高中英语语法讲义：动词不定式考点详析与练习.pdf

高中英语语法讲义：动词不定式考点详析与练习动词不定式由“to+动词原形”构成，可以在句子中充当除谓语之外的任何成分。动词不定式具有动词的性质，可以带宾语和状语，且有完成式、完成进行式、进行式、被动式和否定形式等变化。考点详析一、不定式的基本形式由“to+动词原形”构成;其否定形式是“not to+动词原形”，若加强语气可用“never to+动词原形”。She promised never to tell a lie again.她承诺再也不撒谎了。二、不定式的时态和语态不定式一般有时态和语态的变化，通常有下表中的几种形式（下面以 do 为例）：1.不定式的时态（1）不定式所表达的动作与谓语动词同时发生或在谓语动词之后發生时，不定式用一般式。They planned to employ some skilled workers.他们打算雇几个有技术的工人。（2）不定式所表达的动作与谓语动词同时发生，并强调动作正在进行或一直在持续，不定式用进行式。He pretended to be reading when I came in.当我进来的时候，他假装在看书。（3）不定式的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前，不定式用完成式。The disabled man is said to have translated several novels into French.据说这个残疾人已将几本小说翻译成法语。（4）如果强调不定式所表示的动作从过去某一时刻起一直持续到某一时刻，不定式用完成进行式，此时，强调动作的持续性，不强调结果。She seems to have been reading the novel for three hours.好像她已经看了 3 个小时的小说了。2.不定式的语态当不定式的逻辑主语与不定式是被动关系时，用不定式的被动式。The novel is said to have been translated into several languages.据说这部小说已经被翻译成了好几种语言。三、不定式的语法功能不定式在句中不能作谓语，但可以充当主语、表语、宾语、补足语、定语和状语。1.不定式作主语（1）通常可用动词不定式直接做句子的主语。To say is one thing;to do is another.说是一回事;做是另一回事。（2）如果不定式太长，为使句子结构匀称，常用 it 作形式主语，而将真正的主语（不定式）后置，从而构成以下结构：It+be+adj./n.+to do sth.。It is not an easy thing to master a foreign language.掌握一门外语不是件容易的事。（3）如果需要说明是谁发出不定式所表示的动作，则要在不定式前加上逻辑主语。于是上述结构要改为：It+be+adj./n.+for sb.to do sth.。Its necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.你不用车的时候，锁车是必要的。（4）上述结构中的形容词如果是：clever，foolish，silly，stupid，wise，unwise，kind，nice，rude，polite，impolite，careless，careful，cruel，crazy 等，表示“对某人的赞扬或指责”，则应把其中的 for 改为 of，即：It+be+adj./n.+of sb.to do sth.。Its wrong of you to make fun of others in public.你当众取笑别人是不对的。2.不定式作表语不定式可放在系动词后面，作表语。The problems remain to be settled.这些问题仍有待于解决。【注意】如果不定式对前面 do 的意思作精确解释，不定式符号 to 可省略。All I want to do is（to）thank my teacher for his help.我想做的就是感谢我的老师给我的帮助。3.不定式作宾语（1）只跟不定式作宾语的动词主要有：agree，decide，expect，hope，want，manage，pretend，promise，refuse，wish，choose，long（渴望），offer，desire，help，demand，dare，plan，prepare，fail，determine 等。Ive arranged to meet him at ten oclock.我已经安排十点钟见他。【注意】不定式作宾语时，如果后面有宾语补足语，通常用 it 作形式宾语，将不定式后置。I find it necessary to get everything ready in time.我觉得及时把一切都准备好是必要的。（2）“疑问词+不定式”结构在句中可作宾语能够接“疑问词+不定式”作宾语的动词（短语）有：tell，advise，show，teach，find out，decide，discuss，learn，forget，inquire，know，explain，remember，see，understand，wonder 等。疑问词有：who，what，which，when，where 和how。I dont know how to get there.我不知道怎么去那儿。【注意】有时疑问词前也可用介词。My teacher gave some advice on how to learn a foreign language.我的老师就如何学习外语提出了一些建议。4.不定式作补足语（1）在部分感官动词（短语）及使役动词后，用不带 to 的不定式作宾语补足语，常用的动词（短语）有 let，make，have，see，watch，notice，observe，look at，listen to，hear，feel 等，help 后面有无 to 都可。Our English teacher has us listen to English every day.我們的英语老师让我们每天听英语。【注意】把上面句子变成被动语态后，不定式成为句子的主语补足语，需要加上不定式符号 to，即在被动语态中不定式一律带 to，不存在省略的问题。He was seen to take away your dictionary.有人看见他拿走了你的字典。（2）在谓语动词 think，consider，suppose，believe，imagine，prove，find等后跟 to be 作宾语补足语，不跟 to do，但其中有些可跟 to have done 作宾补。We suppose him to have stolen the computer.我们认为他偷了这台电脑。5.不定式作定语（1）不定式作定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。不定式作定语时，与前面被修饰的名词有逻辑上的主谓关系或动宾关系，如果不定式是不及物动词或所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。She was the first person to think of such a wonderful idea.她是想出如此绝妙办法的第一人。（主谓关系）I have a meeting to attend.我有一个会议要参加。（动宾关系）Will you please tell me why you had no pen to write with？请你告诉我为什么你没有笔写？（2）当名词被 the first，the last，the only 等序数词以及形容词最高级修饰时，常用不定式作后置定语，而不管动作是否已完成。He is the only person to know the truth.他是唯一知道真相的人。（3）不定式所修饰的名词如果是 time，place 或 way 时，不定式后面的介词习惯上可省略。He had no money and no place to live.他没有钱也没有地方可住。6.不定式作状语（1）作目的状语。常用的作目的状语的词（短语）有：to.;only to（仅仅为了）;inorder to;so as to;so（such）.as to.;enough.to。He went home to see his mother.他回家去看望他的母亲。I turned the radio down so as not to disturb him.为了不打扰他，我把收音机音量调小。【注意】不定式结构表示目的时，通常句子的主语就是它的逻辑主语，但也有例外的情况。He opened the door for the children to come in.他打开门让孩子们进来。（2）原因状语They jumped with joy to hear the news.听到这个消息他们高兴得跳了起来。（3）系表结构中，在 difficult，easy，hard，interesting，pleasant，nice，fit，dangerous 等词后的不定式常用主动表示被动，并在句中作状语。The problem is easy to work out.这些问题容易解决。（4）结果状语。表示出乎预料的结果，要放在句子后面。They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet.他们搬起石头砸了自己的脚。四、不定式中的省略1.当 and 或 or 连接同一概念的不定式时，或者当它们之间为并列关系时，可将 and或 or 后面的 to 省去。Id like to go and see a film.我想去看部电影。但是，有时为了表示对照或加强语气，则 to 不可以省去。It is easier to say than to do.说起来容易做起来难。2.不定式在一部分感官或使役动词后面作宾补省略 to。（见前面宾语补足语）3.在介词 but，except，besides 后面的不定式，如果这些介词前面有 do 作实意动词的相应形式，那么不定式符号 to 则要去掉，否则不能去掉 to。What do you like to do besides swim？除了游泳之外你还喜欢做什么？4.在 why not do sth.，had better do sth.，would rather do sth.等固定句型中，不定式省略 to。Why not take a holiday？为什么不去度假？5.to 可以代表整个不定式：有时为了避免重复，须省去不定式后面的内容，保留不定式符号 to，如果是 to be/have，保留到 be 或 have。You cant come into the lab if your teacher doesnt allow you to.如果你的老师不允许你进入实验室，你就不能进去。练习题I.单项填空。1.More college students are expected to be in the army _ improve the qualityof army.A.helpB.to have helpedC.to help D.having helped2.Whom do you want to have _ the parts of a car together？A.fixB.to fix C.fixing D.fixed3.She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role _ inmaking the earth a better place for living.A.to have played B.to playC.to be played D.to be playing4.Whats up？You look down.I have piles of papers _，but I type so slowly.A.to be typedB.typedC.to typeD.being typed5.Whether _ a picnic this weekend mainly depends on weather.A.to haveB.havingC.haveD.had6.My Uncle encouraged _ a summer course to improve my writing skills.A.for me takingB.me takingC.for me to take D.me to take7.The TV series _ next week aims mainly to introduce Korean culture.A.playedB.being playedC.to be playedD.having been played8.Some people think that after they retire，all they can do is _ their brain.A.switch offB.being switched offC.to have switched offD.switched off9.I heard you were invited to the presidents party.Yes.I was surprised at how easy the president was _.A.for talking B.talking toC.to talk D.to talk to10.Its been three days since they began _ _ the missing map.A.search B.to search forC.to search D.search forII.用所給动词的适当形式填空。11.To love and _（love）is the greatest happiness on earth.12.As the busiest woman in Norton，she made it her duty _（look after）allthe other peoples affairs in that town.13.It took me a whole day _（complete）the article.14.Ive worked with children before，so I know what _（expect）in my newjob.15.Im going to Beijing next Sunday.Do you have anything _（take）to yourparents.III.翻译下列句子。16.不用逼着 Paul 学习，因为他总是很用功。_17.新闻记者们匆匆赶到机场，结果被告知电影明星们已经离开了。_18.他们除了去请医生别无他法。_19.我认为他是个老实人。_20.当时我碰巧正在采访这个事件。_答案I.15 CABCA 610 DCADBII.11.to be loved 12.to look after 13.to complete 14.to expect 15.to be takenIII.16.Paul doesnt have to be made to learn because he always works hard.17.The news reporters hurried to the airport，only to be told the film star had left.18.They had no choice but to send for a doctor.19.I consider him to be an honest man.20.I happened to be covering the event at that time.