-1995年英语专业八级改错真题及答案持续更新文字答案校对版.pdf

1995-2017 年英语专业八级改错真题及答案（文字 /答案校对版）2017年改错真题The ability to communicate is the primary factor that distinguishes human beings from animals. And it is the ability to communicate well which distinguishes one individual from another.The fact is that apart from the basic necessities, one needs to be equipped with habits for good communication skills, thus this is what will make one a happy and successful social being.In order to develop these habits, one needs to first acknowledgethe fact that they need to improve communication skills from time to time.They need to take stock of the way how they interact and the direction in which their work and personal relations are going. The only constantin life is change, the more one accepts ones stren gths and works towards dealing with their shortcomings, specially in the area of communication skills, the better will be their interactions andthe more their social popularity.The dominated question that comes here is: How to improve communication skills? The answer is simple. One can findplenty of literature on this. There are also experts, who conductworkshops and seminars based on communication skills of men and women. In fact, a large number of companies are bringing intrainers to regularly make sessions on the subject, in order to help their work force maintain better interpersonal work relations.Today effective communication skills have become a predominant 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 47 页 - - - - - - - - - - factor even while recruiting employees. While interviewing candidates,most interviewers judge them on the basis of the skills they communicate with.They believe that some skills can be improvised on the job; but ability to communicate well is important, as every employee becomes therepresenting face of the company.There are trainers, who specialized in delivering custom-made programs on the subject. Through the sessions they not only facilitatebetter communication skills in the workplace, but also look into the problems in the manner of being able to convey messages effectively. 2016年改错真题All social units develop a culture. Even in two-person relationships, a culture develops in time. In friendship and romantic relationships, for example, partners develop their own history, shared experiences, language patterns, habits, and customs give that relationship a special character a character that differs it in various ways from other relationships. Examples might include special dates, places, songs, or events that come to have a unique and important symbolic meaning for the two individuals. Thus, any social unitwhether a relationship, group, organization, or society develops a culture with the passage of time. While the defining characteristics of each culture are unique, all cultures share certain same functions. The relationship between communication and culture is a very complex intimate one. Cultures are created through communication; that is, communication is精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 47 页 - - - - - - - - - - the means of human interaction, through it cultural characteristics are created and shared. It is not so much that individuals set out to create a culture when they interact in relationships, groups, organizations, or societies, but rather than that cultures are a natural by-product of social a sense, cultures are the “residue ” of social communication. Without communication and communication media, it would be impossible tohave and pass along cultural characteristics from one place and time to another. One can say, furthermore, that culture is created, shaped, transmitted, and learned through communication.2015年改错真题When I was in my early teens, I was taken to a spectacular show on ice by the mother of a friend. Looked round at the luxury of the 1. _rink, my friend s mother remarked on the “plush ”seats wehad been given. I did not know what she meant, and being proud of my vocabulary, I tried to infer its meaning from the context. “Plush”was clearly intended as a complimentary, a positive evaluation; that 3. _ much I could tell it from the tone of voice and the context. So I 4. _ 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 47 页 - - - - - - - - - - started to use the word. Yes, I replied, they certainly areplush, and so are the ice rink and the costumes of the skaters, arent they? My friend s mother was very polite to correct me, but I couldtell from her 5. _ expression that I had not got the word quite right. Often we can indeed infer from the context what a wordroughly means, and that is in fact the way which we usually acquire both 6. _ new words and new meanings for familiar words, specially inour 7. _ own first language. But sometimes we need to ask, as I should have asked for plush , and this is particularly true in the aspect of a foreign language. If you are continually surrounded by 9_speakers of the language you are learning, you can ask themdirectly, but often this opportunity does not exist for the learner of English. So dictionaries have been developed to mend the gap. 10. _精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 47 页 - - - - - - - - - - 2014年改错真题There is widespread consensus among scholars that second languageacquisition (SLA) emerged as a distinct field of research from the late 1950s toearly 1960s.There is a high level of agreement that the following questions have possessed the most attention of researchers in this area: Is it possible to acquire an additional language in thesame sense one acquires a first language? What is the explanation for the fact adults have more difficulty in acquiring additional languages than children have?What motivates people to acquire additional languages?What is the role of the language teaching in the acquisition of an additional language?What socio-cultural factors, if any, are relevant in studying thelearning of additional languages?From a check of the literature of the field it is clear that all the approaches adopted to study the phenomena of SLA so far haveone thing in common: The perspective adopted to view the acquiring精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 47 页 - - - - - - - - - - of an additional language is that of an individual attempts to do so. Whether one labels it “learning ” or “acquiring ” an additionallanguage, it is an individual accomplishment or what is under focus is the cognitive, psychological, and institutional status of an individual. That is, the spotlight is on what mental capabilities areinvolving, what psychological factors play a role in the learning or acquisition, and whether the target language is learnt in theclassroom or acquired through social touch with native speakers. 2013年改错真题Psycho-linguistics is the name given to the study of thepsychological processes involved in language. Psycholinguistics study understanding, production and remembering language, and hence are concerned with listening, reading, speaking, writing, and memory for language. One reason why we take the language for granted is that itusually happens so effortlessly, and most of time, so accurately. Indeed, when you listen to someone to speaking, or looking at this page, 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 47 页 - - - - - - - - - - you normally cannot help but understand it. It is only in exceptional circumstances we might become aware of the complexity involved: if we are searching for a word butcannot remember it; if a relative or colleague has had a strokewhich has influenced their language; if we observe a child acquire language; if we try to learn a second language ourselves as an adult; or if we are visually impaired or hearing-impaired or if we meet anyone else who is. As we shall see, all these examples of what might be called “languagein exceptional circumstances ”reveal a great deal about theprocesses evolved in speaking, listening, writing and reading. But given that language processes were normally so automatic, we also need to carry out careful experiments to get at what is happening. 2012年改错真题The central problem of translating has always been whether to 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 47 页 - - - - - - - - - - translate literally or freely. The argument has been going since at least the first century . Up to the beginning of the 19th century, many writers favored certain kind of “free ”translation: the spirit, not the letter; the sense not the word; the message rather the form; the matter not the manner. This is the often revolutionary slogan of writers who wanted the truth to be read and understood. Then in the turn of 19th century, when the study of cultural anthropology suggested that the linguistic barriers were insuperable and that the language was entirely the product of culture, the view translation was impossible gained some currency, and with it that, if was attempted atall, it must be as literal as possible. This view culminated the statement of the extreme “literalists”Walter Benjamin and Vladimir Nobokov.The argument was theoretical: the purpose of the translation,the nature of the readership, the type of the text, was no精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 8 页，共 47 页 - - - - - - - - - - t discussed. Too often, writer, translator and reader were implicitly identified with each other. Now, the context has changed, and the basic problem remains. 10. _2011年改错真题From a very early age, perhaps the age of five or six, I knew that when I grew I should be a writer. Between the ages of about seventeen and twenty-four I tried to abandon this idea, but I did so with the conscience that I was outraging my true nature and that soon or later I should have to settle down and write books. I was the child of three, but there was a gap of five years on either side, and I barely saw my father before I was eight. For this and other reasons I was somewhat lonely, and I soon developed disagreeing mannerisms which made me unpopular throughout my schooldays. I had the lonely childs habit of making up stories and holding conversations with imaginative persons, and I think from the very start my literal ambitions were mixed up with the feeling of being isolated and undervalued. I knew that I had a facility with words and a power of facing in unpleasant facts, and I felt that this created a sort of private world which I could get my own back for my failure in everyday life. Therefore, the volume of serious . seriously intended writing which I produced all through my childhood and boyhood would not 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 9 页，共 47 页 - - - - - - - - - - amount to half a dozen pages. I wrote my first poem at the age of four or five, my mother taking it down to dictation. 2010年改错真题So far as we can tell, all human languages are equallycomplete and perfect as instruments of communication: that is, every language appears to be well equipped as any other tosay 1_the things their speakers want to say. 2_There may or may not be appropriate to talk about primitive 3_peoples or cultures, but that is another matter. Certainly, not all groups of people are equally competent in nuclear physics orpsychology or the cultivation of rice . Whereas this is notthe 4_fault of their language. The Eskimos , it is said, can speak about snow with further more precision and subtlety than we can in 5_English, but this is not because the Eskimo language (one of those sometimes miscalled primitive) is inherently more precise an精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 10 页，共 47 页 - - - - - - - - - - d subtle than English. This example does not come to light adefect 6_in English, a show of unexpected primitiveness. The position is simply and obviously that the Eskimos and the English live in similar 7_environments. The English language will be just as rich in terms 8_for different kinds of snow, presumably, if the environmentsin which Englishwas habitually used made such distinction as important. 9_Similarly, we have no reason to doubt that the Eskimo language could be as precise and subtle on the subject of motor manufacture or cricket if these topics formed the part of the Eskimoslife. 10_For obvious historical reasons, Englishmen in the nineteenth century could not talk about motorcars with the minute discrimination which is possible today: cars were not a part of their culture. But they had a host of terms for horse-drawn vehicles which send us, puzzled, to a historical dictionary when we are reading Scott or Dickens. How many of us could distinguish between a chaise, a landau, a victoria, a brougham, a coupe, a gig, a diligence, a whisky, a calash, a tilbury, a carriole, a phaeton, and 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 11 页，共 47 页 - - - - - - - - - - a clarence?2009年改错真题The previous section has shown how quickly a rhyme passes from one school child to the next and illustrates the further difference between school lore and nursery lore. In nursery lore a verse,learnt in early childhood, is not usually passed on again when the little listener has grown up, and has children of their own, or even grandchild The period between learning a nursery rhyme and transmittingit may be something from twenty to seventy the playground lore, therefore, a rhyme may be excitedly passed on within the very hour it is learnt; and in the general, it passes between children of the same age, or nearly so, since it is uncommon for the difference inage between playmates to be more than five years. If, therefore, a playground rhyme can be shown to have been currently for a hundred years, or even just for fifty, it follows that it has been retransmitted over a精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 12 页，共 47 页 - - - - - - - - - - nd over; very possibly it has passed along a chain of two or three hundred young hearers and tellers, and the wonder is that it remains liveafter so much handling, to let alone that it bears resemblance to the 2008年改错真题The desire to use language as a sign of national identity is a very natural one, and in result language has played a prominent part in national moves. Men have often felt the need to cultivate a given language to show that they are distinctive from another race whose hegemony they resent. At the time the United States split off from Britain, for example, there were proposals that independence should be linguistically accepted by the use ofa different language from those of Britain. There was even oneproposal that Americans should adopt Hebrew. Others favoured the adoption of Greek, though, as one man put it, things w精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 13 页，共 47 页 - - - - - - - - - - ould certainly be simpler for Americans if they stuck on to English and made t