高中英语语法讲义：不定式作定语和状语用法归纳.docx

高中英语语法讲义：不定式作定语和状语用法归纳不定式是非谓语动词常见的一种形式，它具有名词的特征，在句子中可以作主语或宾语;具有形容词的特征，在句子中可以作表语、定语或补足语;具有副词的特征，在句子中可以作状语。一下主要讲述其作定语和状语的用法。一、不定式作定语1. 被修饰的名词或词组是不定式的逻辑宾语。如：There was really nothing to fear. 没有什么值得担心的。He gave me an interesting book to read. 他给了我一本有趣的书来读。【注意】 如果不定式是不及物动词，后面就得加相应的介词。如：Mary needs a friend to play with. 玛丽需要一个和她玩的朋友。They have a strict teacher to listen to. 他们有一个他们得言听计从的严格的老师。2. 被修饰的名词词组是不定式的逻辑主语。如：Have you got a key to unlock door？ 你有钥匙打开门吗？The action to be taken is correct. 要采取的行动是正确的。There is nothing to be gained by pretending. 通过假装是得不到好处的。3. 被修饰的名词词组是不定式的同位结构。这类名词通常是表示企图、努力、倾向、目的、愿望、打算、能力、意向等意义的名词，如ability， effort， attempt， hobby， wish等。如：Neither of them had any hobby to do business with Mary. 他们都没有兴趣和玛丽做生意。I have no wish to quarrel with you. 我不想和你吵架。4. 动词不定式作定语，有时用主动式表示被动的意义。如果不定式中的动词为不及物动词时，还要与相应的介词连用。但不定式修饰time， place， way等名词时，常省略介词。如：There was nothing to bring home that morning. 那天早上他回家时两手空空。He is a pleasant person to work with. 他是一个快乐的、能与之共事的对象。5. 动词不定式作定语时，如果其表示的动作为句子的主语发出的，该动词不定式一般用主动式;如果动词不定式表示的动作不是句子的主语发出的，该动词不定式应用被动式。如：I am going to the shop because I have something to buy. 我将要去商店，因为我有一些东西要买。（“buy”这个动作是句子的主语“I”发出的，故用主动式to buy）I am going to the shop. Do you have anything to be bought？ 我将要去商店。你有什么东西要购买的吗？（“buy”这个动作不是句子的主语“you”发出的，故用被动式to be bought）I cant go out with you because I have homework to do. 我不能和你出去，因为我有作業要做。6. 当名词前有only， last， next，序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，名词后常用不定式作定语。如：He is always the first person to come and the last one to leave.他总是第一个来最后一个离开。I suppose this is the easiest method to grasp. 我断定这是最容易掌握的方法了。Su Bingtian was the first athlete to get to the finishing line in the group. 苏丙添是这个小组第一个到达终点的选手。二、不定式作状语动词不定式作状语，可表示目的、结果、原因、条件及意愿等情况。1. 动词不定式作目的状语。To make himself heard， he raised his voice. 为了被听清楚，他提高了嗓门。（作目的状语）He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。（作目的状语）【注意】 为了强调，我们可以在不定式前加上in order或so as。如：She had no option but to quit her job in order to take care of her child. 为了照顾孩子，她别无选择，只好辞职。In order to catch the train， she hurried through her work. 为了赶火车，她匆匆做完了她的工作。She got up earlier the next day so as to catch the first bus. 第二天她起得更早了，为的是赶上第一班车。Mike is studying hard so as to keep up with others. 为了赶上别人，迈克正在努力学习。2. 动词不定式作结果状语。（1） 动词不定式作结果状语的一般用法。如：He woke to find himself famous. 他一觉醒来，发现自己成了名人。As we all know， few live to be a hundred. 我们都知道，活到百岁的人不多。（2） 在不定式前加only，表示一种“意外”的不好的结果。如：He searched the room only to find nothing. 他翻遍了整个房间，没发现什么。I hurried to the airport only to find the plane I was to take had just taken off. 我急急忙忙赶到机场，却发现我要乘坐的飞机已经起飞了。（3） 英语中too+adj. / adv. +to do sth.来表示否定结果，意思为“太以至不能”，这时too后面的形容词或副词往往是表示性质或特征的词。如：The girl is too young to go abroad， I think. 我认为这个女孩太年轻了，不能出国。He is too young to go to school. 他太小了，不能上学。【注意】 too+adj.+to do sth. 结构除表示否定意义外，还可以表示结果有肯定意思。这时too后面常常跟表示心情、态度或倾向性方面的形容词，主要有anxious， eager， easy， glad， happy， pleased， ready， willing等，此时too的意思是“十分;非常;很”等。如：They were too anxious to leave. （=very anxious to leave） 他们急于要离开。He is too glad to go there. （=very glad to go there） 他非常高兴去那儿。I am too glad to get such a gift. 我很高兴能得到这样的一个礼物。3. 动词不定式作原因状语。All of us are surprised to see his rapid progress. 看到他的进步，我们都很吃惊。Im glad to see you. 见到你很高兴。4. 动词不定式作条件状语。How can you catch the train to start so late？ 要是这么晚动身，你怎么能赶得上火车呢？（表示条件）He must be a fool to say so. 他那么说可能是个傻瓜。You will do well to speak more carefully. 要是说得详细的话，你会做得很好的。跟踪精练I. 单句语法填空。1. The ability _ （express） an idea is as important as the idea itself.2. Although the film had been on for ten minutes， I still was not able to find a chair _ （sit） on.3. In my opinion， the action _ （take） is correct.3. Her daughter will make an even bigger effort _ （please） her.4. I am always the first person _ （get） to the office.5. Having finished her project， she was invited by the school _ （speak） to the new students.6. To make himself _ （hear）， the English teacher raised his voice.7. Tom took a taxi to the airport， only _ （tell） his plane high up in the sky.8. At the news that he was admitted into the famous university， she was too glad _ （jump）.9. Armstrong was the first man _ （set） foot on the moon， in July 1969.10. As we all know， Antarctica was the last continent _ （discover）.II. 單句改错。1. There are five pairs to choose， but Im at a loss which to buy.2. As matter of fact， now here is nothing to be gaining  by pretending.3. I am going to the shop because I have something to buying.4. Were having a meeting in half an hour. The decision be made at the meeting will in the future of our company.5. All these gifts must be mailed immediately so as to be receiving in time for Christmas.6. We were astonished find the temple still in its original condition.7. The maths problem is very difficult for me to work out.8. Allen had to call a taxi because the box was much too heavy not to carry all the way home.III. 根据汉语提示完成下列句子。每空词数不限。1. 我正在找一间屋子住。I am looking for _.2. 我的工作是每天清扫房间。My work is _.3. 我们本来希望赶早班车，却发现车子已经开走了。_， but found it had left.4. 最大的幸福就是为大家的幸福而学习和工作。The greatest happiness is _.5. 我们需要有人来帮忙干这工作。We need _.6. 我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。I happen _.7. 父亲喜欢静静地听音乐。Father likes _.8. 他曾去新西蘭深造过。He has been to New Zealand _.9. 看到他这样的行为，我想他肯定有点不对劲。_， I would think that he must have got something wrong with himself.10. 发现屋子里空无一人，他们很奇怪。They were surprised _.答案I. 1. to express 2. to sit 3. to be taken 3. to please 4. to get 5. to speak 6. heard 7. to be told 8. to jump 9. to set 10. to be discoveredII. 1. choose后加from 2. gaininggained3. buyingbuy 4. decision 后加to 5. receiving received 6. find前加to 7. verytoo 8. 删掉heavy后的notIII. 1. a room to live in  2. to clean the room every day 3. We hoped to have caught the early bus    4. to study and work for the happiness of all 5. someone to help with the work 6. to know the answer to your question 7. to listen to music in silence 8. to have his further study 9. To see him behaved in that way 10. to find that nobody was in the room