(新高考)2023版高考英语一轮总复习语法专题突破新人教版.docx

语法专题突破专题一千变万化的动词第一讲谓语动词一)动词的时态 语篇导入 朗读下面短文，体会、领悟加黑部分的时态、语态。 I am Li Fan, chairman of the Students union. I am writingto draw your attention to some improper behaviour in our campus: littering and scribbling. It has been making our school dirty and unpleasant. I always feel ashamed whenever I see this. It is clearly not appropriate for a student to litter and scribble about. Last week, the Students union held a meeting to seek some solutions to these problems. We were having a heated discussion when our headmaster came and joined us. After the meeting, the headmaster said that the school had made efforts to improve this situation and more dustbins would be placed around. Recently, the Students Union has set up specific rules against such behaviour. At the same time, all of us should develop good habits and behave ourselves. We believe that, with the joint efforts of both teachers and students, our school will become a more enjoyable place in the near future.是现在进行时，结构为：am/is/are现在分词。表示现在正在发生的动作。是现在完成进行时，结构为：have/has been现在分词。表示从过去开始一直延续到现在并有可能继续下去的动作。是一般现在时，结构为：be动词：am/is/are；行为动词：谓语动词为动词原形或动词的单数第三人称形式。表示现在的状态，还可表现现在经常性或习惯性动作。是一般过去时，结构为：谓语动词用动词的一般过去式形式。表示在过去某个时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。是过去进行时，结构为：was/were现在分词。表示在过去某一时间正在进行的动作。是过去完成时，结构为：had过去分词。表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作，即“过去的过去”。是过去将来时，结构为：would动词原形。表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作或将要存在的状态。另外此处主语 dustbins为动作的承受者，所以用被动语态。是现在完成时，结构为：has/have过去分词。表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。是一般将来时，结构为：will动词原形。表示在将来某一时刻要发生的动作或存在的状态。 难点精析 一、词形变化在时态的变化中，动词的形式需要发生相应的变化。动词形式不正确已经成为英语写作中重要的扣分因素。因此，要注意在不同时态中的词形变化。形式变化规则构成方法例词原形see，finish，teach，touch三单一般情况直接加slooklookswritewrites以ch，sh，s，x结尾加esteachteachesfinishfinishesguessguessesmixmixes以“辅音o”结尾加esdodoesgogoes以“辅音字母y”结尾变y为i加estrytriesburyburies过去式/过去分词一般情况直接加edstaystayedlooklooked以不发音e结尾直接加ddecidedecidedhopehoped以重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母双写辅音字母加edstopstoppedadmitadmitted以“辅音字母y”结尾变y为i加edcarrycarriedtrytried现在分词一般情况直接加inggogoingreadreading以不发音e结尾去e加inghavehavingwritewriting以重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母双写辅音字母加ingcutcuttingrunrunning二、核心考点高考中通常把时态和语境结合起来考查(常在语法填空和短文改错两个题型中考查)。题干中往往没有明确的时间状语，需要考生搜索出时间参照信息。英语有16种时态，中学阶段常用的是9种。1一般现在时(am/is/are；动词原形或动词的单数第三人称形式)(1)常常表示人的习惯或经常性发生的动作。常用的时间状语有always，usually，often，sometimes，every day等。I usually do my homework in the evening every day.我通常每天晚上做作业。(2)在时间、条件等状语从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。Theyll stand by you even if you dont succeed.即使你不成功，他们也会支持你。(3)表示客观事实、真理、格言或者警句等。Practice makes perfect.熟能生巧。2一般过去时(过去式)(1)表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常与yesterday，last year，the other day等时间状语连用。He arrived at school at 9：00 am. yesterday.他昨天上午九点到学校。(2)根据上下文或主从句提示。I didnt pass the exam，which made my parents very angry.我没有通过考试，这让我父母很生气。3一般将来时表示未来的动作或状态或临时做出的决定，常用will/shall动词原形或者强调主观看法，表示主语打算、计划等决定要做的事要用is/am/are going to动词原形，常与表示将来的时间状语tomorrow，next week等连用。It is said that he will retire next month.据说他将于下月卸任。4现在进行时(am/is/are现在分词)(1)表示现在(说话瞬间)正在进行或发生的动作；也可以表示当时一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。常用的时间状语有now，at present, this week等。Mother is waiting for me.母亲在等我。What lesson are you studying this week?你们本周学哪一课了？(2)代替一般将来时，表示即将发生的动作。动词一般多为表示位置转移的动词。如：go, come, leave, arrive等。5过去进行时(was/were现在分词)(1)表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作。常用的时间状语then，at that time等。I was doing my lessons then.那时我在做功课。(2)代替过去将来时，表示过云即将发生的动作。He said he was coming to see me.他说他要来看我。即时训练1单句语法填空(2021·新高考)You cant help wondering how hard it _was_(be) for the people then to put all those rocks into place.(2018·全国)While running regularly cant make you live forever，the review says it _is_(be) more effective at lengthening life than walking，cycling or swimming.(2021·全国甲)We _hired_(hire) our bikes from the rental place at the South Gate. My bike was old and shaky but did the job.(2021·诸暨市5月模拟)So focused _is_(be) the society on making peoples life more convenient in the short term, but in the long run, those everyday conveniences are at the expense of our health.(2021·河南顶尖名校联考)It is a basic human ability to remember things which he _watches_(watch) and does by himself.(2021·成都三诊)My friend Tony, who _was studying_(study) acupuncture at a college near London at the time, suggested that I visit an acupuncturist.6现在完成时(have/has过去分词)(1)表示动作或过程发生在说话之前某个没有明确说出的过去时间，但现在已经完成，且结果仍对现在有影响。Im sorry，but I dont quite follow you.Did you say you wanted to return on September 20?Sorry，I havent made myself clear.We want to return on October 20对不起，我没完全明白你的话。你是说你们打算9月20号回来吗？对不起，我没有表达清楚。我们打算10月20号回来。(2)表示一个动作从过去开始，一直延续到现在，可能还要继续下去。His first novel has received good reviews since it came out last month.他的第一部小说自上个月出版以来获得了许多好评。(3)考查现在完成时，往往有较为明显的时间状语。如already，just，yet，since，for一段时间，up to now，until now，ever since，so far，recently，lately，in the past/last few years等。I have learned about two hundred English words in the past three hours.在过去的3小时里我已经学了200多个英语单词了。(4)下列句型中常用现在完成时。It has been一段时间since从句This/That/It is the first/second.time that现在完成时This/That/It is the best/finest/most interesting.名词that现在完成时This is the first time that I have made a speech.这是我第一次做演讲。It is the most interesting novel that I have ever read.这是我所读过的最有趣的小说。7过去完成时 (had过去分词)(1)表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。在by，by the end of，by the time，until，before，since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句的句子中。I had put away my cellphone before my father came back.在我爸爸回来之前我已经把手机收起来了。(2)在hardly/scarcely.when.，no sooner.than.句式中，主句常用过去完成时，表示“一就”。当hardly，scarcely，no sooner置于句首时，其后要用部分倒装。No sooner had they rushed out of the house than it burnt down.他们刚从房子里跑出来房子就烧塌了。(3)hope，expect，mean，intend，want，suppose的过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。I had hoped to see more of Shanghai.我本希望在上海多看看。(但未能如愿)即时训练2单句语法填空(2017·全国)Before getting into the car，I thought I _had learned_(learn) the instructors orders，but once I started the car，my mind went blank.I forgot what he _had said_(say) to me altogether.(2019·全国)I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I _have made_(make) over the years.No sooner _had_we _been_(be) seated than the bus started.(2021·广东六校联考)The master carpenter _has drawn_(draw)over 118 million subscribers so far on the Internet. (2021·天津十二区县联考)As is reported, the number of smokers _has dropped_(drop) by 17 percent in just one year thanks to the push of health knowledge.8过去将来时(should/would动词原形)表示从过去的某一时间来看将来要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时常用于宾语从句和间接引语中。She said she would retire the next year.她说她明年就退休了。I wondered what my son would say the next moment.我不知道儿子紧接着要说什么。9现在完成进行时(have/hasbeen现在分词)(1)常用来表示开始于过去某个时间，一直延续到现在并且会继续进行下去的动作。All these years they have been contributing articles to our magazine.这些年来，他们一直为我们杂志写稿。(2)表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直在反复进行的动作。We have been seeing each other quite a lot recently.最近我们常常见面。即时训练3单句语法填空Where is Peter? I cant find him anywhere.He went to the library after breakfast and _have been writing_(write) his essay there ever since.Albert Einstein was born in 1879As a child，few people guessed that he _would be_(be) a famous scientist whose theories _would change_(change) the world.(2021·南开中学5月模拟)The number of foreign students attending Chinese universities _has been rising_(rise) steadily since 1997Since thenfor all these yearswe _have been allowing_(allow) tomatoes to selfseed where they please.(2020·天津卷改编)You are a great swimmer.Thanks. Its because I _have been practising_(practise)a lot these days.二动词的语态 语篇导入 阅读下面短文，体会、领悟加黑部分的语态。Xiao Mings CellphoneXiao Mings cellphone was broken by his father yesterday evening.I couldnt get through to him because the cellphone was being repaired then.Before this，his cellphone had been broken four times because he was careless.Xiao Ming liked cellphone games so much that he didnt study hard.Cellphones are widely used nowadays.However，many of them are being used to play games by teenagers.So far，many questions have been raisedby their parents.Should they be used by students? Xiao Mings cellphone will be repaired well soon.Maybe by next Sunday the cellphone will have been brought home and will be being used to play games again.是被动语态的一般过去时，结构为：was/were过去分词。是被动语态的过去进行时，结构为：was/werebeing过去分词。是被动语态的过去完成时，结构为：had been过去分词。是被动语态的一般现在时，结构为：is/am/are过去分词。是被动语态的现在进行时，结构为：is/am arebeing过去分词。是被动语态的现在完成时，结构为：have/has been过去分词。是带情态动词的被动语态，结构为：情态动词be过去分词。是被动语态的一般将来时，结构为：willbe过去分词。是被动语态的将来完成时，结构为：willhave been过去分词。是被动语态的将来进行时，结构为：willbe being过去分词。 难点精析 1不及物动词及短语没有被动语态。An accident happened on the way home last night and five people were killed.昨晚在回家的路上发生了一起意外事故，死了五个人。A big fire broke out in our school last week.上周我们学校发生了一场大火。2被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，短语动词的被动语态不可漏掉其中的介/副词。Trees should not be planted in summer.夏天不应该种树。The boy was made fun of by his classmates.这个男孩被他的同学取笑了。3汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中可用被动结构表示，构成It isdone.形式。如：It is said/reported that.据说/据报道It is well known that.众所周知It must be pointed out that.必须指出It must be admitted that.人们必须承认It is generally considered/supposed/hoped/believed that.人们普遍认为/希望/相信It is generally considered that the key to learning a foreign language well is nothing but practice.人们普遍认为学好一门外语的关键就是练习。It is reported that the temperature will decline sharply in one or two days.据报告，近两日气温将明显下降。4下面的主动形式常表示被动意义。(1)feel/taste/smell/look/soundadj.Junk food tastes delicious but it doesnt contain enough nutrition.垃圾食品吃起来美味但营养不足。Your idea sounds wonderful but it isnt practical.你的想法听起来很棒但不切实际。(2)want/need/require doingThe window wants/needs/requires repairing.这扇窗户需要修理。Your composition still requires polishing to be published.你的文章出版前还需润色。(3)wash/sell/write/readadv.The clothes washes well.这些衣服很好洗。Her new book was interesting and sold well.她的新书很有趣并且卖得不错。即时训练单句语法填空A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who _had been trapped_(trap) in the mountains for two days.(2021·3月天津)Currently, about 35,000 works _are being displayed_(dispaly) in over 300 rooms in the Louvre, and it would take a lifetime to see everything.(2021·1月浙江)It is calculated by dividing a persons weight in kg by their height in meters squared, and a BMI of between 19 and 25 _is considered_(consider) healthy.If you leave the club，you _wont be allowed_(not，allow) back in.(2021·浙江)The little home _was painted_(paint)white. It was sweet and fresh.(2021·广州六区检测)Homeless people _are told_(tell)what to do every place they go，but we want to encourage them to be leaders. (2021·安徽蚌埠一模)Late last century，residents _were bothered_(bother)by dust on windy days and mud flows when it rained. 解题策略 单句语法填空1(2021·浙江)It doesnt impress like George Washingtons plantation on the Potomac, but Lincolns home in downtown Springfield, Illinois, _has proved/proven_(prove)irresistible to visitors since it opened to the public.解析：考查动词的时态。根据时间状语“since it opened to the public”可知，此处用现在完成时态。故填has proved/proven。2(2018·全国)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005when the government _started_(start) a soiltesting programme that gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmersand 2011，fertilizer use dropped by 77 million tons.解析：考查动词的时态。根据上下文可知作者在说2005年发生的事情，应用动词的一般过去式。故填started。3(2021·全国甲)The Xian City Wall is the most complete city wall that has survived Chinas long history. It _was built_(build) originally to protect the city in the Tang dynasty and has now been completely restored (修复)解析：考查动词的时态和语态。分析句子可知，空格处为谓语，动词build和主语之间是被动关系，应用被动语态(be done)，根据句意和时间状语the Tang dynasty可知，用一般过去时，谓语动词用过去式，主语it为第三人称单数，主谓一致。故填was built。 4(2015·湖南)I _was walking_(walk) across Altrincham Road one morning when a cyclist went round me and on being asked what he was doing he shouted at me.解析：考查动词的时态。根据语境可知，句子是was/were doing.when.固定句型。故填was walking。5(2021·台州市4月调考)In reality, however,60% of clothing nowadays _is abandoned_(abandon)within a year of purchase，.解析：考查动词的时态和语态。句意：事实上，如今60%的衣物在购买一年之后就被遗弃了。分析句子可知，本句缺少谓语，abandon与主语clothing为动宾关系，所以用被动语态，clothing为不可数名词，陈述的是客观事实。故填is abandoned。6(2021·天津十二区县联考2)Look at the timetable. Hurry up! Flight CZ3694 _takes_(take) off at 1715解析：考查动词的时态。句意：看看时间表。快点！CZ3694航班1715起飞。一般现在时表示飞机按照时间表即将进行的动作。故填takes。7(2021·南开中学5月模拟) You speak very good French!Thanks. I _studied_(study) French in Nankai University for four years.解析：考查动词的时态。句意：你的法语讲的很好。谢谢，我在南开大学学了4年的法语。根据句意，说话人在南开大学学了4年的法语，应用一般过去时。故填studied。 技法点津 1掌握独特的时间状语标志(1)时间基点为现在，题干中如用always，often，seldom，sometimes，usually等，用一般现在时。(2)题干中如用yesterday，last night，a few days ago，the other day等，用一般过去时。(3)题干中如用tomorrow，next year，in a week等，用一般将来时。(4)题干中如用now，at present等，用现在进行时。(5)题干中如用at that time，then，at six oclock yesterday等，用过去进行时。(6)题干中如用at this time tomorrow，from 1 oclock to 3 oclock tomorrow等，用将来进行时。(7)题干中如用since，so far，up to now，in/over/during the last year/past few years等，用现在完成时。2熟记固定句型中的时态(1)be doing.when.，when前面的句子常用过去进行时，when后面的句子常用一般过去时。(2)It is/has been时间段since.表示“自从以来已”，主句用现在完成时或一般现在时，从句用一般过去时。(3)祈使句and/or陈述句，陈述句常用一般将来时。3分清主动被动，辨析语态看到主语为物，且动词为及物动词，要想到用一般被动语态。三主谓一致 语篇导入 1语法一致原则I live in Beijing while my girlfriend lives in Shanghai，and we havent seen each other for a long time.To see her every day is my dream.What I want to do is give up my present job and work in her city.However，all my relatives except my uncle support my idea.Someone tells me that it is not worthwhile to give up my job，which brings me 10,000 yuan every month.该原则要求谓语动词必须与主语在语法形式上保持一致，即主语是单数形式则动词用单数形式；主语是复数形式则动词用复数形式：根据主语的人称和数，来确定谓语动词的单复数。主语是不定式或动名词，动词用单数。主语是从句，动词一般用单数。主语后面跟有with，together with，except，but，as well as，rather than，besides，including等引起的短语，谓语动词跟这些词前面的主语一致。主语为someone，anyone，everyone等不定代词时，谓语动词往往用单数。定语从句中的谓语动词要和先行词的数保持一致。2意义一致原则I have been travelling on a budget for four months.Four months is not a short time.Though a large number of people dont understand me，the majority of people I met on my way are friendly.The old dont support my crazy behaviour，but the young admire me.At first my family were worried about me，but now they have been used to this.表示时间、数量、长度及价格的名词，尽管有时是复数形式，但常被看作是一个整体，谓语动词用单数。“a number of复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数。the majority of，the rest of，分数/百分数of名词，要根据名词的数或者是否可数来确定谓语动词的数。“theadj.”表示一类人时，谓语动词用复数；表示一类物时，谓语动词用单数。family，group，team，class，government等集体名词，当其表示集体意义，强调整体概念时，谓语动词用单数；当其表示集体中各个组成部分，强调个体概念时，谓语动词用复数。3就近一致原则There are many girls having a taste for sweet food，but neither my sister nor I am interested in candies.here/there引导一个句子而且主语不止一个时，通常根据“就近一致”原则，即谓语动词要与离它最近的主语在数上保持一致。由or，not only.but also.