisnearest/closestinmeaningto.?TIPSWords,likepeople,arefrequentlyknownbythecompanytheykeep.Awordscontextorsurroundings,canprovidecluestomeaning.善用语境线索，猜测生词意思1Thepeoplewhosurvivedtheearthquakecriedbitterlyoverthebodiesoftheirrelatives2ThepupilsassembledinfrontoftheschoolhallTheycametogethertolistentotheheadmasterannouncetheresultofthesportsmeeting幸存聚集2.同义词线索同义词线索3.反义词线索反义词线索4.例证性线索5.修饰语线索1.解释性线索语境线索6.标点符号线索善用语境线索，猜测生词意思Pantomime refers to a short play inwhichnowordsarespoken.1.解释性线索解释性线索（tobedefinedas,tobecalled,thatistobe,toreferto,inanotherword,inotherwords,thatis,thatistosay）哑剧1).Anthropologyisthescientificstudyofman.2).Thepowerfulpoisonwasimperceptiblewhenmixedin liquid;that is,it could not be tasted,seen,orsmelled.3).Desertcanbedefinedasalargeareaoflandwherethere is not enough rain and vegetation to supporthumanlife.人类学感觉不到的沙漠善用语境线索，猜测生词意思2.同义词线索(or,like,similarly，also)Doctors believe that smoking is detrimental to your health.They also regard drinking as harmful.有害的有害的Mr Smith loves to talk,and his wife is similarlyloquacious多话的1.Likeheryoungersisterwhois gregarious,Alicealsolikestomakefriends.2.Atthebeginningtheydidnothaveenoughcapital tostartabusiness,norweretheyabletoborrowtheamountofmoneytheyneededfromthebank.3.Insomecountrieswherethereisverylittlerain,thefarmershavetoirrigate,orwater,theirfields.社交的资金灌溉善用语境线索，猜测生词意思Somepeopleliketowalkquicklyhome,butIprefer to stroll home and look at the storewindowsalongtheway3.反义词线索(yet,but,unlike,however,while,notbut,instead,on the contrary,in contrast,ratherthan)漫步1.UnliketheUnitedStates,wheremanydifferentnationalitiesmakeupthepopulation,Japanspopulationisquitehomogeneous.2.Writtenlanguagetendstobestatic,whilespokenlanguageconstantlychanges.同类的静止不变的Mr.Wangisagentlemanwhoisalwayspunctualforallhisclasses,buthearrivedover10minuteslateyesterdaymorning.（punctual与与over10minuteslate形成鲜明形成鲜明的对比。的对比。“守时的守时的”）善用语境线索，猜测生词意思ManyUnitedNationsemployeesarepolyglots;MrSimoson,forexample,speaksfivelanguagesfluently.4.例证性线索(forexample,forinstance,suchas,likeetc.)Carsmusthavecertainsafetydevicessuchasseatbelt,headlights,andgoodbrakes.通晓多种语言的人设备善用语境线索，猜测生词意思He was a prestidigitator who entertained the children by pulling rabbits out of hats,swallowing fire,and other similar tricks.5.修饰性线索修饰性线索(词，短语，从句）词，短语，从句）变戏法的人1).Hebegantoshavehiswhiskers,whichhadgrownthickonbothcheeks.2).Hetakesaspecialinterestinbotanywhichconcernsthestudyofplants.胡须植物学植物学善用语境线索，猜测生词意思6,标点符号线索:括号、破折号在句中常引出括号、破折号在句中常引出注释性词语，通过这些解释和注释，我们可以注释性词语，通过这些解释和注释，我们可以推断出词的含义。推断出词的含义。1).OneofthemajorfeaturesofEnglishvocabularyispolysemymanymeanings.2).Themajorfaultinyourcompositionisredundancy,usingmorewordsthannecessarytoexpressyouridea.一词多义的不简练的（一）利用比喻关系（一）利用比喻关系Thehot-airballoontookoff.Itwasbuoyantintheairasaroseleafinwater.（二）利用因果关系（二）利用因果关系Allhisattemptstounlockthedoorwasfutile;becauseshewasusingthewrongkey.(buoyant为为adj.把热气球升在空中比作玫瑰花瓣把热气球升在空中比作玫瑰花瓣在水中在水中“漂浮的漂浮的”）(分号前为分号前为“果果”，后为，后为“因因”。因为用错了钥匙，。因为用错了钥匙，所以所以“开门开门”的一切尝试都失败了。的一切尝试都失败了。“无效的，徒劳无效的，徒劳的的”）（三）利用生活常识三）利用生活常识Inolddays,whengirlsfromrichfamiliesweremarried,theyexpectedtobringwiththemselvesalargequantityofdowry.(根据常识，在旧社会，有钱人家的姑娘出嫁当根据常识，在旧社会，有钱人家的姑娘出嫁当然要带很多然要带很多“嫁妆嫁妆”）英语中的构词法主要有三种：英语中的构词法主要有三种：（Derivation）派生派生（Conversion）转化转化（Compounding）合成合成（四）利用构词法知识（四）利用构词法知识-Toselectthedefinitionofitalicizedwordorphrase1.Dontlistentohisnonsense.A.foolishtalk;meaninglesswordsB.beautifulwordsC.clevertalk;meaningfulwords 2.Hemisunderstood me.A.understoodwronglyB.understoodrightlyC.understandtruly 3.Helivedahardlifeinpre-liberationdays.A.beforeliberationB.afterliberationC.sinceliberation 4.ThefirstthingJimdidwhenhegotoffthetrainwastolookforaporter.A.onewhosellsticketsB.taxiC.onewhocarriesluggage(行李）Exercise 1-To tick off the correct choice from A,B,and C.1.Charles asked the bank for a small loanloan so that he could repair his house.A.sum of money B.load C.tool 2.One who is destitutedestitute has a great need for food and clothing.A.very tall B.very poor C.very rich 3.Theflowersinthevasewitheredbecausetheyhadnowater.A.becamesweeterB.becameredC.becamedry4.Justforfun,theydecidedtotryaverycircuitous countryroadinsteadofthemoredirecthighway.A.directB.indirectC.straight5.Thatmuseumisso immensethatitwillbeimpossibletoseealltheexhibitsinoneday.A.smallB.largeC.dull阅读技能阅读技能如何提高阅读能力第二专题抓住主题思想主题思想是作者在文章中要表达的核心内容，也是作者始终要说明的问题。段落的中心思想常由主题句来表达。TIPSAs a rule,reading work should begin with a general or global understanding of the text,and then move to smaller units such as paragraphs,sentences and words.HowtofindthemainideaofapassageSometimesthefirstsentenceofapassageisthetopic(key)sentenceSometimesthelastsentenceisthetopic(key)sentenceSometimesthetopic(key)sentenceisinthemiddleofapassageSometimesyouhavetoputseveralkeysentencestogethertogetthemainideaSometimesyoucantfindthetopic(key)sentenceinthepassage.Youhavetosumitupyourself.1MainIdea类型：选项形式为陈述句。典型问题形式：Whatisthemainideapointofthispassage？Themainideaofthisarticleis_.Thispassageismainlyabout_.2MainTopic类型：选项形式为名词或名词词组。要求考生指出文章的Topic（论题）或Subject（主题），或Title（标题）等。Whatisthemaintopicofthispassage？Thepassageischieflyconcernedwith_.Whatisthemainsubjectofthepassage?Thebesttitleforthispassagemightbe_.要正确理解一篇文章，关键是要抓住文章的主题思想。阅读中如何才能抓住文章的主旨大意呢？通常有两种方法：1.找出主题句。一般来讲，文章或段落的主题句在文章或段落的开头或结尾。2.找出主题词。如果文章或段落中找不到主题句，考生就要找出主题词或关键词，然后根据对文章的理解自己归纳概括出文章的中心思想。（一）、找主题句Peoplehavedifferenttastesinfood.Somefeelthattheyhaventeatenamealunlesstheyhavehadsteakorotherredmeat.Somepreferchickenorfishandeatoneortheotherateverymeal.Othersprefervegetablesandfruitsorgrainsandwouldenjoyamealofspaghetti,eggplant,andfreshfruit.Otherscouldliveonwhatwerecalledfast-foods:ahamburgerorhotdog,Frenchfriesandasoftdrink.（1）主题句在段首。一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头，其后的句子则是论证性细节。在论说文，科技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种格式。Sinceplantsgiveoffthisvaluablegas,theyaredoingotherlivingthingsagreatservice,because,sincealllivingthingshavetobreathe,therecouldeasilybeashort-ageofoxygenintheatmosphere.Greenplants,inthisway;helptomaintainthebalanceofgasesintheatmosphere.（2）主题句在段尾。一般说来，当一种观点不易向人解释清楚，或不易被人接受时，主题句便会到段落的末尾才出现。当作者想要说服读者听信其言时，一般采用此格式组织句子。JustasIsettledowntoreadorwatchtelevision,hedemandsthatIplaywithhim.IfIgetatelephonecall,hescreamsinthebackgroundorknockssomethingover.Ialwayshavetohanguptofindoutwhatswrongwithhim.Baby-sittingwithmylittlebrotherisnofun.Herefuses.toletmeeatasnackinpeace.UsuallyhewantshalfofwhateverIhavetoeat.Then,whenhefinallygrowstired,ittakesaboutanhourforhimtofallasleep.（3）主题句在段中。有时段落是先介绍背景和细节，接着用一句综合或概括性的话概括前面所说的内容或事例，然后再围绕主题展开对有关问题的深入讨论。这种文章的主题句往往会在段落中间出现，但不是就在正中间。（二）找主题词有时段落中没有明显的主题句。作者用一种间接的方式表达了段落的中心思想。这时我们不能轻而易举地判断出主旨或主题这样，主题句是含蓄的，它隐含在短文或段落之中，需要考生从段落中寻找主题词或词组。然后用这些主题词或词组概括和归纳出段落的中心思想。Somepeopleliketogotobeachoralakeforrecreation.Theyenjoytheswimmingorboatingthatisavailablethere.Otherpeople,especiallyinthehotsummer,prefercleanairandcoolmountainbreezes.Somepeoplelikeexcitementandentertainment.Theygottoshowsandnightclubs.Stillotherpeoplefindthatstayinghomewiththefamilyandenjoyingthetogethernessofspendingtimewithlovedonesisthemosthappyexperienceofall.Peopleenjoydifferentkindsofrecreation.主旨大意题的干扰项(错误选项)有3种：1.概括范围太窄，只表达局部信息或某一细节，不能概括整篇文章的主旨大意。2.概括范围太宽，所表达的内容超出或多于文章阐述的内容。3.无关信息：即文章中未提到、或找不到语言依据的信息。Whentheweatherisclear,pilotsusetheireyestokeeptheairplaneflyingstraightandlevel.Inlowvisibilitysituations,however,theeyeandotherorientationsenses,suchasoursenseofbalance,arenotonlyuseless,theymaybetotallymisleading.Theonlysafewaytoflyanairplaneinlowvisibilityconditionsistouseinstruments,whichindicatetheattitudeoftheairplane.A.Inbadweather,thesensescanbemisleadingB.FlyinganairplanecanbeverydifficultC.Whenvisibilityislowtheonlysafewaytoflyanairplaneisbyusingflightinstruments.D.Whentheweatherisclear,pilotsusetheireyestokeeptheairplaneflyingstraightandlevel.四项选择中A项和d项内容太具体，不能概括段落的主旨思想。b项内容又太笼统，超出了作者的原意。只有C项才准确地概括出段落的主旨思想。阅读技能阅读技能如何提高阅读能力进行推理判断考查依据短文内容和考生应有的常识进行推理和判断的能力。此类题目文章中没有明确的答案，需要考生再理解全文的基础上进行推理和判断。其主要提问方式是：题干表现形式：题干表现形式：ItcanbeinferredfromthetextthatFromthetextweknowthatThestoryimpliesthatTheparagraphfollowingthepassagewillmostprobablybeItmaybeconcludedfromthepassagethatWhatwouldbehappyif?1.解推断题应注意：(1)不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点；(2)推理的根据来自于上下文。1)题型分类题型分类a)细节推断题 要求考生根据语篇关系，推断具体细节，如时间，地点，人物关系，人物身份，事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常识进行判断推理。b)因果推断题要求考生根据已知结果推测导致结果的可能原因。考生要准确掌握文章的内涵，理解文章的真正含义。c)人物性格、态度及观点判断题高考阅读测试中有些是考察考生对作者的主导思想，被描写人物语气，言谈话语中流漏的情绪，性格倾向和作者或文中人物，态度观点等方面的理解题。做着一类题注意：i.由表及里的准确把握字里行间的意思，切勿用自己的主观想法或观点代替作者的思想观点。ii.特别注意那些描写环境气氛的语言，以及表达感情，态度观点的词语。要特别注意作者在文章中的措辞，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词。iii.能结合自己平时积累的有关英语国家的文化传统，风俗习惯等背景知识来识别评价。d)预测想象推理题有些内容文章中没有明确说明，要求考生根据语篇，对事件可能的结局或下段可能涉及的内容等进行预测推理。做这类题时应把握作者的写作思路（如文章可能按事件发展的经过描写，也可能按因果关系，对比关系来叙述），从而作出比较科学的合情合理的预测。干扰项的特点：（1）以假乱真，编造信息；不是在文章事实或上下文逻辑基础上进行推理而得的观点。（2）混淆本末，主次不分；虽然以文章提供的事实或内在轮机为基础进行推理，但推理过头，概括过度。（3）直接间接不分，把文章中明确表达的内容当成推理出来的（4）因果颠倒；原文的原因变成了选项中的结果，或反之。Example1Onedayamanwalkedintoapetshopandsaidtotheshopassistant，“Ineedtwosmallmiceandaboutfivedozenroachesandtwospiders.”“Whatdoyouneedthesethingsfor?theshopassistantwasverysurprised.“Well，”repliedtheman，“ImmovingoutofmyapartmentandthelandlordinsiststhatIshouldleavethehouseinexactlythesameconditionasIfoundit.”Q：Thepassagesuggeststhatwhenthewritermovedintothehouse，itwas_.A.verycleanB.justcleanedbythelandlordC.tidyandcomfortableD.dirtyandfullofinsectsExample2Somepeopleareneverright.Theyneverhavegoodluck.Theyusuallydothewrongthingandsaythewrongthing.AndevenifwhattheysayordoisOK，theyasarulesayitordoitatthewrongtime.Sothesepeoplealwayshaveproblems.Theyoftenbreakdishes.Theysometimesmissbusesandairplanes.Mr.Neffisdifferent.Heisalwaysright.Heisneverwrong.Heusuallyhasgoodluck.Heseldomhasproblems.Heneverbreaksdishes.Henevermissesbusesorairplanes.Evenifhedoesmissthem，itisalwaysthefaultofthebusesorairplanes.Mr.Neffknowsalmosteverything.Hedoesntaskquestions；heanswersquestions.Heneversays，“Idontknow.”Q：WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesthewritersattitudetowardsMrNeff?A.HefindsMrNeffhardtounderstandB.HethinksMrNeffwonderfulC.HefeelspityforMrNeffD.HedoesnotlikeMrNeff解析：本文中使用never，还写到Evenifhedoesmissthem，itisalwaysthefaultofthebusesortheairplanes.故暗示他对MrNeff的讨厌之情。答案为D。确定作者的观点和态度确定作者的观点和态度TIPSPut yourself in the writers shoes!考查理解作者的观点和态度的测试题 Thisarticleisparticularlywrittenfor_.Whenthewritersayshereallymeans_.Theauthorsattitudetoisthat_.Whatkindofatmospheredoesthewriterwanttocreateinthispassage?Whatisthetoneofthewriter/passage?Thewriterspurposeinwritingthisstoryis_.确定作者的意图确定作者的意图一旦你理解了文章的结构，你会更清楚的理解作者的意图。文章的结构会受到作者意图的影响。作者的意图可能是告知或者劝说，他会根据他的意图来为文章选择一种结构或风格。作者也可能在一篇文章中体现两种意图告知和劝说，在这种情况下最好确定那种意图是作者的主要意图。评价作者的态度评价作者的态度作者在文章中所表现的态度并不一定是中立的或者客观的，尤其是在他们试图说服读者同意他们的意见时。理解作者的态度和文章的主旨或者提供的信息之间的关系就显得尤为重要。这是因为，作者的态度会影响文章中信息的表达方式。你应该着眼于确定作者态度的方法，以及评价作者态度是保持中立还是带有偏见。neutral中立的positive 肯定的，积极的optimisticnegative否定的，消极的pessimisticobjective客观的subjective主观的critical批评的praiseful赞扬的favorable赞成的ironic讽刺的doubtful怀疑的sympathetic同情的pitiful如何领会作者的观点。一般说来，通读全文，掌握主题思想和主要事实，这样我们能判断出作者的观点。作者在陈述自己的观点时，有时直截了当，但更多的时候作者借用别人的观点来表明自己的立场和态度。有时作者先介绍某一观点，但通过“yet”，“however”，“but”等转折词来提出与前面相反的观点，表明自己的态度。因此，我们在确定作者观点时，必须将上下文联系起来分析，记住文章中有时作者所陈述的内容并非代表作者的观点。Prof.Bakerspublishhasstatedthatthisnewbookwillsoontaketheplaceofalltheoldstandardworksinthisfield:inview,however,ofboththestyleandcontentofProf.Bakersbook,Ifindthisclaimmostdifficulttoaccept.WhatisthewritersattitudetowardsProf.Bakersbook?A.PositiveB.PraisefulC.NegativeD.IronicWhenIfirstopenedthepackagecontainingacopyofProf.Bakerslatestbookandreaditstitle.ImustadmitIfeltasuddensinkingoftheheart,yetonceIhadgatheredcouragetobeginmyreading.IfoundtheworksofarbeyondmywildesthopesthatImissedthesupperratherthanputthebookdownunfinished.WhatisthewritersattitudetowardsProf.Bakersbook?A.DoubtfulB.PraisefulC.NegativeD.ironic辨别文章的笔调，推断作者的态度。有效阅读要求我们能够运用多种技巧，包括识别文章的笔调。笔调在文章中能提示作者的感情、态度和立场观点。“thetoneofvoice”这一概念我们都非常熟悉。要表示对一件事情的愤怒、厌倦、高兴等不同情感，我们在说话时只要改变一下语调就可以。例如：Iamreallygladyoucalledrightnow,eventhoughIwasintheshower.在阅读中，我们只能通过辨别文章的笔调，来了解作者的感情和态度。作者在表露自己感情和态度时，注意选词造句，注意表达思想的不同方法，从字面直接陈述中，流露出他的感情和态度。辨认语气及含义。领会语气，识别反语，辨认讽刺是阅读能力上水平的体现。它们在阅读中体现了作者对主题、人物甚至是作者本人的态度，从作者所写的文字中我们常可以推断出隐含的，甚至与字面意义完全相反的意思来。例如：当你的朋友与你约会再次迟到时，你对他说：“Well,Imgladyoureontimesasusual.你真的高兴吗？你不是委婉地批评他老是迟到吗？“slim”，“delicate”，“skinny”及“emaciated”这几个英语单词，如果无法区分这些词的细微含义，那么，这些单词的词义仅仅是“thin”，而不再有其他的意思。阅读理解强的读者，能根据语篇提供的线索把这些词义理解到位，真正理解作者的思想意图。“slim”意思是“瘦”(thin)的意思，属于褒义词，相当于汉语的“苗条”。“delicate”用在“asmalldelicateperson”这样的短语中有“娇嫩小巧”之意，相当于汉语的“娇弱”“娇柔”的意思。“skinny”指“非常瘦”(verythin)，有贬义之意，指瘦的难看或皮包骨头的人。“emaciated”意为由于疾病、饥饿而“消瘦”“衰弱”，属于病态的“瘦弱”。作者态度题的解题技巧*不要把自己的态度揉入其中，也要区分开作者的态度和作者引用的别人的态度*当作者的态度没有明确提出时，要学会根据作者使用词语的褒贬性去判断作者的态度*作者观点一般与文章主旨相关联 作者态度、倾向是指作者对陈述的观点是赞同、反对，还是犹豫不决，对记叙或描写的人、物或事件等是赞颂、同情、冷漠，还是厌恶、憎恨。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间，或流露于修饰的词语之中。如：Why isnt your newspaper reporting any good news？All I read about is murder,bribery(行贿)，and death.Frankly，Im sick of all this bad news.This authors attitude towards the newspaper reporting is to _.A.complain B.apologize C.amuse D.inform 解析：作者一是向读者说明这份报纸上只登载坏新闻，如凶杀、行贿受贿和死亡等；二是在字里行间流露出自己的抱怨情绪（对坏新闻厌恶透了），故应选A。Withatouchofabutton,televisionbringstheworldintothehomeofmodernman.Throughthemiracleoftelevision,mancanbeinformedabouteventsinfar-offcountries.Hecanbeentertainedbyhumorouscomedies,orhecanbemovedbystirringdramas.Televisionbroadensthemindandenrichesthelivesofpeopleeverywhere.The write thinks that television is _.A.agreatinventionB.abadthingC.agreatsurpriseD.ofnouseIfIhadtoselectawordthatbestdescribesthemajorityofAmericanparents,thatwordwouldbeGUILTY-RIDDEN(内疚的).Howsaditistoseeparentsbecomethewillingvictims(受害者)ofthe“givemegame”,onlytodiscoverthatnomatterwhattheydo,itisntenough.Intheend,theyareblamedwhentheirspoiledchildrengetintotrouble.Withthisinmind,Ishallfirstanswerthequestion:“Whatdoparentsowetheirchildren?”andIshallstartwithwhattheydontowethem.The authors attitude towards the parents is_A.angry B.pitifulB.C.disappointed D.satisfiedThequestionofgivingupseatsinpublictransportismucharguedaboutbyyoungmen,whosaythat,sincewomenhaveclaimedequality,theynolongershouldbetreatedwithcourtesy(礼貌)andthatthosewhogoouttoworkshouldtaketheirturnintherushhourlikeanyoneelse.Womenhaveneverclaimedtobephysicallyasstrongasmen.Evenifitisnotagreed,however,thatyoungmenshouldstandupforyoungerwomen,thefactremainsthatcourtesyshouldbeshowntotheold,thesickandthedisabled.Arewereallysolosttoallidealsofunselfishnessthatwecansittherecalmlyreadingthepaperorabook,sayingtoourselves“Firstcome,firstserved”,whileagrey-hairedwoman,amotherwithayoungchildstands?Yetthisisalltoooftenseen.What is the writers opinion concerning courteous manners towards women?A.Now that women have claimed equality,they no longer need to be treated differently from men.B.It is generally considered out of date for young men to give up their seats to young women.C.“Lady First”should be strictly practiced.D.Special consideration ought to be shown to them.TheMisund