Unit 1 Past and present第 3 课时 Grammar（学生版）-八年级英语下册同步精品讲义（牛津译林版）.docx

Unit 1 Past and present 第3课时 grammar八年级英语下册同步精品讲义（牛津译林版）知识精讲现在完成时定义：（1）现在完成时表示过去已经开始，持续到现在,也许还会持续下去的动作或状态。可以和表示延续的时间状语连用。 如for、since 等引导的时间状语。（注意：句中谓语动词要用延续性动词）时间状语的表达方法有两种: for: + 一段时间 for a year, for two weeks, for three years. 过去的某一时刻, since last week, since 2008Since +点时间 一段时间+ago, since 9 years ago, since 3 days ago, 一般过去时态的时间状语从句：since you came，since he moved here, since I was bornsince 20061.Eddie has lived with Millie for 4 years.since 4 years ago.since he was born.2.Eddie has lived with Millie（2）现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。(汉语中常用“已经”、“过”、“了”等表达) 通常与表示包括现在在内的时间副词just(句中）, already(句中，句末）, before(句末）, yet（句末）, never（句中）, ever（句中）,recently(句末)等状语连用。例如：1.Eddie has just eaten my food. (Eddie已经吃了我的食物。）2.I have never heard of that before.（我以前从未听说过那件事） 3. Have you ever ridden a horse?（你曾经骑过马吗？） 4.She has already finished the work.（她早已经完成这个工作了。）5.We havent finished our homework yet. (我们还没有完成作业呢。)现在完成时基本结构：主语+have/has+动词的过去分词肯定句：主语+have/has+动词的过去分词+宾语.否定句：主语+have/has+not+动词的过去分词）+宾语.一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+动词的过去分词+宾语.特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分词（V-ed）+其他）过去分词变化规则如下：1. 规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。变化规则有四点：（1）一般动词，在词尾直接加-ed 。workworkedworkedvisitvisitedvisited（2）以 e 结尾的动词，只在词尾加-d 。 livelivedlived （3）以辅音字母 + y 结尾的动词，将 y 变为 i ，再加-ed 。studystudiedstudiedcrycriedcried（4）重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加-ed 。stopstoppedstoppeddropdroppeddropped2. 不规则动词变化需参看不规则动词表逐一熟记。cutcutcutithithit现在完成时用法1. 现在完成时用来表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果。也就是说，动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在，强调的是现在。I have already posted the photo. 我已经把照片寄走了。强调post对现在的影响照片不在这里。2. 现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的、持续到现在的动作(用行为动词表示)或状态(be动词表示)，常与for(+时间段)，since(+时间点或过去时的句子)连用，谓语动词必须是延续性动词。如：He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来，他一直住在这儿。(动作起始于1978年，一直住到现在，可能还要继续住下去。)注意：for和since的用法。for + 时间段 译为：时间since + 过去一个时间点(译为：自从以来)since + 时间段 + agosince + 从句(过去时)It is + 时间段 + since + 从句(过去时)注意：瞬间动词(buy, die, join, lose.)与for 或since引导的时间段连用时，要改变成延续性动词。变化如下：come/arrive/reach/get tobe in go outbe out finishbe over openbe open diebe dead buyhave Fall illbe ill Come backbe back Put onbe on/wear Worrybe worried Catch a coldhave a cold现在完成时连用的时间状语现在完成时是一个与过去和现在都有关系的时态，因此，具有这样时间特点的状语都可以与现在完成时连用。1. 与表示一段时间的状语连用，如for+时间段，since+时间点。如：We have lived in this city for more than 40 years. 我们在这个城市已生活了40多年。We have lived in this city since 1958. 我们从1958年起就住在这个城市里。从以上两个例句我们可以看出，与表示一段时间的状语连用时，谓语动词常为stay, live, teach, learn, work, sleep, read, wait, keep等具有延续意义的动词。2. 与笼统地表示过去的时间状语连用，如already, never, ever, just等。如：Ive just found this library book. 我刚刚找到这本图书馆的书。How beautifully she sings! I have never heard a better voice. 她唱得多美啊！我还从来没听到过比这更优美的嗓音。3. 与表示包含过去和现在的一整段时间的状语连用，如lately, recently, in the past few years, these few years, these days, up to now, so far等。如：How have you been recently? 你近来状况如何？The famous writer has written a new book in the past two years. 那位著名的作家在过去两年的时间里写了一本新书。Have you seen her parents these days? 这些天你看见她的父母了吗？The Browns have visited a lot of places in China so far. 迄今为止，布朗一家已经参观了中国的许多地方。注意：现在完成时不能与单纯表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last week, in 2002, three days ago等现在完成时与一般过去时区别1. 侧重点不同现在完成时和一般过去时所表示的动作都发生在过去，但它们所强调的重点不同：现在完成时侧重于对现在的影响；而一般过去时侧重于某一动作发生在过去某个时间或某段时间，即现在完成时侧重于现在的结果，而一般过去时侧重于动作发生的时间。如：I have seen the film. 我看过这部电影。（现在我仍记得电影的内容）I saw the film three days ago. 三天前我看了这部电影。（强调是三天前，而不是别的什么时候看的电影）Mr Green has bought a new computer. 格林先生买了一台新电脑。（着重点是格林先生现在有了一台新电脑）Mr Green bought a new computer yesterday. 格林先生昨天买了一台新电脑。（强调的是格林先生买新电脑的时间是昨天）2. 时间状语不同现在完成时常与already，yet，just，ever，never，before等副词以及for+段时间，since+过去时间/从句等时间状语连用；而一般过去时则常与时间段+ago，just now，yesterday，last week等表示过去的时间状语连用。如：She has lived here since two years ago. 她两年前就住在这里了。She lived here two years ago. 两年前她住在这里。He has been in the League for three years. 他入团已经三年了。Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. 昨晚汤姆给他的父母写了封信。能力拓展1这位英语老师教了你们两年了吗？_ the English teacher _ you for two years?2自从 “双减”政策实行以来，我们有更多空闲时间参加课外活动。We _ _ more fee time to take part in after-school activities since the “double reduction” policy was carried out.3迄今为止我们已经学习了十首英文歌。_ _ we have learned 10 English songs.4我们自从加入同一个俱乐部就成了好朋友。We _ good friends since we _ the same club.5你已经决定去哪里度假了吗?_ you _ where to go on vacation?分层提分6So far we _ five hundred English words.AlearnBhave learnedClearnedDlearns7Julias father _ to hospital last month. He _ there three times.Awent; had goneBhas gone; has beenCwent; has beenDhas been; had gone8 Do you know Lydia very well? Sure. We _ friends since we were very young.AbecameBwereChave been9Mikes parents are Germans, but he _ to Germany so far.Anever wentBnever goChas never beenDwill never go10Maybe Tom _ his work. The light in his room is still on.Adoesnt finishBdidnt finishCwont finishDhasnt finished11Donald went to the US a month ago, and we _ from him so far.Adont hearBdidnt hearChavent heardDwouldnt hear12My cousin _ 100 model plane since 2015.AcollectsBis collectingChas collectedDcollected13Hello, Phil. Where is Luke now?Maybe he _ to the library. But he _ here an hour ago.Ahas gone; stayedBhas been; stayedChas been; has stayedDwent; has stayed14Betty in China _ since two years ago.Ahas livedBlivedCwill liveDwas living15Miss Black is my English teacher. She _ here for three years.AteachesBtaughtChas taughtDteach16I like history, so I _ to Hunan Museum many times.Ahave beenBhave goneCwent17Mum, where is Dad? H _ the supermarket.Awas going toBhas gone toChas been to18Hi, Tom! _ you ever _ the Birds Nest? Yes, I have. Its fantastic.AHave; been toBHave; gone toCDid; go to19The Greens _ China for 3 years.Ahave come toBhas been inChave been in20Our teachers have been with us for nearly three years _ we came to junior high school. We should thank them for what they have done for us.AuntilBbeforeCsinceDwhen21Monica, you _ the exam! Congratulations!Thank you! I cant believe my ears.ApassBhave passedCwill passDpassed22Your car is really cool.Thank you. I _ it for less than one month.AboughtBhave boughtChadDhave had23 _ you ever _ Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge?Not yet.ADid; visit.BAre; visitCHave; visited24Have you finished your report _?Yes, I have _ finished it.Ayet; yetBalready; alreadyCalready; yetDyet; already25The drama series The Thunder (破冰行动) hits screens these days.Oh, what a pity! I _ any of them yet.Adoesnt watchBdidnt watchCwont watchDhavent watched