2023届新教材新高考英语外研版一轮学案-语法专项突破专题三第二讲 冠词和介词.docx
第二讲冠词和介词一、冠词典例感悟答题微点1.(2021·新高考全国卷)While you're in China, Mount Huangshan is must to visit!2(2021·全国卷甲)It took us about 3 hours to go all way around the Xi'an City Wall. 3(2019·全国卷)Of nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six are stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data.4(2019·浙江卷)Everybody wears same style of clothes. Uniforms can be useful in unexpected ways.语法填空解题“2定向”1根据泛指或特指选择冠词如果空格后的名词或“形容词名词”前没有形容词性物主代词、不定代词、名词所有格或指示代词等限定词时很可能填冠词。(1)如果空格及后面的名词可翻译成“一个(本、种等)”，一般填a/an。如果可翻译成“这/那个，这/那些”，一般填the。(2)如果名词后有of短语、不定式、分词或从句等作定语时很可能填the。 2根据固定句式或固定搭配选择冠词英语中有很多带有冠词的固定句式或短语，记住这些句式和短语也有利于解决此类问题。 1.解析：a考查冠词。must作名词时，意为“绝对必要的事物”，为可数名词，此处泛指“一个必须去的地方”，应用不定冠词，must是以辅音音素开头的词，应用a。2解析：the考查冠词。结合句意表示“一直；完全地”可知短语为all the way。3解析：the考查冠词。此处特指确认的19个亚种群，故用定冠词the。4解析：the考查冠词。此处特指校服的款式相同，the same .“相同的”。故填the。重点一冠词的基本用法(一)不定冠词a，an1在发音以辅音音素开头的单词前用a，在发音以元音音素开头的单词前用an。如：a university，a useful animal，a European car，an hour，an honest boy，an Xray，an ugly man，an honor等。Judging from his words, he must be an honest man.从他的话判断，他一定是一位诚实的人。As is known to us, Russia is a European country.众所周知，俄罗斯是一个欧洲国家。2不定冠词a(n)放在单数可数名词前，泛指一个人或一个事物。They found an apartment in America where they lived only half a year.他们在美国找到一个公寓，在那里待了仅仅半年。3表示量指。不定冠词表示“一”这个数量，但数的概念没有one强烈。As the old saying goes, “Rome was not built in a day.”常言道，冰冻三尺，非一日之寒。4不定冠词a(n)表示“某一个”，相当于some/a certain。A Mr Brown came to see you just now.刚才有一位布朗先生来找你了。5“a(n)序数词”表示“又一，再一”；“a most形容词”表示“非常，很”。I really enjoyed my stay in Xi'an. It's indeed worth a second visit.我真的喜欢待在西安，它的确值得再次参观。He put forward a most useful suggestion at the meeting.在会议上他提出一个非常实用的建议。6在抽象名词success，failure，surprise，pleasure，beauty，wonder，comfort，danger，shock等前表示“一个的人或一件的事”。The operation is a success and the patient is now out of danger.手术很成功，病人目前脱离了危险。(二)定冠词the1特指某人或某事The village where I was born has taken on a new look in the past ten years.我出生的那个小村庄在过去十年已经呈现新的面貌。2用于序数词和形容词/副词最高级以及形容词only，very，same等之前。As is known to all, China is the biggest developing country in the world.众所周知，中国是世界上最大的发展中国家。Yang Liwei is the first man who has been into space in China.杨利伟是中国第一个登上太空的人。3某些形容词、分词前表示一类人或用在姓氏复数前表示一家人，要想到用定冠词。As far as I know，the Greens are going to move to Beijing.据我所知，格林一家要搬到北京去。4在世界上独一无二的事物，西洋乐器以及发明物的名词前要想到用定冠词。The little girl likes to play the violin and often plays it after school.这个小女孩喜欢拉小提琴，经常放学后演奏。5用在表示计量的名词前，如by the hour，by the day，by the week，by the dozen，by the yard等，但是如表示单位的名词为不可数名词，之前不用冠词，如by weight/height等。As far as I know, he will get paid by the week.据我所知，他会按周付薪。6用于the more . the more .“越越”结构中。The more careful you are, the fewer mistakes you will make.你越小心，就会越少犯错误。(三)零冠词1在不可数名词或可数名词复数前表示泛指不用冠词Keeping a diary is a good habit, by which you'll make great progress.记日记是一个可以让你取得进步的好习惯。2用于与by连用的表示交通工具、通讯工具的名词前Are you going there by plane or by ship?你是乘飞机还是乘船去那里？3用于系动词turn后的单数名词作表语时After years of hard work, Tom turned engineer while Mary good manager.多年的努力之后，汤姆成了工程师而玛丽成了一个好经理。题组微练单句语法填空1(2020·浙江卷) A child born in the US today has very realistic chance of living beyond 100 and needs to plan accordingly.解析：a考查冠词。根据下文的chance 可知， 这里语意表示“非常实际的一个可能性”， 故填不定冠词，表示泛指。2(2019·全国卷) Each of my cafes will have a different theme and unique style.解析：a考查冠词。unique是读音以辅音音素开头的单词，其前用a，不用an。类似的词还有university，European等。3(2018·全国卷)During my last winter holiday, I went to countryside with my father to visit my grandparents.解析：the考查冠词。countryside意为“农村；乡下”，与the连用。4(2021·成都市高三一诊) Situated on cliffs above a river, Hongyadong is a stilt house complex (建筑群) in city of Chongqing.解析：the考查冠词。此处特指重庆市，故用定冠词the。5(2020·福州市适应性练习) One brown batabout size of a human thumbcan consume about 600 mosquitoes and other unwanted insects within an hour.解析：the考查冠词。此处表示一只大约人类拇指大小的棕色蝙蝠。the size of意为“的大小”，为固定用法，所以填the。重点二固定搭配1不定冠词用于固定搭配中all of a sudden突然as a matter of fact 事实上in a hurry 匆忙地pay a visit to 参观；拜访as a result/consequence 因此have a gift/talent for 在某方面有天赋have/catch a cold 感冒make a living 谋生have/take a rest 休息in a way 从某种意义上说give sb. a lift 让某人搭便车do sb. a favor 帮某人一个忙keep an eye on 留心2定冠词用于固定搭配中at the moment此刻；目前at the same time 同时on the contrary 相反on the whole 总的来说to tell the truth 说实话in the distance 在远处on the other hand 另一方面make the most of 充分利用by the way 顺便说一下go to the cinema/theater 去看电影/戏剧in the middle of 在中间3零冠词用于固定搭配中on purpose故意地by chance 碰巧catch/on fire 着火at dawn/dusk 在黎明/黄昏make room for 让位out of date 过时的by sea/car 乘船/乘小汽车题组微练单句语法填空1(2020·浙江卷7月) This style of farming lasted for quite a long time. Then，with rise of science, changes began.解析：the考查冠词。根据空后的rise of science可知，此处是名词的限定性修饰，语意表示“科学的兴起”，故填定冠词the，表示特指。2(2020·全国卷) The plum trees are first to flower even as the snow is melting (融化) They represent the promise of spring and a renewal of life.解析：the考查冠词。序数词前加定冠词the，表示“第几个”。3(2021·烟台、菏泽市高三诊断) Some reports also show that number of giant pandas in the wild is on the rise.解析：the考查冠词。此处指野生大熊猫的数量在增加。the number of是固定短语，意为“的数量”。故填the。4(2021·河北衡水中学三联) Shen Maosheng, who led the dig, said most of the newly found warriors can be divided into two groups. One group is carrying poles, while other carries bows.解析：the考查冠词。one . the other .为固定用法。此处特指另一组，应用定冠词。故填the。二、介词典例感悟答题微点1.(2021·全国卷甲)It was built originally to protect the city the Tang dynasty and has now been completely restored (修复)2(2021·全国卷乙)Due to growing popularity of environmentallyrelated and adventure travel, various types trips are now being classified as ecotourism. 3(2021·浙江卷1月)The study found that between 1985 and 2017, average rural BMI increased 2.1 in women and men.4(2020·全国卷)The artist was finally humbled (谦卑) by the greatest artist earth, Mother Nature.5(2020·新高考全国卷)Museums must compete people's spare time and money with other amusements.6(2020·浙江卷7月)Some time after 10,000 BC, people made the first real attempt to control the world they lived ， through agriculture.语法填空解题“2策略”1分析句子成分如果句子中不缺少主语或表语，动词后又不缺少宾语，则在名词、代词或动名词前一定是填介词。2记牢搭配(1)注意短语搭配中介词的正确使用。(2)注意有特殊用法的介词，如接复合宾语就只能用with或without。 1.解析：in考查介词。表示“在某个朝代”应用介词in。2解析：the；of首空填the考查冠词。分析句子结构可知，空格处应填冠词。再结合空格后“growing popularity of environmentalrelated and adventure travel”可知，此处特指与环境相关的探险旅行越来越受欢迎，所以应填定冠词the。次空填of考查介词。various types of 为固定搭配表示“各种各样的”，所以空格处应填of。3解析：by考查介词。句意：研究发现，1985年至2017年间，农村女性和男性的平均BMI增加了2.1。increase by表示“增加了”；increase to表示“增加到”。正常的成人BMI数值(18.523.9)可知，increase by符合语境。4解析：on考查固定搭配。on earth“在世上”。5解析：for考查介词。根据语境可知，此处表达的是“为了人们的空闲时间和金钱与其他的娱乐活动进行竞争”，compete for“为竞争”，故用介词for。6解析：in考查介词。live in是固定词组，表示“在地方生活”。故填in。重点一介词的基本用法1at，in，on表示时间(1)at表示某一时刻at 12：00 (在12点)，at noon (在中午)，at night (在夜里)，at midnight (在半夜)，at dawn/daybreak (在黎明，破晓)，at sunrise/sunset (在日出/日落)，at dusk (在黄昏)。(2)in指上午、下午及晚上或月、年等较长的时间in the 1980's/1980s，in the Qing Dynasty，in October，in the morning/afternoon/evening。(3)on用于表示具体的日子或一个特定的时间(如：某日、某节日、星期几等)on October 1st，on a rainy day，on National Day，on the morning of July 3rd。2by，before，after，until/till，during，within表示时间(1)by到时(为止)(2)before在以前(3)after在后(4)until/till直到为止(5)during在期间(6)within在之内He often falls asleep during the class, which makes his teacher very angry.他常常上课睡觉，这使他的老师很生气。3between，among表示“在之间”between指“在之间(两者之间)”，常和and连用；among表示“在之间(三者或三者以上)”。Keep the close relationship between teachers and students.保持亲密的师生关系。4by，in，on，with表示“使用工具、手段、方式等”(1)by表示“乘，坐(交通工具)”或“通过方式”；(2)in当“用”讲时，后常接表示语言、材料等的词；(3)with表示使用某种具体的工具、手段等。by bike，by taxi，by plane，by shipgo to school on my bike，on footHer parents always talk to her in German.她的父母总是用德语和她交谈。We see with our eyes，hear with our ears, and walk with our legs.我们用眼睛看，用耳朵听，用腿走路。5about，on表示“关于”about多用于表示内容比较普通、不太正式的情形，on多指内容属于专门性的，是严肃的或学术性的，有时两者可通用。He gave a report on/about the international situation at the meeting.他在会上做了一个关于国际形势的报告。6from，since表示时间(1)from表示开始的时间，译为“从开始”，多用于“from .to/till”结构中；(2)since表示“自以后，从以来”。We work from Monday to Friday every week.我们每周从周一工作到周五。I haven't heard from him since last year.自从去年，我就没有收到过他的来信。7with的常见用法(表示关系)和一起；(表示状态)具有，带有；(表示方式)用，凭借；(表示原因)由于，因为。Would you like to go to the theatre with us?你愿意和我们一起去看戏吗？The small child trembled with fear.那个小孩吓得打哆嗦。8for的用法表示“为了；给，对(表示对象、用途等)；因为，由于；向，往(表示去向)；就而言”。The biggest concern for most of us is the quality of public education.我们大多数人最关心的是大众教育的质量问题。9without的用法表示“没有；缺乏；不和在一起；不用；不拿；不带”。It is a pity that David is away on business. Anyhow, you've got a great deal of time to tour in New York without him.很遗憾，大卫出差了。不管怎样，你有大量时间可以单独在纽约游览。10against的用法(表示方位)倚靠着；(表示态度)反对；(表示对比)以为背景。An agreement seems to be impossible because the majority of the committee members are against it.看来意见达成一致是不可能了，因为大多数委员会成员都表示反对。11beyond的用法(表示位置)在另一边；在更远处；(表示程度)超出；非所能及。Everybody was touched beyond words after they heard her moving story.听了她感人的故事，大家都被感动得无以言表。题组微练单句语法填空1(2020·浙江卷1月) This aging of the population is driven two factors.解析：by考查介词。 空处位于表示被动的动词后，故应该填by。2(2021·四川绵阳诊断) Cleaner air has been most noticeable. For example, April 3, people living in Jalandhar, a city in the north, woke up to a sight: snowcovered Himalayan mountains more than 160 kilometers away.解析：on考查介词。根据后文April 3可知表示在具体的某一天应用介词on。3(2019·全国卷)When I studied chemistry high school, I reconsidered my goal and decided to be a doctor.解析：in/at考查介词。“在高中”要用介词in或at。4. A serious study of physics is impossible some knowledge of mathematics.解析：without考查介词。句意：如果没有一点数学知识，要认真研究物理是不可能的。根据句意判断，设空处应用介词without，表示“如果没有”。重点二固定搭配1名词与介词搭配by accident偶然by chance 碰巧on board 在船上(或飞机上、火车上)on business 因公出差on average 平均in charge 掌管，主管in particular 特别，尤其；详细地in place 适当的，恰当的in the distance 在远处in favo(u)r of 赞成，支持in honour of 为了纪念；对表示敬意in spite of 尽管，虽然in turn 依次；转而in vain 徒劳in memory of 为纪念in return 作为回报in order 按顺序；处于良好状态2动词与介词搭配remind sb. of sth.提醒某人某事rob sb.of sth. 抢劫某人某物call at 访问(某地)call for 要求，需要care about 关心do harm to 伤害fix one's eyes on 注视get rid of 免除；摆脱run out of 用完come up with 提出put forward 提出make fun of 取笑adapt to 适应refer to 涉及；查阅come across (偶然)遇见pick up 捡起；用车接(某人)；接收；偶然习得3形容词与介词搭配be curious about对好奇be proud of 因而自豪be popular with 受到的欢迎be anxious about 为忧虑be concerned about 对担心(忧虑)be present at 出席be absent from 缺席be free from 免于题组微练单句语法填空1(2021·昆明市模拟) The stores also allow plastic collectors to use the money they earn to pay health care or school.解析：for考查介词。pay for sth.“为付款”是固定用法，所以填介词for。2(2021·云南七校适应性考试) A couplet writer may show his feelings means of describing the scenery or expressing his wishes in his works.解析：by考查介词。此处表示“借助于”，故用介词by构成by means of“借助手段”短语。3(2020·陕西重点中学4月模拟) The United Nations invites each person of any age, plus every classroom, business and government to join celebration of the International Day of Happiness.解析：in考查介词。联合国邀请每个年龄层的人以及每个教室、企业和政府一道庆祝国际幸福日。in celebration of“庆祝”。4(2021·长春市质量监测) They think 12 yuan for an order is too much. Besides，many more people doubt if these collectors will wash their hands after dealing the trash.解析：with考查介词。此处考查动词短语deal with“处理”。.单句语法填空1(2021·东北三校高三模拟)What did she do to deserve such honor? Compared with other male poets in China, who have left hundreds or even thousands of poems，she has only eightyseven.解析：an考查冠词。此处的honor意为“荣誉”，应用不定冠词修饰，且honor的发音以元音音素开头，所以填an。2(2021·济南市高三针对性练习)Although there has been increasing amount of literature about tea in recent years，such literature is certainly not new.解析：an考查冠词。an amount of为常见搭配，又amount前有increasing修饰，该词的发音以元音音素开头，故用an。3(2021·山西八校高三一联)The NYPD hopes in long term the information can be used to tailor manpower to each police station in the city.解析：the考查冠词。in the long term“从长远来看”，所以填the。4(2021·湖南衡阳市高三联考)To ensure the accuracy of the measurement, and to work it in more effective way, experts were invited to assist in the technical design and planning of the project from the beginning.解析：a考查冠词。way是可数名词，此处泛指“一种更有效的方式”，应该用不定冠词修饰，more的发音以辅音音素开头。故填a。5(2021·“安徽省示范高中皖北协作区”高三联考)Being international port, Quanzhou, is home to a huge number of Chinese who have gone abroad and can be tracked to more than 130 countries and regions around the globe.解析：an考查冠词。句意：泉州作为一个国际港口，拥有大量出国的中国人，可以追踪到全球130多个国家和地区。分析句子结构可知，空处填冠词，再根据句意可知，international port表示泛指，又因是元音开头。故填an。6(2021·厦门市第二次质检)In Singapore there's no better place to find Chinese medicines than in Chinatowna colorful and lively place, rich Chinese culture and history.解析：in句意：在新加坡，没有比唐人街更好的找到中药的地方了，它是一个丰富多彩而充满生机的地方，有着丰富的中国文化和历史。(be) rich in“在方面丰富”。故填in。7They live far from the school，and it takes them about hour and a half to go to work every day.解析：an考查冠词。虽然辅音字母开头，但h不发音，故填an。8(2021·广州市综合检测)He even received a medal the Chinese government for his conservation efforts.解析：from考查介词。结合语境可知，空处表示来源，所以填from。9(2021·山东师大附中模拟)The giant panda，also known as panda bear or simply panda, is a bear native south central China.解析：to考查介词。句意：大熊猫或被称为熊猫是中国南方本土动物。native to是固定短语，意为“本土的”。故填to。10(2021·山东师大附中阶段检测)The most important thing is to practice.You can do this joining such kind of clubs.解析：by考查介词。句意：你可以通过参加这样的俱乐部来做这件事。根据句意及后面的doing可知，此处用表达“通过”的介词。.语法填空(2020·山东历城二中模拟) What you spend rather than what you earn 1. (help) to determine how content you are with life, a new study says.Research from the Office for National Statistics found spending on hotels, restaurants and household furnishings was associated with life satisfaction. 2. (unsurprising), spending on insurance and mobile phones was not. But the ONS said that overall spending and income mattered less than personal circumstances when 3. (measure) life satisfaction. Good health, marital status (婚姻状况) and economic activity had the strongest associations with how positively life satisfaction is rated.Its analysis found that age also mattered: the young have 4. (high) life satisfaction than those in their forties but life satisfaction rises again in later years, before falling again for those in their eighties. Living 5. (condition) were also important. Those who own their homes think their life satisfaction is
