第四讲 定语从句学习-【暑假辅导班】2021年高一英语暑假精品课程.doc

第四讲 定语从句学习【学习目标】1掌握定语从句的基本概念和分类。2通过分析句子成分，学以致用。Ø 基本概念1.由一个句子作定语，修饰句中一个名词或代词，有时也可以修饰整个句子或句中的部分内容，这样的从句就是定语从句，被其修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。2.关系词分为两大类，即关系代词和关系副词，其作用一是引出一个定语从句，二是代替其所修饰的先行词，三是在句中充当某个句子成分。Ø 关系词的分类和基本用法表一分类指代引导词关系代词人who, whom, that, as事物which, that, as人或物（表所属关系）whose关系副词地点where时间when原因why表二关系代词指代例句解释who人The man who helped you is Mr White.在定从中作主语whomThat is the person(whom/who/that) you want to see.在定从中作宾语，可省略whoseHe is the father whose son studies very well in our class.在定从中作定语thatI´m not the fool that you thought me to be.在定从中作表语asHe is such a lazy man as nobody wants to work with.在定从中作宾语that事物The only thing that we can do is to give you some advice.在定从中作宾语whichA dictionary is a useful book which tells us the meaning of words在定从中作主语whoseHe lives in a room whose window faces south在定从中作定语asIt is such a big stone as nobody can lift.在定从中作宾语整句内容As is known to all, he is the best student.在定从中作主语表三关系副词指代例句解释when时间Would you suggest a time when we can have a talk?在定从中作状语where地点The house where they live is not very large.在定从中作状语why原因This is the reason why he did not came to the meeting.在定从中作状语Ø 定语从句的注意点1.that与which, who, whom的用法区别情 况用法说明例 句只用that的情况先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代词时先行词被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修饰时先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时先行词既指人又指物时先行词被the only, the very修饰时句中已经有who或which时，为了避免重复时He told me everything that he knows.All the books that you offered has been given out.This is the best film that I have ever read.We talked about the persons and things that we remembered.He is the only man that I want to see.Who is the man that is making a speech?只用which, who, whom的情况在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。先行词本身是that时，关系词用which, 先行词为those, one, he时多用who。He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study.I like the person to whom the teacher is talking.Those who respect others are usually respected by others.只用that，in which或不用关系词的情况the way做先行词时Mary,there is one way that you could stop others talking about you and criticizing you.I was struck by the beauty of the way in which she stood.What surprised me was not what he said but _ he said it.A. the way B. in the way that C. in the way D. the way which2. as、which和that的区别首先了解限制性从句与非限制性从句的区别。 所谓非限制性定语从句，顾名思义，对主句所描述的人或物起 的作用，去掉后主句意思仍然完整；它与句子之间常用逗号隔开，其引导词有who,whom,whose,which,when,where,as。that和why 不能引导分限制性定语从句。有时用不定代词、数词或形容词最高级+of+whom/which指代先行词或先行词的一部分。区别项目限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句形式与主句之间不用逗号隔开，口语中不停顿。与主句之间常用逗号隔开，口语中有停顿。作用对先行词的意义进行修饰、限制，若去掉，则句意不完整。对先行词起补充说明作用，若省略，句意仍然清楚、完整。翻译与含义翻译在它所修饰的先行词之前，限制先行词。翻译时与主句隔开，对先行词解释说明。先行词名词或代词。名词、代词、短语或句子。关系词各类关系词，有几种选择，有时可省。不用that和why，一般只有一种选择，关系词不可省。巧学助记：巧辩限制性与非限制性定语从句定语从句好分辨，没有逗号即为“限”，逗号一出定“非限”；关系引导所用词，随着“先行”巧妙变；“非限”that/why靠边站；“非限”引导不省全（全部不可省略）；“as”殊词记心间；the same/suchas连，“正如、正像”意恒念，固定搭配多锻炼。（as anybody can see/as is well known/as we all know/as we had expected/as often happens/as often is the case/as has been said above/as is mentioned above/as is reported/announced）Can you tell me basic structure of Attributive clause?从句区 别例 句限制性定语从句中名词前有such和the same修饰时，关系代词用as,不能用whichHe is not such a fool as he looks.Dont read such books as you cant understand. 非限制性定语从句中as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引导的从句只能放主句后，并无“正如”的意思。They won the game, as we had expected.They won the game, which we hadnt expected.As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.the same. as和the same .thatthe same. as指同类事物the same .that 指原物Thats the same tool as I used last week.（同类工具，不是同一把）Thats the same tool that I used last week.那就是我上周用过的工具。3. where、when与why引导的定语从句关系副词用 法例 句where关系副词where引导定语从句时，只能在定语从句中作地点状语，其修饰的名词必须是表示(具体或抽象的)地点的名词。Were just trying to teach a point_both sides will sit down together and talk.A. where B. that C. when D. whichwhen关系副词 when引导定语从句时, 只能在定语从句中作时间状语，其修饰的名词必须是表示时间的名词。There was _time _I hated to go to school.A. a; that B. a; when C. the; that D. the ; whenwhy关系副词why引导定语从句时，只能在定语从句中作原因状语，其修饰的名词必须是表示原因的名词。Do you know the reason why she was put into prison ? 你知道她坐牢的原因吗？4.“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句当关系代词作介词宾语，且该介词不是和从句的谓语动词构成固定短语时，介词可以提前，这样就出现“介词+关系代词”。先行词指物，用“介词+which/whose”,指人则用“介词+whom/whose”, 且两个关系代词均不能省略。介词的选择要遵循两个原则：原则内 容例 句原则一根据定语从句中谓语动词与先行词的搭配内容而定I saw a woman running toward me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she was，she had run back in the direction_she had come.A.of which B.by which C.in which D.from which解析此题考查由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句，根据句意用from which表示“所来的那个方向”，故答案选D原则二根据先行词而定There are two buildings , _ stands nearly a hundred feet high.A. the larger B. the larger of them C. the larger one that D. the larger of which解析 the larger of which指代the larger of the two buildings ，which 在定语从句中指代 building，作介词of的宾语，故答案为D。5.定语从句与先行词被分割开来的现象定语从句一般紧接被它所修饰的先行词；但有时候它和先行词之间有可能插入其他成分，使它与先行词分隔开来，这种定语从句叫作被分隔的定语从句，在阅读文章时会经常遇到这种情况，在阅读是要注意识别先行词的修饰对象。现 象例 句在定语从句加中插入语，常见的有：I think ,I suppose ,I guess ,I imagine等。辨别的方法是：去掉插入语后，原句句法结构仍然完整。-Is that the small town you often refer to? - Right, just the one _ you know I used to work for years. A.that B. which C.where D.what解析 work是不及物动词，先行词one在定语从句中只能作地点状语，You know 在句中作插入语，所以答案选C 。He made another wonderful discovery ,_of importance to science .A.which I think is B. which I think it is C. which I think it D. I think is解析这里I think 是插入语，which 引导非限制性定语从句，故选A。在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个状语There are many thousands of stars in the sky that are like the sun.在太空中有成千上万的象太阳般的星星。乍一看，that引导的定语从句在名词sky的后面，似乎应该是修饰sky的。但仔细一想，” 不对啊， 天空怎么能象太阳呢？“，原来that引导的定语从句被in the sky这个地点 状语分隔开来，修饰中心词stars。在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个定语Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace?你还记得吗，十年前的一天下午，我来到你家，找你借了一条钻石项链？when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace实际上是修饰afternoon而不是修饰 years。ten years ago 实际上是定语后置修饰afternoon。先行词与定语从句被谓语分隔开来。此时，先行词通常是句子的主语，因定语从句较长，主句谓语较短，为使句子平衡，常将定语从句移至谓语之后A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German.此外还要注意下列两点：定语从句与习惯句型 用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。 It is the first time _ she has been in Shanghai It was the time _ Chinese people had a hard life 解析：这里小题是一个习惯句型，其结构为：It iswas the firstsecond time that从句。故填that，其意为：这是她第一次在上海。小题the time是先行词，其后是表示时间的定语从句，故填 when。定语从句与简单句 用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。 The mother told the lazy boy to work，_ didn't help The mother told the lazy boy to work_ didn't help 解析：含有定语从句的复合句与两个单句的主要区别在于：前者有主句，有从句，必须有关系词；而后者则是两个单独的句子，不需要任何关联词。小题两个句子用逗号连接且没有并列连词，显然应是主从句关系，因此需用关系词which，前面整个句子作先行词；小题则填It，代替前面的整个句子。解题时，注意标点符号的运用。【基础练习】Beethoven，the great German composer，was walking in a street one night 1._ the moon was shining brightly.Suddenly，he stopped outside a little house 2._ door was opened a bit.He heard his Sonata in F being played well.But then，the music stopped suddenly and he heard the sound of sobbing. Beethoven didnt know the reason 3._ the player stopped，so he went into the house. A blind young girl was sitting in front of a piano.The poor girl told Beethoven how she learned to play the piano by overhearing，and that she wanted to hear some really good music.Beethoven said nothing，but looked up to the sky 4._ the moon and stars were shining.Then he sat down in front of the piano 5._ the girl had played and his hands dropped on the keys.This is the origin of the Moonlight Sonata 6._ is still famous all over the world today.【答案解析】1. when 2. where 3.why 4. where 5. that 6. that/which 【强化练习】 二、强化练习 1. There isnt a moment _ Im not thinking of you. 2. I hate the way _ you never look at me when you speak to me. 3. Thousands of Haitians cheered as the Chinese medical team arrived, many of _ even cried with joy. 4. She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction of _  had taken more than three years. 5. She has married again, _ was unexpected. 6. The Beatles, _ many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool. 7. It is such a good place _ everybody wants to go and visit _ it is well known all over the world. 8. The book was written in 1946, _(during which/ since when) the education system has witnessed great change.  9. One of the boys who _(be) my friends _(be) very good at English.  10. Occasions are very rare _ I have the time to spend a whole day with my kids. 11. I will put the book _ you placed it and make a mark at the place _ can be easily seen.  12. It is on the morning of May first _ I met Liang at the airport.【答案解析】1. when 2. that/ in which /不填 3.whom 4.which 5. which 6. which 7. as; that（结果状语从句）8. since when 9.are ; is 10.when 11. where（地点状语从句） ; that 12. that (强调结构)