2022年高考英语人教版二轮复习语法专项突破(一)第一讲　名　词.docx

第一讲名词【典题试做】1(2018·全国卷)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes(cause)2(2018·全国卷)This switch has decreased pollution(pollute) in the countrys major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.3(2017·全国卷)This trend, which was started by the medical community(医学界) as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side effects(effect) such as overweight and heart diseasethe very thing the medical community was trying to fight.4(2017·全国卷)In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London.It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds_(crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.5(2017·全国卷)She has turned down several invitations(invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.1给出名词提示词，考查名词的数；2给出其他词性形式(通常为动词、形容词)提示词，填写名词。 【典题试做】1(2019·全国卷)All the football player on the playground cheered loudly, saying that I had a talent for football. playerplayers2(2019·全国卷)Since I was a kid, Ive considered different job I would like to do. jobjobs3(2019·全国卷)I wish to have a chain of cafes in many different city. citycities4(2018·全国卷)Last winter when I went there again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken. chickenchickens5(2018·全国卷)When I was little, Fridays night was our family game night. FridaysFriday6(2018·全国卷)After supper, we would play card games of all sort in the sitting room. sortsorts7(2018·全国卷)The classroom is a place for learning and that includes learning from textbooks, and mistake as well. mistakemistakes8(2017·全国卷)The instructor kept repeating the word，“Speed up！”“Slow down！”“Turn left！” wordwords9(2017·全国卷) Besides, they often get some useful informations from the Internet. informationsinformation1可数名词单复数的错用；2混淆名词的可数与不可数；3名词的格的误用。 名词的数名词按其词汇意义可分为专有名词和普通名词。普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词有单数和复数之分，不可数名词没有复数形式。1可数名词单复数的变化规则(1)可数名词复数的规则变化变化规则例词一般情况下在词尾直接加­smouthmouthshousehouses以­s，­x，­ch，­sh结尾的名词在词尾加­esglassglasses matchmatches以辅音字母加­y结尾的名词变y为i再加­escountrycountries factoryfactories以元音字母加­y结尾的名词在词尾直接加­sholidayholidays monkeymonkeys以­o结尾的名词一般在词尾加­spianopianos photophotos有些在词尾加­esheroheroes potatopotatoes以­f, ­fe结尾的名词一般要变f或fe为v加­esselfselveswolfwolves少数直接加­sroofroofsbeliefbeliefs(2)名词复数的不规则变化单复数同形deer, sheep, Chinese, means(方式，方法), series, species词形变化manmen, womanwomen, childchildren, toothteeth, footfeet, mousemice合成名词的复数将主体名词变为复数：passer­bypassers­by, looker­onlookers­on无主体名词时通常在最后一个词后加复数词尾：grown­upgrown­ups, stand­bystand­bys名词前有man或woman修饰man/woman和中心词都要变为复数形式：woman doctorwomen doctors, man waitermen waiters名师点津(1)常以复数形式出现的名词：thanks, congratulations, wishes, greetings, shoes, trousers, works(著作；工厂), manners(礼貌), instructions(操作说明), directions(用法说明), papers(试卷；文件), times(时代)等。(2)一些固定短语中的名词只用复数形式，常见的有：take turns to do sth., in high spirits, make friends with, shake hands with, make preparations for, make both ends meet, take pains to do sth.等。2不可数名词(1)常考的不可数名词一般来说，物质名词和抽象名词是不可数的，因此没有复数形式，一般也不能用a或an修饰。通常只用作不可数名词的有：milk, music, homework, housework, weather, news, butter, information, bread, advice, progress, equipment, fun, luggage, luck, work(工作), traffic, furniture, wealth, word(消息), room(空间), man(人类)等。名师点津word意为“消息”，room意为“空间”，man意为“人类”时通常不带任何修饰词。(2)抽象名词的具体化具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常考的有：抽象名词(不可数)具体化(表达个体概念时，是可数名词)in surprise惊讶地a surprise一件令人惊讶的事win success获得成功a success一个成功的人/一件成功的事win honour赢得荣誉an honour一个值得尊敬的人/一件值得尊敬的事failure失败a failure一个失败的人/一件失败的事by experience靠经验an experience一次经历with pleasure乐意a pleasure一件乐事名词的格1s所有格主要用于表示有生命的人或物的名词，其变化方法如下：构成例词一般是在名词词尾加sJohns home约翰的家以­s或­es结尾的复数名词，只在词尾加students textbooks 学生们的课本词尾不带­(e)s的复数名词，仍加schildrens game 孩子们的游戏2of所有格表示无生命的事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所有关系；名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of所有格。the title of the article文章的标题the name of the girl over there 那边那位女孩的名字3双重所有格双重所有格的构成为：“名词of名词s”或“名词of 名词性物主代词”。表示“其中之一”或“其中一部分”，名词前可用a，any，some，a few，two，this，that，these, those 等修饰，但不能用the。a picture of my mothers 我母亲的一张照片this little cat of your sisters 你妹妹的这只小猫名师点津(1)表示时间、距离、重量、地方等无生命的事物的名词也可以借助s 表示所有关系。a weeks holiday一周的假thirty minutes ride 三十分钟的车程(2)表示店铺或某人的家时，名词所有格之后的shop, office, house, home 等常省去。at the doctors (office) 在(医生的)诊所里at Mr.Greens (house) 在格林先生家判断词性，确定名词单复数1根据题干的语法结构，特别是设空前的限定词判断词性：冠词、代词、数词、量词、形容词和介词后应接名词形式。2根据句法结构判断词性：如果所填词在句中作主语、宾语、同位语时，一般用所给词的名词形式。3确定词性为名词后，根据常用的前后缀将所给词转换成适当的形式；然后再根据名词本身确定可数与不可数，如果名词可数，则需根据其前限定词及谓语动词的形式来确定名词的单复数形式。例(浙江卷)I absent­mindedly turned the _(page) of the phone book and came across a city map.分析pages句意：我漫不经心地翻着电话簿，偶然看到了一张城市地图。page意为“页；面”，为可数名词，根据语境，电话簿应该有很多页，故应该用复数形式，故填pages。.单句语法填空1(2020·保定摸底)Bringing together Western Medicine and Traditional Chinese Medicine, rather than being in competition(compete), is where the potential for great effects lies.2(2020·吉林第一次调研)Different stages of sleep actually give you different types of brain and body benefits(benefit)3My first impression(impress) of him was that he was a kind and thoughtful young man.4(2020·湖北重点高中联考协作体期中)How can students manage anxiety(anxious) and stress during exam time and still get the grades they need?5(2020·安徽江淮十校联考)Nowadays, of course, the harmful effects(effect) of both smoking and sugary drinks have been well known.6(2020·安徽联盟阶段考试)He learns what to do by reading books and computer magazines and checking out sites on the Internet about home­built PCs, and sites that answer questions(question) for people doing it for the first time.7(2020·宜昌葛洲坝中学月考)Not only have the fables themselves lived for nearly 1，500 years, but expressions(express) from them have entered various languages.8(2020·广西4月模拟)The painting is highly detailed and features shops of all kinds and different economic activities(activity) in and out of the city.9(2020·江西新余期中)Sometimes theres so much work for you to deal with and you feel its beyond your ability to fulfil it.Actually, you can take measures(measure) to help yourself.10(2020·潍坊一模)The structure was finally completed on 6 February 2018 and journalists(journalist)were subsequently given rides over the bridge.单句改错1(2020·福建泉港一中、南安国光中学期中)Undoubtedly, hes one of the most popular teacher in our school. teacherteachers2(2020·福建长汀一中等六校联考)On the one hand, smart phones can distract students attentions. attentionsattention3(2020·安徽江淮十校联考)She is such an inspiring person with a strong sense of responsibilities, and we all respect and admire her.responsibilitiesresponsibility4(2020·潍坊一模)After all, helping people in need is a good way to obtain joy and happy.happyhappiness5(2020·兰州二诊)By chance, one of my interviewer was just the driver of the yellow car.interviewerinterviewers6(2020·云南玉溪一中调研)After that, I will stay at home reading some books to acquire more knowledges. knowledgesknowledge7(2020·广西八市联合调研)Im glad that you will compete in the final of the Chinese Speech Contest.Congratulation to you! CongratulationCongratulations8(2020·攀枝花统考)Yesterday, I took a walk in the Panzhihua Park with my parents.The beautiful flowers were in various color. colorcolors9(2020·沈阳一模)There are so many job to choose from, but which one is right for me？jobjobs10(2020·武汉武昌区调研)Considering my case, my teacher offered me several detailed approach and advised me to set a short­term goal to improve my maths. approachapproaches