高考英语-阅读理解之记叙文类备战高考英语微专题(全国通用).docx

阅读理解之记叙文类文体分析记叙文讲述的是发生在当前或过去或将来事情的经过。简而言之，记叙文就是讲故事，包括人物或故事情节。常见的记叙文根据其用途可分为文学记叙文和说明记叙文：文学记叙文以虚构为主，如趣闻逸事、传说、寓言、传奇故事、短篇小说、科幻小说等；说明记叙文以事实为依据，包括历史、传记、新闻报道、日记等。无论哪一种记叙文作者都要交代何人何时何地为什么、怎么样、干了何事等等，这也就是我们常说的“5Ws and 1H” 特别值得注意的是：记叙文的叙事顺序有顺叙和倒叙两种，有时候作者为了吸引读者会采用倒叙的方法，即不按照事情发展的先后顺序来叙述，而是从最重要、最能引人入胜的事件开始，然后再回过头来追叙故事的开端和经过。阅读时要学会从事情本身的发展去理解故事情节而不要只看事件在文中出现的先后位置。命题特点从命题形式上看，常见的有细节理解、词义猜测、主旨大意、推理判断、作者意图等题型。除了推论或词义辨识题，记叙文命题的顺序一般都会按照文章的脉络和故事发展的顺序层层推进，否则就会觉得别扭，逻辑不通。同时，记叙文需要事件的发展过程作支撑，一半以上的题目都会用来检测考生对故事的了解，因此，我们必须弄明白整件事情的发展脉络。而其余像主旨大意、作者意图之类的题目，则取决于文章的落句，集中考查对作者所发的感触的理解。总之，细节题是记叙文命题的主流题型。而寓意之类的题则是高一层次的题，有一定的难度和区分度，它们是拉开距离的题，答对了这些题，你才有可能成功地跻身高分之列。综上所述，记叙文的应对策略即：不漏细节，奠定基础；把准寓意，方能成功。记叙文常见的命题类型如下：1.主旨大意题文章主旨给出的四种形式:文首,文中,文尾,没有明确主旨,需总结。虽然作者表达主题思想的方式不同，但命题常用的提问方式有以下几种：Whats the main idea/subject/topic of the passage?The main idea of the passage is The passage is mainly about_.Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?The best title for the passage is/ might be_.The authors main purpose of writing this passage is_. 做题要领：文章主旨通常会出现在文首,文中或文尾，因此寻找主题句或主题段往往是做好此类题的键。但当文中没有直接出现主题句，应对文章意思全面理解后归纳概括主旨，但不能太笼统即不切主题,言过其实或以偏概全。2.细节理解题这类题目是针对文章的具体事实和细节而出,因此通常能在文章中直接或间接地找到答案.此类要求查找重要事实和细节的试题通常以下列形式提出： Which of the following statements is （not） true according to the passage? Which of the following is （not） discussed/Mentioned in the passage? According to the passage, what/where/Which/who/why/when/how? All of the following are （not） true / mentioned / discussed except_. How does the author/writer feel about_?3.词义语义判断题这类考题常见的提问方式有以下几种：According to the author, the underlined word” means_.From the passage, we can infer that the word”is_. “” can be best replaced by_.What does the author probably mean by”?By”, the author means that_ 做此类题时，应在文中找线索或信息词。根据上下文判断新词汇在特定句中确切意思。根据周围熟悉的词及语义判断新单词之意，有时还需依靠构词法。4.推断题以原文内容为前提,透过现象看本质即透过文章表面文字信息推测文章隐含意思。根据作者的观点理论客观地对文中未明显说明的现象或事例给予合理的逻辑推断，做出一定解释。推断题的常见形式： It can be inferred / concluded from the text that_. From the text we know that _.The passage implies that _. The paragraph following the passage will most probably discusses_. 解推断题的方法：解推断题最主要的方法是根据语义关系推断具体细节。 5. 观点态度题回答这类问题应从篇章的体裁入手.一般来说,在说明文中作者的态度是客观的或中立的;在议论文中,作者的态度才会显得多种多样. 可以根据阐述主题或有关主题的相关语句或词语确定作者的态度。 常见的态度词语有:positive/support/approval（赞同的/optimisticcritical/negative/tolerant/disappointed/pessimistic（悲观的） /indifferent（冷淡的）/doubtfulNeutral（中立的）/objective（客观的）这类考题常见的提问方式有以下几种:Whats the authors/writers attitude to? The author thinks/suggests/believes that_.How does the author feel about?Which of the following will the author agree / disagree with?Which of the following can best describe the authors attitude towards解题技巧记叙文讲述的是发生在当前或过去或将来事情的经过。简而言之，记叙文就是讲故事，包括人物或故事情节。常见的记叙文根据其用途可分为文学记叙文和说明记叙文：文学记叙文以虚构为主，如趣闻逸事、传说、寓言、传奇故事、短篇小说、科幻小说等；说明记叙文以事实为依据，包括历史、传记、新闻报道、日记等。无论哪一种记叙文作者都要交代何人何时何地为什么、怎么样、干了何事等等，这也就是我们常说的“5Ws and 1H”。这是我们在阅读记叙文时要首先了解的，接着按照线索弄清事情的来龙去脉，就能理解整个故事。特别值得注意的是：记叙文的叙事顺序有顺叙和倒叙两种，有时候作者为了吸引读者会采用倒叙的方法，即不按照事情发展的先后顺序来叙述，而是从最重要、最能引人入胜的事件开始，然后再回过头来追叙故事的开端和经过。阅读时要学会从事情本身的发展去理解故事情节而不要只看事件在文中出现的先后位置。另外，讲故事必定有其目的：或证明某一理论，或阐明某一概念，或赞美某种美德，或谴责某种罪恶等等。我们在阅读时要通过作者的重要细节描写联系故事情节去领会作者的意图，对作者重墨泼就的细节描写要重点关注。 概括起来一句话：读记叙文的关键是抓情节。 抓住了故事情节，就理解了文章的脉络，其他的就迎刃而解了。要解答好记叙文阅读理解题，就应该有一套针对性强的方法和技巧。下面是我们在阅读教学中积累下来的一点心得体会，希望能对大家有所帮助。1.关注细节记叙文中有大量的事件发展过程中的细节，包括记叙文的5W（what, who, when, where, why）要素。因此我们作答细节题的时候，就没有那么复杂，一般只需要由前到后，从上到下，一题一题地做就可以了。2.注重联系在做题过程中，我们大都不能在文中找到与题干一字不差的词语或句子。这时我们需要认真研究问题，抓住题干中的关键词语，然后到文中准确地找到与之相关的语句，或是疑似语句的位置，接着去左顾，或右盼，在前句或后句寻找线索。3.读懂表象如前所述，主旨大意题或推理判断、作者意图题等实际上是同一类型的问题，或者说是可用同种方法解答的题型。在解答此类题目的时候，不可被题干的表象所迷惑，要像剥洋葱一样，一层一层地剥；在四个可选项中，一个一个地去证实，去排除。特别是解答推论或暗指类的题目，比如“What can be inferred from ?”或是What does the author imply in?”之类的题目，文中所陈述的往往不是答案。我们要在文前文后去查找，在字里行间里去寻觅。有时还少不了借助自己的生活经验和常理来体会这言外之意。4.挖掘意义每年的高考阅读题中，特别是记叙文的阅读题，都会出现一至两道词义猜测题。而这些词汇往往是你素昧平生的，或者和你有点头之交，在文中却另有新意的，总之，猜的是那些在高考词汇表要求之外的词汇。小小的一个词，一个短语，考核的不是你的语法的熟练程度，也不是你的记忆力，而是你对文章通篇或者一个段落的整体把握和变通能力。【典例示例】Compassion is a desire within us to help othersWith effort, we can translate compassion into actionAn experience last weekend showed me this is trueI work part-time in a supermarket across from a building for the elderlyThese old people are our main customers, and its not hard to lose patience over their slownessBut last Sunday, one aged gentleman appeared to teach me a valuable lessonThis untidy man walked up to my register（收款机） with a box of biscuitsHe said he was out of cash（现金）, had just moved into his room, and had nothing in his cupboardsHe asked if we could let him have the food on trustHe promised to repay me the next dayI couldnt help staring at himI wondered what kind of person he had been ten or twenty years before, and what he would be like if luck had gone his wayI had a hurt in my heart for this kind of human soul, all alone in the worldI told him that I was sorry, but store rules didnt allow me to do soI felt stupid and unkind saying this, but I valued my jobJust then, another man, standing behind the first, spoke upIf anything, he looked more pitiable“Charge it to me,” was all he saidWhat I had been feeling was pityPity is soft and safe and easyCompassion, on the other hand, is caring in actionI thanked the second man but told him that was not allowed eitherThen I reached into my pocket and paid for the biscuits myselfI reached into my pocket because these two men had reached into my heart and taught me compassion.解析：故事采用顺叙的叙事方法，主要情节发展如下：One aged gentleman begged me to have the food on trust and promised to repay the next day.- I told him the store rules didnt allow me to do so.- Another man wanted me to charge the food to him.-I paid for the biscuits myself. 作者用第一人称讲述自己亲身经历的这段故事，让人觉得亲切可信，同时也增强了文章的感染力。作者说自己通过这段故事学会了compassion（同情），事实上也是在号召读者多伸出同情之手，共建和谐社会。 【检测训练】1The city of Richmond announced that Roscoe Burnems would become the citys first poet laureate （桂冠诗人）, a poet recognized for achievements in poetryDuring his two-year term as a poet laureate, Burnems is responsible for being a poetry advocate by providing access to poetry throughout the city and offering opportunities to use the power of words to heal wounds, open hearts and minds, and bring people closer together. He has the freedom to create and develop his own projects during his term and will receive a $4,000 annual bonus.Burnems love of poetry began at an early age when he was struggling against depression. His English teacher recommended him to read poetry, which later brought him a peaceful mental state and helped him recover from depression. He soon decided that poetry was something he would run after for his lifetime. “People gravitate to poetry because they can find themselves in the poems,” he says. “It allows readers to feel the emotional part of our experiences.”He says poetry is a great platform to discuss mental health. depression and the emotional stresses that come with daily life. Relieving those stresses is central to some of the work he does with young people Last year. Burnems started a youth poetry producing competition for local high school students.Burnems says he loves and supports different types of art, and his next move is to explore poetry through cooperation across media Richmonds paintings on the wall are a good example. He says, “Richmond is getting known for these beautiful paintings on display across the city, and I want to add a literary component to that.”1. What is Burnems responsibility as a poet laureate?A. Creating more good poems.B. Developing his own projects.C. Spreading the power of poetry.D. Bringing poetry lovers together.2. Why did Burnems develop a great passion for poetry?A. Poetry made him more confident.B. Poetry helped him through a tough time.C. He was influenced by his English teacher.D. He viewed writing poems as a lifelong career.3. What does the underlined phrase “gravitate to” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?A. Take pride in.B. Be used to.C. Break away from.D. Be attracted by.4. What is Burnems going to do in the near future?A. To shift his focus to paintings.B. To combine poetry with other arts.C. To hold more poetry competitions.D. To help youth with mental problems.【答案】1. C 2. B 3. D 4. B【解析】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了里士满市宣布Burnems将成为该市第一位桂冠诗人，一位以诗歌成就著称的诗人。1. 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Burnems is responsible for being a poetry advocate by providing access to poetry throughout the city and offering opportunities to use the power of words to heal wounds, open hearts and minds, and bring people closer together. （Burnems负责成为一名诗歌倡导者，通过在整个城市提供诗歌的途径，并提供机会使用文字的力量来治愈创伤、打开心灵和思想，并使人们更加紧密）”可知，Burnems的主要职责是向人们传播诗歌并让人们从中受益。故选C项。2. 细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的“Burnems love of poetry began at an early age when he was struggling against depression. His English teacher recommended him to read poetry, which later brought him a peaceful mental state and helped him recover from depression. （Burnems对诗歌的热爱始于他与抑郁症作斗争的早期。他的英语老师推荐他阅读诗歌，这使他后来获得了平静的精神状态，帮助他从抑郁中恢复过来）”可知，诗歌让Burnems从抑郁中获得了平静的精神状态。故选B项。3. 词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句“People gravitate to poetry because they can find themselves in the poems,” he says. “It allows readers to feel the emotional part of our experiences.”（“人们gravitate to诗歌，因为他们可以在诗歌中找到自己，”他说,“它还让读者能够感受到我们经历中的情感部分。”）”可知，根据后半句引导的原因状语从句作为解释，“因为人们在诗歌中找到自我，在诗歌中感受到自身经历的情感”。由此推知，前半句是说人们喜欢诗歌。由此推知，划线词组gravitate to意为“被吸引”。A项“为某事感到自豪”；B项“习惯于”；C项“摆脱”；D项“被所吸引”。故选D项。4. 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段倒数第二句话“his next move is to explore poetry through cooperation across media Richmonds paintings on the wall are a good example. （他的下一步是通过跨媒体合作探索诗歌，里士满墙上的画就是一个很好的例子）”可知，他打算把诗歌和画结合，说明是把诗歌和其他艺术结合。故选B项。2It was the early morning of August 5, 1888, and her husband was still sleeping. She left a note for her husband on the table, saying that she and their two sons had already left to visit Pforzheim, Germany, 90 kilometers away. She purposely didnt mention her means of transportation. It wasnt until Carl Benz checked the workshop in his factory that he realized his family hadnt taken the train. His new invention was gone.Bertha had just committed the worlds first car theft. Her husband was a brilliant engineer who had designed the worlds first automobile in 1885. However, without sharp business mind, his product wasnt going anywhere. Bertha understood what every modern business knows: marketing a product requires different skills than designing one. To provide a proof that the vehicle was reliable and could also master long-distance routes, she intended to drive with the motor from Mannheim to Pforzheim to show what it could do.Once the three hit the road, they had to conquer novel problems. At 2.5 horsepower, they could not climb steep slopes without pushing it from behind. Going downhill, the car burnt out the brake shoes. Bertha stopped off at a cobbler and asked him to equip the brake shoes with a leather lining. In so doing, Bertha Benz became the inventor of brake lining. The fuel amount was also underestimated. Bertha made her first fuel purchase at the Stadtapotheke, where the store still proudly displays a sign of being the first gas station in the world.Following the “first shock”, as written in his memoirs, Carl felt an inner pride in his wifes daring “test drive”. And sales soon stepped up with the spread of Berthas daring trip. Today, drivers can still experience this part of Mercedes-Benz success story along the Bertha Benz Memorial Route between Mannheim and Pforzheim, just as the first woman driver did.5. Why did Bertha secretly take the road trip?A. To save money on long-distance train fares.B. To teach children how to drive automobiles.C. To prove the performance of Carls invention.D. To understand the knowledge of modern business.6. What does the underlined word “novel” in Paragraph 3 mean?A. Unexpected.B. Common.C. Additional.D. Slight.7. What can we learn from the passage about Berthas trip?A. Berthas trip ended at the Stadtapotheke.B. Berthas trip helped to promote car business.C. The car turned out to be a failure on the road.D. Bertha fixed the brake shoes herself during the trip.8. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?A. A Regrettable CrimeB. A Surprising DiscoveryC. A Creative InventionD. A Pioneering Undertaking【答案】5. C 6. A 7. B 8. D【解析】这是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了Carl Benz的妻子Bertha为了证明Carl的发明的性能，秘密地进行了公路旅行。在这次旅行中发现了存在一些问题同时Bertha的旅行促进了汽车行业的发展。5. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“To provide a proof that the vehicle was reliable and could also master long-distance routes, she intended to drive with the motor from Mannheim to Pforzheim to show what it could do.（为了证明这辆车是可靠的，也能掌握长距离的路线，她打算驾驶着这辆车从曼海姆到普福尔茨海姆来展示它的能力）”可知，Bertha秘密地进行公路旅行是为了证明Carl的发明的性能。故选C。6. 词句猜测题。根据画线词后文“At 2.5 horsepower, they could not climb steep slopes without pushing it from behind. Going downhill, the car burnt out the brake shoes.”可知，在2.5马力的马力下，如果不从后面推它，他们就无法爬上陡峭的斜坡。下坡时，汽车的刹车片烧坏了，可见车上路后出现了一些意外的问题，故画线词意思是“意外的”。A. Unexpected.意外的；B. Common.普通的；C. Additional.额外的；D. Slight.轻微的。故选A。7. 细节理解题。根据最后一段中“And sales soon stepped up with the spread of Berthas daring trip.（随着Bertha大胆旅行的传播，销售额很快就增加了）”可知，Bertha的旅行促进了汽车行业的发展。故选B。8. 主旨大意题。根据最后一段中“Today, drivers can still experience this part of Mercedes-Benz success story along the Bertha Benz Memorial Route between Mannheim and Pforzheim, just as the first woman driver did.（今天，沿着从曼海姆到普福尔茨海姆的伯莎·奔驰纪念路线，司机们仍然可以体验到梅赛德斯-奔驰成功故事的这一部分，就像第一位女司机一样）”结合主要讲述了Carl Benz的妻子Bertha为了证明Carl的发明的性能，秘密地进行了公路旅行。在这次旅行中发现了存在一些问题同时Bertha的旅行促进了汽车行业的发展。可知，D选项“开拓性的事业”最符合文章标题。故选D。3When their daughter Morey started kindergarten, the Belanger family were worried because their 6-year-old daughter was deaf. Rather than send her to a special school for deaf children, Morey's parents decided to give her a traditional school experience and send her to Dayton Consolidated School.They worried if their daughter would be able to make friends. They also had concerns as to how her classmates would treat her and whether her teachers would be able to help her learn effectively（有效地）. But then the school had a response they never expected teaching all their students and staff sign language. That way, everyone could communicate with Morey on a personal level."I absolutely feel like it makes her feel welcomed," said Morey's mom. "I think all the kids feel excited that they know another language and I think they think it's fun. It makes me happy to see her supported, loved and accepted. Morey is excited to go to school every day. She's made really good friendships. "Not only did they learn sign language，but they also put up sign language posters in the halls and equipped a special hearing system. Additionally, they provided extra training so that teachers could become more familiar with the language. “Morey, without even knowing it, has taught us so much," says he