Unit 1 Past and present第 2 课时 Reading（教师版）-八年级英语下册同步精品讲义（牛津译林版）.docx

Unit 1 Past and present第2课时 reading八年级英语下册同步精品讲义（牛津译林版）知识精讲1、I've lived here since I was born.我自出生以来就一直住在这里。since 连词，“自以来”，引导的时间状语从句用一般过去时，主句用现在完成时。since 介词，“自以来”，后接表示过去的时间点。since then 意为“从那时起”。 since 连词，“既然，因为”，引导原因状语从句，语气比because弱。【注意】如果说明某一动作或状态持续了多长时间，用“for + 一段时间”。2、I first lived in the northern part of town with my parents.我最初和我的父母一起住在城镇的北部。在英语中表示两地的位置关系时，若 A地在 B地范围之内，用介词 in；若A地与B地接壤，用介词 on；若A地与B地之间有距离间隔，则用介词 to。 Shandong is in the east of China.山东在中国的东部。 Shandong is on the east ofHenan.山东在河南的东面。 Shandong is to the east of Shanxi.山东在山西的东面。 3、When I got married in 1965,my wife and I moved two blocks away and we've lived in this area since then.当我1965 年结婚时，我和我妻子搬到了两个街区以外，此后我们一直住在这里。get married “结婚”。get/be married“与某人结婚”。married形容词，“已婚的，结婚的”。get married 表示动作，be married表示状态。当表示某人结婚多久时，不能用 get married，而要用 be married。marry及物动词，其后跟人作宾语，意为“嫁；娶；同结婚，把嫁给”。marry sb. to sb.“把某人嫁给某人；使某人娶某人”。 marry不及物动词，“结婚”。4、Has the town changed a lot over the years? 近几年间这个城镇变化大吗?a lot 副词短语，“很，非常”，常修饰动词、感叹词或形容词/副词的比较级等，在句中作程度状语。a lot意为“许多，大量”，在句中作主语、宾语或表语，其后可有动词不定式短语作后置定语。a lot of = lots of，意为“许多的，大量的”，都可修饰可数名词复数或不可数名词。 over the years“在这几年间”over “在期间” = during, throughout5、Now the government has turned part of the a anew park. 现在政府已把城镇中心的一部分改建成了一个新公园。turn.into.“把变成”(change.into)。turn into “变成，成为，转变成”；“翻译”。turn 连系动词，“变得”。 turn 可数名词，“轮流，依次”。6、Was pollution a problem then?那时污染是一个问题吗？pollution不可数名词，“污染”。water pollution水污染noise pollution噪音污染air pollution空气污染light pollution光污染【辨析】：problem 与 questionproblem：着重指难以解决（solve）的“问题”或“难题”。question：指提出（ask）并有待回答（answer）的“问题”或“疑问”。7、They often put the waste into the river.他们经常把废物排入河中。1）put.into.“把放进”。 put on穿上，戴上；上演（戏剧）。 put out 扑灭。 put up 举起。 put off推迟。2）waste 不可数名词，“废料，废品”。 waste名词，“浪费”，可以和 a连用。 a waste of waste形容词，“废弃的，无用的”。waste动词，“浪费”。8、Later the government realized the problem and took action to improve the situation.后来政府意识到了这个问题并采取措施改善了情况。realize 及物动词，“意识到”。take action “采取行动”。take action to do sth.“采取行动做某事”。improve 及物动词，“改进，改善”。名词形式 improvement（改善，改进）。 9、Now the river is much cleaner.现在这条河干净多了。much cleaner 意为“干净得多”。much用来修饰比较级，意为“得多”。 能够修饰形容词/副词比较级的词（短语）有： a little/a bit 意为“一点，稍微”。even 意为“甚至，更”。10、Well，in some ways it is. 嗯，在某种程度上是这样的。in some ways “在某种程度上，在某些方面”。in many ways 从很多方面来说 in no way 绝不，无论如何都不by the way 顺便说一下 lose one's way 迷路 in one's way 挡住某人的路on one's way to 在某人去的路上11、However,most of my old friends have moved away.然而我的大多数老朋友都搬走了。however，副词，意为“然而”，转折的意味较弱。可位于句首、句中或句末。常用逗号与句子隔开。but，连词，意为“但是”，转折的意味较强。位于分句的句首。后面一般不用逗号。12、It has become impossible for us to see each other as often as before. 对于我们来说再像以前那样经常互相见面是不可能了。1)impossible形容词，“不可能的”。大多数形容词加前缀un-构成反义词。necessaryunnecessary（不必要的） friendlyunfriendly（不友好的）以c或e开头的形容词通常加前缀in-构成反义词。correctincorrect （不正确的） expensiveinexpensive（不昂贵的）以p开头的形容词通常加前缀im-构成反义词。properimproper（不合适的） politeimpolite （不礼貌的）以r开头的形容词通常加前缀 ir- 构成反义词。regularirregular（不规则的）有些形容词加前缀 dis- 构成反义词。honestdishonest（不诚实的）2)as.as.意为“像一样”，中间用形容词或副词原级。as.as.的否定形式是 not as/so. as.，意为“不如”。 13、Now I feel a bit lonely from time to time.现在我时不时会觉得有点儿孤独。lonely，形容词，“寂寞的，孤单的”，强调人内心的感受，可以作表语或定语；“偏僻的，荒凉的，人迹罕至的”时，只能在名词前作定语，强调地理位置。alone形容词或副词，“单独，独自”。作形容词时，通常用作表语或宾语补足语，不能作前置定语。from time to time “不时，有时，偶尔”，相当于 sometimes或at times。14、Anyway,it's good to see the amazing changes in the town。不管怎样，看到城镇这些令人惊叹的变化，还是不错的。anyway 副词，“尽管，即使这样”，常用作让步状语，相当于anyhow，可用在句首或句末。amazing形容词，“令人吃惊的，惊叹的”，通常说明物，可作表语或定语。amazed形容词，意为“惊奇的，惊讶的”，常说明人，常作表语。be amazed at/by.，意为“对大为惊讶”。15、not happy because of being alone因为独自一人而不高兴。because of “因为，由于”，后跟名词、代词或动名词（短语）等。because of，介词短语，后跟名词、代词或动名词（短语）等。because，连词，后跟从句。16、Amazing changes have taken place in Sunshine Town.在阳光城发生了令人惊叹的变化。take place “发生”，与happen 意思相近，但用法有区别。take place 常指经过安排而发生，而 happen 常指偶然发生，它们都没有被动语态。 take place “举行”，相当于hold，但 hold 有被动语态。take sb.'s place 或 take the place of sb.“代替某人”。17、Tell me more about your interview with Mr Chen，Millie. 米莉，告诉我更多关于你对陈先生的采访。interview 名词，“采访；访谈”，“会见”。have an interview with sb.意为“采访某人”。interview 动词，意为“采访”。 18、Has he lived in Sunshine Town all his life?他生都住在阳光城吗? all one's life “一生”。lose ones life丧生save ones life挽救某人的生命ones way of life某人的生活方式live a + adj. + life过着的生活19、What was the town like in the past?过去这个城镇是什么样子? What's sb./sth.like?“某人是个什么样的人?/某物怎么样?”，一般用来询问某人的性格或某物的特征。What does sb./sth.look like?“某人长什么样?/某物是个什么样子?”，一般用来询问某人的外貌或某物的外部特征。20、Luckily, the government took action to improve the situation later.幸运的是，后来政府采取措施改善了情况。luckily，副词，“幸好，幸运地”，在句中作状语。lucky，形容词，“幸运的”，在句中作定语或表语。luck，不可数名词，“运气”，可作宾语、主语等。21、I have already read this book many times.这本书我已经读过许多遍了。time 可数名词，“次，回”。time指“时间”时，是不可数名词。注意：“一次”用once表示，“两次”用twice表示，从三次开始用“基数词+times”表示。22、They have finished their homework already. 他们已经完成了家庭作业。finish 及物动词，“结束，完成”，后接名词、代词或动名词。也可以作不及物动词。 23、My parents haven't come back yet.我父母还没有回来。yet副词，“还，仍；已经”，常用在否定句或疑问句中，通常位于句末。肯定句中要用already，already 常用于助动词之后、实义动词之前，也可用于句末。24、Have you seen any films recently，Sandy?桑迪，你最近看过电影吗? recently 副词，“近来，最近”。recently 常用于现在完成时的句子中，指最近的一段时间。注意：recently 一般不用于一般现在时的句子中。拓展：recent形容词，意为“最近的”。25、It's about the changes in Beijing over the past century.它是关于上世纪北京的变化的。past 形容词，“过去的”。 past名词，“过去”。in the past意为“在过去，以前”。past 介词，“经过”。past 介词，“晚于；在之后”。past副词，“（从旁边）经过”。26、Oh,I think I have heard about the film.哦，我想我听说过这部电影。hear about “听说（关于某人或某物）”。与 hear of同义。hear from“收到的来信”，后接人。 Do you plan to see it again?你打算再看一遍吗?plan（planning，planned，planned）及物动词，“计划，打算”，plan to do sth.意为“打算做某事”。plan可数名词，“计划”。27、Yes，I'd like to. 是的，我想去。would like “想要”，相当于want。would是情态动词，没有人称和数的变化。would like sth.想要某物。would like to do sth.想要做某事。would like sb.to do sth.想要某人做某事 Would you like sth.?的肯定回答常用“Yes，please.”，否定回答常用“No，thanks.” 回答“Would you like to do sth.?”句型时，肯定回答常用“Yes, I'd love/like to.”，否定回答常用“I'd love/like to, but.”28、Today I borrowed a book a bout Starlight Town's past and present. 今天，我借了一本关于星光城的过去和现在的书。borrow非延续性动词，“借，借来”，表示向某人或从某处借来某物。borrow sth. from.从借来某物lend非延续性动词，“借出，借给”，表示将某物借给某人。lend sth. to sb. = lend sb. sth.借给某人某物keep延续性动词，表示“借”时，指“借来并保存”。keep sth. for.借某物多长时间29、I hope I can visit it again. 我希望我能再次参观这座城镇。hope 及物动词，“希望”，常见用法有：“hope+that 从句”意为“希望”。 hope to do sth. 意为“希望做某事”。注意：hope 不能接动词不定式作宾语补足语，即不能说 hope sb. to do sth.。I hope so./I hope not.用于应答。30、She's just returned from the USA.她刚从美国回来。return 不及物动词，“返回”。return from“从回来”；“return to+地点名词”“回到某地”，若接地点副词，则要去掉介词to。 【注意】：return不可与back连用。【拓展】：return 还可用作及物动词，意为“归还”。 return sth. to sb.意为“把某物还给某人”。 31、When did you last see each other? 你们上次见面是在什么时候?last 副词，“最近，上一次”。last作形容词，“刚过去的；最后的”。last 名词，“最后来的人或发生的事”。last不及物动词，“持续，延续”。32、She went abroad with her parents. 她与父母一起出国了。abroad副词，“在国外，到国外”，前面不加介词。 So how do you keep in touch with each other?那你们是如何保持联系的呢?keep in touch “保持联系”。表示“与某人保持联系”用keep in touch with sb.。“保持联系”还可用 stay in touch来表达。33、We mainly communicate by email.我们主要过电子邮件交流。communicate 不及物动词，“交流，交际”，communicate with sb.“与某人交流”。 communicate 及物动词，“传送；传达（新闻、意见或情感等）”，后接名词或代词。communicate名词形式communication。have communication with sb.“与某人交流”。 34、The Internet makes communication much easier.互联网使交流更方便了。“make sth./sb.+adj.”“使某物/某人”。 35、The new shopping mall is a good place to have. 这家新的购物中心是一个玩乐的好地方。have fun “玩得高兴”，have fun（in）doing sth. “在做某事中享受乐趣”。“玩得高兴”还可用 have a good/great/wonderful time，enjoy oneself等来表达。 36、A river runs through the centre of town.条河流穿过城镇中心。through“穿过，从中通过”，着重指从空间的内部穿过。across “横过，穿过”，着重指从物体表面的一边到另一边。37、The new park in the town centre looks beautiful. 城镇中心的新公园看起来很漂亮。look 连系动词，“看起来”，后面常接形容词作表语。与look用法类似的还有smell（闻起来），taste（尝起来），sound（听起来），feel（摸起来），这些词都可用作连系动词，后接形容词作表语。38、Life is getting better in some ways.在某种程度生活变得更好了。get 连系动词，“变得”，后接形容词作表语。get及物动词，“买”，相当于buy。get 及物动词，“获得，取得”。 get 及物动词，“患（病），得（病）”。 get 及物动词，“取来；处理”。get不及物动词，“到达，抵达”。get 常构成短语： get off下（车） get on上（车）get back 拿回，取回 get up 起床get away 逃跑，离开 get married结婚get dressed 穿衣服 get lost 迷路 get angry 生气 get ready for 为作准备39、It is not easy to get used to the changes of life quickly.很快适应生活的变化不容易。get/be used to “习惯于，适应于”，后可接名词、代词或动名词作宾语。40、Now I go to school by bus on my own.现在我独自乘公共汽车去上学。on one's own “独自；独立”，相当于 by oneself或 alone。own作形容词，“自己的”。own及物动词，“拥有”。own名词，of one's own “某人自己的”。owner名词，“物主，所有人”。41、I have to spend more time on my homework than before.我不得不花费比以前更多的时间来做作业。spend及物动词，“花费”，可以指花费时间或金钱。Sb. spend (s ) some time/money on sth.意为“某人在某物上花费时间/金钱”，Sb. spend (s) some time/money doing sth.意为“某人花费时间/金钱做某事”。spend，主语是人。spend.on sth./spend.doing sth.花费时间或金钱cost，主语是物。Sth. costs (sb.) some money花费金钱take，主语通常是it。It takes sb. some time to do sth.花费时间pay，主语是人。pay for sth./pay sb. for sth.为某物支付金钱42、large open spaces很大的空地open 作形容词，“开阔的，未围上的”。open动词，“开，打开”。43、Now people are enjoying a comfortable life.现在人们正享受舒适的生活。enjoy 及物动词，“享受，喜欢”，后常接名词或代词作宾语，表示“享受/喜欢”。enjoy doing sth.意为“喜欢做某事”。enjoy oneself意为“玩得高兴”，相当于have a good time。注意：与like，love不同，enjoy后不能接动词不定式作宾语。能力拓展一、完成句子1他几乎不知道你想要做些什么。He _ _ knows what you want to do.【答案】 hardly ever【详解】根据中英文对比，可知英语部分缺少的是：几乎不，可用短语hardly ever，故填hardly ;ever。2我有很多朋友，因此我不感到孤独。I have lots of friends, so I dont _.【答案】feel lonely【详解】通过中英文句子的对照可知英文句子中缺少“感到孤独”的表达；“感到”英文表达为feel，是系动词，后接形容词作表语；lonely形容词，意思是“孤独的、寂寞的”；故填feel lonely。3然而，并不是每个人都喜欢看这些节目。_, not everybody enjoys _ these shows.【答案】However watching【详解】根据汉语提示，第一空应为“然而”，however是副词，常与后面的句子用逗号隔开；第二空，动词“观看”，应用watch，因用于enjoy之后，要用doing形式，即watching。故填However；watching。4你不经常与父母保持联系是不对的。Its wrong _ with your parents.【答案】of you not to keep in touch【详解】Its +形容词+of sb to do sth某人做某事是，it是形式主语，to do sth是真正主语，此处要用不定式的否定式，keep in touch保持联系，故填of you not to keep in touch。5如果政府把这个地方变成一个购物中心，很多人将不得不搬走。Many people will have to move away if the government _ a shopping mall.【答案】turns this place into#changes this place into【详解】turn/changeinto“把变成”； this place这个地方；if引导的条件状语从句， 主句用了一般将来时，从句用一般现在时，主语the government是第三人称单数，谓语动词也要用第三人称单数形式，故填turns this place into/changes this place into。分层提分题组A 能力提升练二、完型填空With the development of society, health is becoming more and more important in our daily lives, so it's necessary(必要的) for us to keep _6_. One of the most important rules is to exercise often. The Browns try to do sports every day. Mr. Brown _7_ exercise in the morning because he has to go to work at seven o'clock. But he keeps running every evening. He walks a lot, _8_. And after work he _9_ different sports with his friends. Mrs. Brown goes to a yoga(瑜伽) class _10_ a week.  But it wasn't always this _11_ in the past. Mr. and Mrs. Brown used to take buses _12_, even to the drugstore two blocks away. They wouldn't like to walk. But now the Browns _13_ their minds. They believe exercise can keep them healthy.  We _14_ exercise every day, but we should try our best to exercise _15_ often as possible.6AhealthyBhappyCsilent7Amay notBcannotCshould not8AalsoBeitherCtoo9AlikesBplaysCmakes10AtwoBsecondCtwice11AwayBkindCmatter12AsomewhereBeverywhereCnowhere13AkeepBchangeCclear14Adon'tBmustn'tCneedn't15AasBsoCmore【答案】6A7B8C9B10C11A12B13B14C15A【分析】文章介绍了随着社会的发展，健康在我们的日常生活中变得越来越重要，举例布朗一家从过去不运动到现在坚持运动的思想的转变。【解析】6句意：随着社会的发展，健康在我们的日常生活中变得越来越重要，因此我们有必要保持健康。healthy健康的；happy开心的；silent沉默的；根据“health is becoming more and more important in our daily lives”可知，此处说的是有必要保持健康，故选A。7句意：布朗先生早上不能运动，因为他必须在七点钟去上班。may not可能不；cannot不能；should not不应该；根据“because he has to go to work at seven o'clock”可知，此处说的是布朗先生早上要上班，所以不能做运动，故选B。8句意：他也走很多路。also也，用于肯定句句中；either也，用于否定句或疑问句；too也，用于肯定句句末；句子是肯定句，用于句末的是too，故选C。9句意：下班后他和朋友们一起做不同的运动。likes喜欢；plays做运动；makes制作；根据“different sports with his friends”可知，此处说的是做不同的运动，故选B。10句意：布朗太太每周上两次瑜伽课。two二；second第二；twice两次；根据“a week”可知，此处说的是动作发生的频率，twice a week“一周两次”，故选C。11句意：但过去并不总是这样。way方法，方式；kind种类；matter事情；根据“Mr. and Mrs. Brown used to take buses.even to the drugstore two blocks away. They wouldn't like to walk.”可知，此处表达的是过去不是这样的方式，故选A。12句意：布朗夫妇过去无论去哪里都坐公共汽车，甚至到两个街区外的药店。somewhere某个地方；everywhere到处；nowhere无处；根据“even to the drugstore two blocks away”可知，此处说的是他们无论去哪里都是坐车去，故选B。13句意：但现在布朗一家改变主意了。keep保持；change改变；clear清楚的；根据“They wouldn't like to walk.”与“They believe exercise can keep them healthy.”可知，此处说的是他们改变了主意，故选B。14句意：我们不必每天锻炼，但我们应该尽可能多地锻炼。don't一般现在时的助动词；mustn't禁止；needn't不需要；根据“exercise every day, but we should try our best to exercise.often as possible.”可知，此处说的是不必每天锻炼，故选C。15句意：我们不必每天锻炼，但我们应该尽可能多地锻炼。as当作；so因此；more更多；根据“often as possible”可知，此处说的是尽可能经常地锻炼，构成as.as结构，故选A。三、阅读单选ALake Baikal in Southern Siberia is the largest, deepest freshwater lake in the world. Every winter when the lake freezes (冻结) over for half the year, 80-year-old Lyubov Morekhodova straps (用带子系好) on the same ancient skates shes worn since the 1940s and glides (滑行) across the ice wherever she needs to go.Lyubov has been using the ice to travel around her faraway home for her whole life. As a child, she skated about 2.5 miles each way to school and back. She once fell through the ice and was luckily saved by her classmates.Now Lyubov lives alone in a small house on the shores of Lake Baikal. Her children and five grandchildren seldom visit her because they live five hours away by car. She has to look on a group of dogs, cows and chickens as her friends. Luckily, she has the ice to help her feel free! “For me, ice means being able to go anywhere and everywhere,” the grandmother said.Every day, she skates half an hour each way to the local village to do her shopping. With temperatures often reaching lows of-40 C, its hard for an old woman to live a normal life! But Lyubov says that her daily skates are the secret to her long life span (寿命). “People keep telling me I should slow down, but I just cant!” She said with a laugh. “I dont have time to be bored; theres too much work to do.”根据材料内容选择最佳答案。16How does Lyubov usually travel?_AShe usually travels on foot.BShe usually rides her bike.CShe usually glides across the ice.DShe usually takes a bus.17Who once saved her life when she fell through the ice as a child?_AHer teachers.BHer classmates.CHer parents.DHer brothers.18Why do Lyubovs children seldom visit her?_ABecause they dont like her at all.BBecause they live far away from her.CBecause they dont have any cars.DBecause they can