高考英语-阅读理解之时事热点备战高考英语微专题(全国通用).docx

阅读理解之时事热点近年来，高考英语阅读理解题常有时事新闻报道类的文章,其内容与人们的生活息息相关,如战争、环境、人口、能源等。【基础要素】1. 新闻六要素：时间、地点、人物、事件的起因、经过、结果。2. 新闻的结构：标题、导语、主体、背景、结语。标题、导语、主体是消息必不可少的，背景和结语有时则蕴涵在主体里面，有时省略。【语篇特征】1.第一段简要概述新闻或时事的内容提要,接着再详述具体内容;2.新闻或消息类文章在开头通常用大写字体标明其出处或来源,并用破折号或冒号引出内容提要。【测试角度】1.测试文章的主旨大意或段落大意;2.测试考生对于某个具体信息的理解与把握,即细节理解;3.测试所读材料的来源或出处;4.测试考生利用所给信息进行推理的能力。【解题方法】1.速读短文,特别是开头的几句,抓住五个W,即:事件发生的时间（when）、地点（where）、人物（who）、原因（why）、过程和结果（how）,把握新闻的主要内容;2.细读所给的试题,初选相应的答案;3.细读短文,并确定相应的答案。4.信息的增加或减少是阅读理解题中设计干扰项的常见手法,因此,在确定答案时,应特别注意识别。【典例示例】（2021年6月，浙江卷阅读理解C篇）If you ever get the impression that your dog can "tell" whether you look content or annoyed, you may be onto something. Dogs may indeed be able to distinguish between happy and angry human faces, according to a new studyResearchers trained a group of 11 dogs to distinguish between images（图像）of the same person making either a happy or an angry face. During the training stage, each dog was shown only the upper half or the lower half of the person's face. The researchers then tested the dogs' ability to distinguish between human facial expressions by showing them the other half of the person's face on images totally different from the ones used in training. The researchers found that the dogs were able to pick the angry or happy face by touching a picture of it with their noses more often than one would expect by random chance. The study showed the animals had figured out how to apply what they learned about human faces during training to new faces in the testing stage. "We can rule out that the doge simply distinguish between the pictures based on a simple cue, such as the sight of teeth," said study author Corsin Muller. "Instead, our results suggest that the successful dogs realized that a smiling mouth means the same thing as smiling eyes, and the same rule applies to an angry mouth having the same meaning as angry eyes.”"With our study, we think we can now confidently conclude that at least some dogs can distinguish human facial expressions," Muller told Line Science. At this point, it is not clear why dogs seem to be equipped with the ability to recognize different facial expressions in humans. "To us, the most likely explanation appears to be that the basis lies in their living with humans, which gives them a lot of exposure to human facial expressions," and this exposure has provided them with many chances to learn to distinguish between them, Muller said. 28. The new study focused on whether dogs can_.A. distinguish shapes B. make sense of human facesC. feel happy or angry D. communicate with each other29. What can we learn about the study from paragraph 2?A. Researchers tested the dogs in random order. B. Diverse methods were adopted during training. C. Pictures used in the two stages were differentD. The dogs were photographed before the lest. 30. What is the last paragraph mainly about?A. A suggestion for future studies. B. A possible reason for the study findings. C. A major limitation of the study D. An explanation of the research method. 语篇解读主题语境人与自然-人与动物语篇大意本文是一篇科普类文章，文章主要介绍了一项有关狗的研究，实验研究表明，狗能够识别人类的表情是高兴还是愤怒。背景知识科学家已经证实，鸟类、鱼和青蛙等许多动物都存在这种大脑左右半球的情感分工：左半球负责积极的感情和行为，而右半球则相反。人类也不例外，只不过人类的情感要更丰富：爱、依赖、安全感、平静等是积极的情感，而逃避、恐惧和抑郁等则是消极的情感。由于左右大脑控制的身体部分相反，这种不对称性也表现在身体相反的一侧。比如，鸟类用右眼寻找食物（积极行为），而左眼留心“敌人”（消极行为）；人类的右侧面部肌肉用于表达高兴，而左侧的则反映忧愁。重点单词distinguish识别，区分； cue n.暗示:提示;信号； confidently有信心地:自信地；exposure暴露高级短语be onto something有所发现；figure out理解:弄明白；apply.to .把.运用于. ；rule out排除;不考虑；base on以.为根据；be equipped with配备着.；装备着. 长难句分析原文：“To us, the most likely explanation appears to be that the basis lies in their living with humans,which gives them a lot of exposure to human facial expressions, " and this exposure has provided them with many chances to learn to distinguish between them, Muller said.分析：本句为主从复合句。appears to be后面是that 引导的表语从句，该表语从句中含有一个which引导的非限定性定语从句。答案与解析：28.B 主旨大意题。根据短文首段的第二句“Dogs may inxdeed be able to distinguish betweenhappy and angry human faces, according to a new study”可知，一项新的研究表明,狗可能真地可以辨别人的表情是高兴还是愤怒，紧接着后文又详细介绍了研究过程和结论，即狗能够识别人的表情，且倒数第二段的“With our study, we think we can now confidently conclude that at leastsome dogs can distinguish human faciall expressions”一句明确给出了结论。故选B项。29.C 细节理解。根据第二段中的“Theresearchers then tested the dogs"ability to distinguish between human facial expressions byshowing them the other half of the person 's face or images totally different from the ones used intraining”可知，研究者给狗展示了与以往训练完全不同的人脸（或图片）的另一部分。故选C项。30.B 主旨大意题。根据最后一段中的“.why dogs seem to be equipped with the ability to recognize different facialexpressions in hurmans”可知最后一段解释了为什么看起来狗具备识别人类表情的能力，也就是为什么会有这样的实验研究结论。故选B项。【知识拓展】英语新闻报道的文体特点       新闻的首要职能是报道新闻时事。通常人们所说的新闻英语（Journalistic English， News English）主要是指新闻报道文章中所使用的英语，是具有新闻特性、适合新闻报道要求、适应新闻信息传播需要的语言。侯维瑞认为，新闻报道的职能是传播信息，即迅速及时地报道时事新闻，以最快的速度正确地报道国内外发生的重大事件。真实性、客观性和及时性是新闻报道的要则。反映在文体风格方面，新闻英语必须正确、简洁、明了，在有限的撰稿时间和刊登篇幅内取得言简意赅的效果。新闻英语因其自身的特点和传播功能，词汇、时态、语态及修辞等的运用都有其自成一家的特点。1.新闻英语的词汇特点        新闻英语作为信息传播媒介，需将信息浓缩于一个有限的空间（版面），其目的是便于读者抓住主要内容。因此，新闻英语词汇的特殊性表现在:词汇简单而具体，行文流畅而不会佶屈聱牙。新闻英语常常通过使用大写字体、戏剧性标题、简短的段落、简洁的句子来增强新闻的趣味性。此外，新闻英语还是新词的滋生地，一些新词往往是经过媒体的普及而逐步为公众所接受。         频繁使用新词。文字是现实生活的反映，而现实生活总是在日新月异地变化。因此，在新闻英语中，时常会出现一些在原有意义上延伸出新义的词，且已经成为颇有特色的词汇。随着这些词的广泛运用，它们也逐步渗透到日常生活用语之中。例如:        The rapid-growing death toll of AIDS victims has posed a wide spread panic across the States from gay bars in the west cost of California to the Fun City's red-light districts.艾滋病患者死亡人数激增造成普遍恐慌。恐慌波及全国，从西海岸加州的同性恋酒吧到逍遥城纽约的红灯区。        gay 的原义为“快乐的”，但在新闻报道中已转义为“同性恋的”。此处的“gay bars”为“同性恋酒吧”而不是“快乐酒吧”。        除延伸出新义之外，新词还可以通过加上前后缀的方式构成。其中较为常见的前缀有anti-、auto-、electro-、inter-、intra-、non-等。用派生法构成的新词一方面可以补足原有英语词汇中缺少的词义，另一方面又能使文笔简练有力。        随着人类思维的进步和科技的飞速发展，根据资料统计，英语中每年会出现1500个左右新词。而这些新词首次亮相的舞台往往是报纸、杂志等新闻媒体。不少语言学家认为，现代英语词汇的变化在很大程度上是与新闻语言的影响有关。不少新词经新闻媒体登场后，被人仿效，逐渐得以普及，为公众所接受。        广泛使用短词及缩略语。由于新闻栏目篇幅狭窄，出于排版的需要和对听众和观众的理解速度和能力的考虑，记者和编辑喜欢使用字型短小的单音节词和缩略词以节省刊头空间。美国新闻学家麦克道格尔在其解释性报道一书中提出要多用简单词。他认为，在表示同一个意思时about比with reference to好、 although比despite the fact that好。在新闻写作中，很少有人会把do说成effectuate、把end写作terminate;他们宁愿用ban而不用prohibition、用today来代替in this day and age。        再者，新闻报道受到时间和传递量的限制，不得不在写作上力求简明扼要，用字精练通俗，句法一目了然。使用词义宽泛、形体短小的词不仅可以美化版面，而且可使文字简练。路国强先生将英语缩略词分为两种。        一种为缩略词（acronyms），由一词组中的各主要词的第一字母缩合而成。例如:BL' S family cars， the Ital and Allegro， are considered by many motorists to be unreliable and old-fashioned in styling， according to a survey published yesterday.据昨天公布的一项调查，许多驾驶汽车的人认为:英国利兰汽车公司的家庭汽车一伊大尔牌和阿勒格罗牌性能不可靠而且款式陈旧。（句中BL' S是British Leyland' s的缩写词）。         另一种为缩短词（shortened words），即通过截短法（clipping）或缩短法（shortening）构成的词。如: brunch （breakfast+lunch）早午餐; telecast（television+broadcast）广播电视。一则交通事故报道说: More and more traffic experts suspect that“autocide”is an important cause of traffic deaths.（Time， Jan. 21， 1997） 这里的autocide是automobile suicide的节缩词。        由此可见，新闻语言应使用简洁通俗的大众化语言。        借用各类词汇。新闻英语的一大特点是常借用地名、人名、物名等专有名词来表示某一个意思。如White House指美国政府， James Bond （影片007中的超级间谍）被用来指无往不胜的谍报人员或其他类型的智慧人物。High Noon是20世纪60年代流行于美国的西部影片，现在象征毁灭性遭遇，也可用来比喻人们对罪恶现象的责任感。brain bust原为由高级专家和大学教授组成的帮助富兰克林·罗斯福总统制定新政的智囊团，现指各种部门特聘的参与决策的智囊人物，有时也指才华出众的学生。        除此之外，在新闻标题和紧接着的新闻内容里，常常使用或借用形象的词汇、日常用语以及口语、俚语等，以增加新闻报道的形象性、亲切感和吸引力。例如:        The Second World War was another huge Volkermanderung，it was accompanied by a vast dislocation of people.第二次世界大战又是一次大规模的“民族迁移”，随之而来的是千千万万人的流离失所。Volkermanderung 是德语，意为“民族迁移”。2.新闻英语的语法特点        用一般现在时表达过去发生的事情。通常情况下，新闻报道所报道的消息多为已发生的事实，按照英语语法，动词应使用过去时。但新闻是新近发生的事实，为增强新闻报道的新鲜感（freshness）、现实感（reality）和直接感（immediacy），在新闻报道中一般不用过去时、过去完成时等，而采用现在时态，从形式上可以使读者在阅读时如置身于新闻事件之中。例如:Carter Picks New Envoy to Mexico卡特选出派往墨西哥的新特使。        用不定式表达将来发生的事情。英文新闻标题中表示将来时的形式除一般将来时“will+动词原形”外，更多的还是采用“联系动词be+动词不定式”结构，其中联系动词be通常省略，以节省标题字数。例如:Pope to Visit Japan in February = Pope is to visit Japan in February教皇拟于二月访日。        用现在分词表达正在进行的动作或正在发生的事态。对于正在发生的事态或动作，英文新闻标题按正常英语语法规则处理，采用现在进行时“be+现在分词”的形式，但“be”通常省略。因此，现在分词便在新闻标题中直接表示正在进行的动作或正在发展的事态。例如:Bill Gates Working on a New Book = Bill Gates is working on a new book比尔·盖茨撰写新书科技先锋展望未来。3.新闻英语的句法特点        时态呼应灵活。新闻报道中动词时态简化，有时不受时态应保持一致或呼应的语法规定，有较大的灵活性。例如:        But Carter told reporters， the United States will continue the restraints it imposed on Iran when the hostages were taken 150 days agoHe made it clear， however， that the freezing of Iranian assets and monitoring of Iranian students in this country would continue. We will continue to monitor the situation very closely， “Carter said”.        句中既有按传统语法规则呼应的“made would continue”，也有从实际出发灵活运用的“toldwill continue”。        句式多样弹性化。新闻英语中的句式富于变化。在新闻报道中有倒装句、省略句，有借助副词、动词变化的句式。例如:        Says Dary Reading of Gowrie:“It makes you mad ，We are good at what we do ，but we still can't make a living.”        高瑞的达里·雷丁说:“这使你发疯。我们有本领干好我们的工作，但仍不能谋生。”        句中的谓语says位于句首，这种句式是新闻报道文章所特有的。        被动语态的使用。当读者在广泛接触英语新闻之后，就会发现新闻标题使用主动语态的频率远远超过被动语态。这是因为从修辞学角度而言，主动语态比被动语态更加生动且富有感染力，所表达的意义更为直接，或更具有说服力，使读者感到真实可信，读来朗朗上口。但新闻报道中有时动作的接受者往往是读者关心的中心，比如有关灾难、战争、事故、骚乱等报道中，读者更关心的是伤亡人员与人数。因此，新闻英语有时为突出动作的承受者通常采用被动语态，目的在于抓住读者的注意力。我们来看下面的例子:        A:“500 Reported Killed in S. Korean Building Collapse”         B:“Building collapse claims 500 lives in S. Korea”        这是一则报道韩国某百货大楼倒塌致使500人丧生的一条新闻。作为新闻报道，A或 B两条标题都起到了提示与浓缩内容的作用。但在报道中死亡人数是该新闻一个非常重要的内容。前句为被动语态，以数词开始，突出了死亡人数，使它处于醒目的位置，起到了吸引读者的作用，从而激发起读者的阅读兴趣和欲望，以探究其事故缘由。        讲究修辞效果。新闻除了注重事实真实、表达清晰外，还讲究语言的美感和韵味。因此，常常借助于比喻、夸张、双关语、成语、押韵等修辞手法来增加新闻的可读性和吸引力。例如:        All Work， Low Play Make Nurses Go Away工作辛苦，工资低廉，许多护士离职而去。（此句源自成语“All work and no play make John a dull boy”。）        Dare Devil who dared胆大包天的人（通过押头韵和使用叠词来增加语言的节奏感，起到强调作用）。        Are the Democrat Dinosaurs?民主党成了恐龙吗?        这一标题运用比喻手法，把民主党比作恐龙（一种生活在中生代时期庞大的食肉或食草爬行类动物，现已绝种），寓意深刻。此文章写于共和党总统候选人罗纳德·里根在1980年获选总统之后，讽刺民主党在富兰克林·罗斯福和约翰·肯尼迪总统的光荣历史之后，气势变得十分微弱，令人可怜。        Where there's smoke， there's cash （The Economist， 1996）有烟才有钱        这一标题中运用了模仿（parody）的修辞手法，套用了英语谚语“Where there' s reek， there' s heat”（无风不起浪，有果必有因），借以讽刺美国的利益集团政治。香烟在美国几乎人人喊打，却总打不倒，因为政客们需要烟草商们的政治捐款，而后又利用手中的权力照顾烟草商们的利益。【检测训练】1The European commission has unveiled a "digital green certificate" that could allow EU citizens who have been vaccinated， tested negative or recovered from Covid-19 to travel more freely this summer.The plan would also allow southern states such as Spain， Greece and Portugal， whose economies are most reliant on tourism， to make bilateral arrangements with non-EU members including Britain providing the deals are approved by the commission."We aim to help member states reinstate the freedom of movement in a safe， responsible and trusted manner，” the European commission president， Ursula von der Leyen， said as the scheme was unveiled on Wednesday，which was actively promoted by southern European holiday destinations whose economies have been devastated by the pandemic.The digital document， containing a QR code and carried on a mobile phone， has deliberately not been called a "vaccine passport" because some member states felt that would discriminate against those who had not yet been offered a shot.The certificate is "not a passport . but a document that will describe the medical situation of the individuals who hold it"， the commission spokesman， Eric Mamer， said.The certificate， should mean travellers will not need to quarantine（检疫，隔离） would be available to all citizens who can provide evidence that they have either been vaccinated against Covid-19， have recently tested negative， or have acquired antibodies after recovering from the virus.The EU aims to vaccinate three-quarters of its adult population by the end of summer and officials remain hopeful that if national delivery speeds up， many restrictions could be lifted in time for the holidays.1. What does the underlined word “reinstate” in paragraph 2 refer to?A. Recover.B. Contain.C. Adopt.D. Desire.2. Why did southern European holiday destinations strongly support the plan?A. Because their economies hardly depend on tourism.B. Because travellers will not need to quarantine in any country.C. Because they hope to promote economic recovery.D. Because the European commission has unveiled the scheme.3. Who can get a “digital green certificate”according to the commission?A. Any EU citizen.B. A citizen vaccinated.C. A British.D. A citizen obtaining antibodies.4. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?A. The EUs new schemeB. A new way to resist pandemicC. Digital green certificates for travelling more freelyD. Digital green certificates for vaccinated citizens【答案】1. A 2. C 3. D 4. C【解析】这是一篇新闻报道。欧盟推出的一种“数字绿色证书”，允许已接种疫苗、新冠病毒检测为阴性或患新冠肺炎后康复的欧盟公民今夏在欧盟境内更自由地出行。1. 词义猜测题。根据第一段“The European commission has unveiled a "digital green certificate" that could allow EU citizens who have been vaccinated， tested negative or recovered from Covid-19 to travel more freely this summer. （欧盟推出的一种“数字绿色证书”，允许已接种疫苗、新冠病毒检测为阴性或患新冠肺炎后康复的欧盟公民今夏在欧盟境内更自由地出行。）”以及本句中的“the freedom of movement in a safe， responsible and trusted manner”，可知是通过安全、负责任以及可信任的方式恢复旅行自由。根据语境，可猜测出reinstate意为“恢复”， A. Recover回复；B. Contain包含；C. Adopt采取；D. Desire渴望。故选A。2. 细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句“which was actively promoted by southern European holiday destinations whose economies have been devastated by the pandemic.（南欧度假地积极推进此计划，疫情已经摧毁了南欧度假地的经济。）”可知南欧度假地积极推进此计划是想促进经济恢复，故选C。3. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“would be available to all citizens who can provide evidence that they have either been vaccinated against Covid-19， have recently tested negative， or have acquired antibodies after recovering from the virus.（所有能提供证据表明自己已经接种新冠疫苗、近期新冠病毒检测为阴性或在患病康复后拥有新冠抗体的人都可以获取该证明。）”可知有抗体的市民可以获得证书，故选D。4. 主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“The European commission has unveiled a "digital green certificate" that could allow EU citizens who have been vaccinated， tested negative or recovered from Covid-19 to travel more freely this summer. （欧盟推出的一种“数字绿色证书”，允许已接种疫苗、新冠病毒检测为阴性或患新冠肺炎后康复的欧盟公民今夏在欧盟境内更自由地出行。）”主题句在第一段， C选项“为接种疫苗的公民颁发的数字绿色证书”符合文章主题，故选C。2A smiling panda and a walking Chinese lantern will be the mascots of the 2022 Winter Olympics and Paralympics （残奥会）in Beijing .The mascots were known to the public on Sept.17, 2019 at a ceremony in Beijing . Beijing Mayor Chen Jining described them as adorable, unique , and exquisite （精致的）。He said they shows Chinese peoples longing for the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics in a visually appealing way and extends Chinese peoples warm invitation to friends throughout the world .The panda, named Bing Dwen Dwen , is the Olympic mascot. Colourful circles around its face symbolize skating tracks and 5G technology, according to the website of the Beijing organizing committee . Bing , the Chinese word for “ ice “, shows purity and strength, while Dwen Dwen means sincerity , liveliness, and health , the website said. The choice of the iconic animal , considered the national treasure ,