Unit 6Food and lifestyle 课时3 Grammar-七上英语同步讲义（牛津译林版）【教师版】.doc

Unit 6 Food and lifestyleGrammar 知识精讲知识点01 可数名词和不可数名词 教材P73【用法详解】一、 名词的分类名词即表示人或物的名称的词，它分为专有名词和普通名词两大类，具体情况见下表：类别意义例子专有名词表示人、地方、事物、机构、组织等名称的词Lucy, the Greens, China, the Great Wall, the United Union普通名词可数名词个体名词表示个体的人或事物的词teacher, dictionary, chair, book, dog集体名词表示一群人或一群事物的词family, police, class, group, team不可数名词物质名词表示构成各种物体的物质或材料的词rice, glass, water, paper, air, wood, wool抽象名词表示状态、品质、行为、感情等抽象感念的词danger, health, life, knowledge, interest, love, homework二、可数名词的复数形式1、名词按其所表示的事物的性质分为可数名词和不可数名词，可数名词有单数和复数两种形式，构成名词复数的部分规则如下：情况构成方法读音例子一般情况加-s在清辅音后读/s/在浊辅音和元音后读/z/在t后读/ts/在d后读/dz/cake-cakesday-dayspen-pensstudent-students以-s, -x, -sh, -ch结尾的词加-es读/iz/bus-buseswish-wisheswatch-watches以辅音字母加-y结尾的词变y为i, 再加-es读/z/baby-babies以元音字母加-y结尾的词加-s读/z/toy-toys以-f(-fe)结尾的词变-f(-fe)为v, 再加-es读/z/leaf-leaveslife-lives有些以f或ef结尾的词直接加-s变为复数。读/s/roof-roofs 屋顶belief-beliefs 信仰proof-proofs证据chief-chiefs 首领以-ce, -se, -ze, -(d)ge等结尾的词加-s读/iz/face-faceshorse-horsessize-sizesorange-oranges以o结尾的词加-s或-espotato- potatoeshero- heroesradio- radiospiano- pianos不规则变化改变单数名词中的元音字母读音改变man-menwoman-womentooth-teethfoot-feet单复数形式相同读音不变sheep-sheepdeer-deerChinese-Chinese其他形式读音改变mouse-micechild-children2、某国人变复数的规则如下：中国人 a Chinese- Chinese 日本人 a Japanese-Japanese英国人 an Englishman- Englishmen 法国人 a Frenchman-Frenchmen德国人 a German-Germans 3、复合名词前面的名词时man或woman,变复数时，构成复合名词的两个名词全部都要变成复数形式；如果是其他词，变复数时，只需把后面的名词变成复数形式。Man teachermen teachers, woman driverwomen drivers, boy studentboy students, apple treeapple trees4、只能修饰可数名词的词语有:many, many a(n), a (great / large) number of, scores of, dozens of等。Scores of people went there in the first few days after its opening.开张后的头几天,很多人去了那儿。I have been there dozens of times. 我已去过那儿很多次了。 A great many(of the) graduates have found jobs.毕业生中很多人已经找到了工作。三、不可数名词的数1. 常考的不可数名词advice 建议 fun 乐趣 furniture 家具 wood 木头 news 新闻 music 音乐 progress 进步 trouble 麻烦 weather 天气 information 信息 2. 不可数名词的数量表达方式用some, much, a little, little, a lot of , lots of , plenty of 等来表示数量。 much water 许多水； some money 一些钱； a little milk 一点牛奶； lots of beef 许多牛肉借助单位量词表示一定数量。a piece of advice 一条建议 a pair of trousers 一条裤子 a can of beef 一罐啤酒 a cup of orange 一杯橘汁two bags of rice 两袋大米 four bottles of ink 四瓶墨水有些抽象名词可转化为可数名词beauty 美丽 - beauty 美人，美的东西success 成功 -一件成功的事或者一个成功的人有些物质名词表达可数概念时，可转化为可数名词。glass 玻璃- a glass 一个玻璃杯 paper 纸 - a paper 一张报纸有些物质名词的复数形式表示类别或含有特殊意义。fruits 各种各样的水果 foods各种各样的食品vegetables 各种各样的蔬菜 waters 大片水域【典例讲解】1.There are few _ for supper. Would you please buy some carrots and cabbages on your way home?A. meat B. eggs C. fruit D. salad【答案】B【解析】a few和few 只能用来修饰可数名词，a little和little是用来修饰不可数名词的。A是不可数名词，C中fruit在此处也是不可数名词。D中salad虽然是可数名词，但此处是单数形式。因此答案选B2.All the _teachers and _ students are having a meeting there. A. women, girls B. women, girlC. woman, girlsD. woman, girl 【答案】B【解析】这题考查的是复合名词的复数形式。复合名词前面的名词时man或woman,变复数时，构成复合名词的两个名词全部都要变成复数形式，所以第一空填women teachers; 如果是其他词，变复数时，只需把后面的名词变成复数形式，所以第二空girl不用改复数，student要变复数。3.I want to write down something important, please give me_.A. a paper B. paper C. a piece of paper D. some papers【答案】C【解析】不要认为可以数的名词就是可数名词，这种原因是对英语中可数与不可数名词的概念与中文中的能数与不能数相混淆了，所以造成了这样的错误，因paper在英语中是属于物质名词一类，是不可数名词。而不可数名词要表达数量时，要用与之相关的量词来表达，如：two pieces of paper.4. My mother bought _for supper this morning. A. two fishes B two fish C a piece of fish D. one fishes【答案】B【解析】英语中有些名词单复数同形，如：fish, deer, sheep, Chinese (中国人), means (方法)。所以应讲one fish, two fish, one Chinese, two Chinese. 如果讲There are five fishes in the pool.应译为池中有五种鱼而不是五条鱼。5. How many _(woman doctor) are there in the hospital?【答案】women doctors【解析】这题考查的是复合名词的复数形式。单词的适当形式填空要学会分析句子结构，找出所缺的成分，根据主谓一致原则和语境判断名词的适当形式。本题中复合名词前面的名词时man或woman,变复数时，构成复合名词的两个名词全部都要变成复数形式，所以这条填women doctors.6. When the cat is away, the_(mouse) will play happily.【答案】mice【解析】这是一个常见的英语谚语。猫不在家的时候，老鼠玩得很开心。老鼠不可能只有一只，所有这边应该用老鼠的复数形式。Mouse的复数是不规则变形，应该用mice.7. Those you admire very much are called _(hero).【答案】heroes【解析】are是谓语动词，所有后面要用复数，以o结尾的名词hero加es结尾知识点02 Grandpas 教材P74【用法详解】1. s 所有格(1)- s 所有格：主要用于表达有生命的名词的所有关系。通常情况下，在名词的词尾加-s Roberts bicycle 罗伯特的自行车 my fathers job 我父亲的工作 Childrens Day 儿童节 在以-s结尾的名词后只加students books 学生用书 doctors office 医生办公室 以and 连接的两个（或两个以上）名词，如共有某物时，只在最后一个名词后加-s; 如表示分别拥有时，每个名词后都要加-s. Linda and Marys desk 琳达和玛丽的书桌 （两人共有） Lindas and Marys desks 琳达和玛丽的书桌 （两人各有）(2)一些无生命的名词也可以在词尾加-s来构成所有格。表示时间的名词 a seven days holiday 一个七天的假期 todays weather 今天的天气 a two hours meeting 两个小时的会议 five minutes walk 步行五分钟的路程表示国家、城市等地点的名词Londons weather 伦敦的天气 the citys history 城市的历史表示价格、重量、距离的名词ten dollars sugar 十美元的糖 fifty pounds weight 五十磅重five kilometers distance 五千米的距离 fifteen kilos weight 十五千克重2. of 所有格of 所有格由“of + 名词或名词短语”构成，修饰前面的名词，表示无生命的名词的所有格。(1) 多数情况下，of所有格后面的名词是无生命名词。the end of the story 故事的结局 a map of the world 一张世界地图(2) of 所有格也可以用于有生命的名词，尤其是当该名词有很长的修饰语时。the songs of the famous singer 那位著名歌星的歌曲 the school life of middle school students 中学生的校园生活(3) 有些名词既可以用s所有格，也可以用of所有格，两者可互换。the son of our teacher = our teachers son 我们老师的儿子3. 双重所有格“of +名词的s所有格”或“of + 名词性物主代词”构成双重所有格。表示某人所拥有的多个人或物中的一个或多个。双重所有格中所修饰的名词（即of前面的那个名词）之前通常用a/an, any, some, a few, two, no, several 和数词修饰，一般不能用the修饰。a CD of my fathers 我父亲的一张唱片 any movie of his 他的任何一部电影 some friends of Jims 吉姆的一些朋友 a few friends of theirs 他们的一些朋友【典例讲解】1. The theme park is about _ ride from the museum. You should start out right now.A. one hour B. one hours C one hours D one-hours【答案】B【解析】这题考查的是名词所有格中单数名词后面加s。根据题意，一个小时的车程，应该用到名词所有格。One hour是单数，后面直接加s， 所以选B.2. Today is September 10th. Its_ Day. Lets go and buy some flowers for our teachers.A.Teacher B. Teachers C. the Teachers D. Teachers【答案】B【解析】这题考查的是节日的用法。Teacher是可数名词复数，用teachers, 以s结尾的单词所有格加，故答案选B。3. Wei Wei showed me A. some stamps of him B. the stamps of his C. some his stamps D. some stamps of his【答案】D【解析】根据题意，要填的是“一些他的邮票”，其隐含意思应该是他所拥有的邮票中的一些，some of his stamps, 此处，stamp省略掉了，所以改为some stamps of his。4. _ telephoned this morning.A. My father friend B. A friend of my fatherC. A friend of my father's D. One of my father's friend【答案】C【解析】这题主要是辨析BC。 A friend of my father 侧重于我爸爸的朋友；a friend of my fathers侧重的是我爸爸朋友中的一个。根据题意我们知道这边是指我爸爸的一个朋友今天早上打电话，所以应选C。能力拓展一 单项选择。1. This room is _. They share the room with each other.A.the twin sisterB.the twin sistersC.the twin sistersD.the twin sisters【答案】B【解析】句意：这个房间是这对双胞胎姐妹的。她们共用一个房间。考查名词所有格。the twin sisters双胞胎姐妹，根据“This room is”可知，是双胞胎姐妹共有的，所以是名词复数的所有格，故选B。2. What do we need to buy? _.A.Two kilos of potatoes and two packets of saltsB.Two kilos of potatoes and two packet of saltC.Two kilos of potatos and two packets of saltD.Two kilos of potatoes and two packets of salt【答案】D【解析】句意： 我们需要去买什么？ 两千克土豆和两包糖。考查名词。potato意为“土豆”，可数名词，根据两千克，变potato为复数potatoes；packet意为“包”，可数名词，根据两包，变复数packets；salt 意为“盐”，不可数名词，不变。故选D。3.She painted many _. They are all about _.A.photos; potatoesB.photos; potatosC.potatoes; photosD.photoes; potatoes【答案】A【解析】句意：她涂了许多照片。它们都是关于土豆的。考查名词辨析和名词复数。photos照片；potatoes土豆；potatos形式错误；photoes形式错误。根据名词复数形式可知，排除B、D；分析“She painted manyThey are all about”可知，第一处是“涂照片”，第二处表示“关于土豆”。故选A。4.In autumn there are a lot of _ on the ground.A.leafB.leafsC.leavesD.leafves【答案】C【解析】句意：秋天有许多树叶在地上。考查名词的复数形式。a lot of修饰名词的复数形式，leaf对应的复数形式是leaves，故选C。5.Can I help you?Id like to have 100 _. I want my students to draw pictures.A.papersB.pieces of paperC.pieces of papersD.piece of paper【答案】B【解析】句意：你想买什么呢？我想买100张纸。我想让我的学生们画画。考查不可数名词数的表达。paper纸，不可数名词，没有复数形式 ，表示数量时，要用相关的计量名词，其结构为：“不定冠词或数词+计量名词+of+不可数名词”，所以“100张纸”表达为“100 pieces of paper”。故选B。6.We have _ to do every day.A.lots of homeworkB.lots of homeworksC.lot of homeworkD.a lots of homeworks【答案】A【解析】句意：我们每天有很多作业要做。考查不可数名词及形容词短语。lots of=a lot of表示“很多”，修饰可数名词复数及不可数名词；homework家庭作业，为不可数名词。分析所给选项可知，只有A选项正确。故选A。7.How many _ do we have in the kitchen?Two. Thats not enough.A.bottles of juicesB.bottle of juicesC.bottles of juiceD.bottle of juice【答案】C【解析】句意：厨房里有多少瓶果汁？ 两瓶。这还不够。考查不可数名词数量的表达。juice是不可数名词，不可数名词需要计数时，要用“数词或冠词或代词+量词+of+不可数名词”结构来表示，many修饰可数名词复数，所以是bottles。故选C。8.John ate _ this morning.A.two piece of breadB.two pieces of breadC.two pieces of breadsD.two bread【答案】B【解析】句意：约翰今天早晨吃了两片面包。考查不可数名词数的表达。bread面包，是不可数名词，没有复数形式；表示数量时常用a piece of，当数量超过“一”时，要将piece改为复数形式。结合选项，故选B。9.There _ some cartons of juice, but there _ any milk.A.are; isntB.are; isC.is; arentD.is; isnt【答案】A【解析】句意：有几箱果汁，但是没有牛奶。考查there be结构。前空后的cartons是复数，需用are；后空后的milk是不可数名词，需用is的相关形式。but表转折，可知没有牛奶，故选A。分层提分题组A 基础过关练一用单词的适当形式填空。1.What are your cousin Amys _? (hobby)【答案】hobbies【解析】句意：你表妹艾米的爱好是什么?结合语境和空前“are”以及提示词可知艾米的兴趣爱好不止一个，本句询问都有哪些，所以这里用可数名词hobby的复数形式。故填hobbies。2.Jack and Tom are my good _(friend).【答案】friends【解析】句意：Jack和Tom 是我的好朋友。主语是“Jack and Tom”可知，主语是复数，所以这里名词用复数，故填friends。3.We use _ (knife) to cut things.【答案】knives 【解析】句意：我们使用刀子来切事物。knife为可数名词，意为“刀子”。我们切水果不会只用一把刀子，所以本句中knife应使用复数形式，根据“以fe结尾的名词变复数需把fe变v加es”的规则，故填knives。4.I want to know more about _ (work) of art in the Palace Museum.【答案】works【解析】句意：我想更多地了解故宫博物院的艺术品。分析句子结构可知，此处需用名词；由“of art in the Palace Museum”判断，此处需用复数形式，works of art in the Palace Museum指的是“故宫博物院的艺术品”。故填works。5.Therere few _ (mango) on the shelf. Could you get some?【答案】mangoes【解析】句意：架子上几乎没有芒果了。你能买一些吗？few修饰可数名词的复数形式，故填mangoes。6.Many animals like eating _ (leaf) very much.【答案】leaves【解析】句意：许多动物非常喜欢吃树叶。此处表示复数含义，使用名词复数形式作宾语，故填leaves。7.There are many _ (mouse) in the old house.【答案】mice【解析】句意：老房子里有许多老鼠。mouse“老鼠”，可数名词；many修饰可数名词复数，mouse的复数形式是mice，故填mice。题组B 能力提升练一完形填空。At my heaviest I weighed 370 pounds. I had a very poor relationship with food: I used it to 1 bad feelings, to make myself feel better, and to celebrate. Worried 2 my health, I tried many different ways but nothing worked. I came to believe that I could do nothing about my 3 .When I was fifty, my weight problem began to affect me 4 , I didnt want to live the rest of my life with this extra weight any more.That year, I 5 a meeting where we were asked to create a project that would touch the world. A meeting leader shared her 6 story - she had not only lost 125 pounds, but also raised $ 25.000 for homeless children. 7 by her story, I created the As We Heal, the World Heals 8 . My goal was to lose 150 pounds in one year and raise $ 50,000 in 9 of a movement which was founded to end hunger. 10 I began my own personal weight program, I was afraid that I would 11 the same difficulties that beat me before. But I also believed that I went toward the right 12 . I sent letters to everyone I knew, telling them about my project. It worked perfectly. Donations began flooding in from hundreds of people.Of course, I also took some practical steps to lose weight. I talked to a doctor, I hired a fitness coach, and I began to exercise regularly and eat small and 13 meals.A year later, I 14 my goal: I lost 150 pounds and raised $ 50,000! I feel that I've been given a second life by doing something that is 15 . Now you see nothing is impossible in the world, just do it!1.A.addB.collectC.killD.share2.A.withB.forC.atD.about3.A.heightB.abilityC.opinionD.weight4.A.quietlyB.recentlyC.seriouslyD.secretly5.A.attendedB.foundC.knewD.mentioned6.A.dreamB.successC.adventureD.science7.A.SurprisedB.WorriedC.InfluencedD.Relaxed8.A.projectB.systemC.businessD.custom9.A.searchB.needC.placeD.support10.A.AsB.UntilC.IfD.Unless11.A.get upB.run intoC.look forD.put away12.A.roomB.hallC.pathD.street13.A.healthyB.deliciousC.expensiveD.heavy14.A.setB.reachedC.missedD.dropped15.A.stressfulB.painfulC.meaningfulD.peaceful【答案】1-5 CDDCA 6-10 BCADA 11-15 BCABC【文章大意】本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了原本被肥胖困扰的作者是如何通过创建一个有意义的项目而成功减肥且帮助到别人的励志故事。【解析】1. 句意：我用食物来消除坏情绪，让自己感觉更好，或者用食物来庆祝。add增加；collect收集；kill杀死，消除；share分享。根据常识，可知有人暴饮暴食是为了消除坏情绪，故选C。2.句意：因为担心自己的健康，我试了许多不同的方法，但没有一个奏效。with和；for为了；at在；about关于。根据短语be worried about为固定搭配，意为“担心”，故选D。3.句意：我逐渐相信我对自己的体重没辙了。height高度；ability能力；opinion观点；weight体重。根据前文“At my heaviest I weighed 370 pounds”，可知作者是有体重的困扰，故选D。4.句意：当我50岁时，体重问题开始严重影响我。quietly安静地；recently最近；seriously严重地；secretly秘密地。根据后文“I didnt want to live the rest of my life with this extra weight any more”说不想再忍受了，可知是严重影响，故选C。5.句意：那一年我参加了一个会议，会议上我们被要求创造一个能感动世界的项目。attended参加；found发现；knew知道；mentioned提及。attend a meeting意为“出席，参加会议”，符合句意，故选A。6.句意：一位会议领导者分享了她成功的故事她不仅减重125磅，还为无家可归的儿童筹集了2.5万美元。dream梦想；success成功；adventure冒险；science科学。根据后文“she had not only lost 125 pounds, but also raised $ 25.000 for homeless children”，可知她是非常成功的，故选B。7.句意：受她的故事影响，我创建了“当我们治愈时，世界也治愈了”项目。Surprised惊讶；Worried担心；Influenced影响；Relaxed放松。根据前文别人分享了一个故事，可知此处作者是被影响所以也有所行动，故选C。8.=句意：受她的故事影响，我创建了“当我们治愈时，世界也治愈了”项目。project项目；system系统；business生意；custom风俗。根据前文“.we were asked to create a project that would touch the world”，可知是要求创建项目，故选A。9.句意：我的目标是一年内减重150磅，并为一个旨在解决饥饿问题的行动筹款5万美元。search寻找；need需要；place地方；support支持。根据固定搭配in support of意为“支持”，故选D。10.句意：当我开始自己的减重计划时，我害怕会遇见之前打败我的相同难题。As当时；Until直到；If如果；Unless除非。根据前后两句逻辑，可知此处表示伴随的时间，应用as引导时间状语从句，故选A。11.句意：当我开始自己的减重计划时，我害怕会遇见之前打败我的相同难题。get up起床；run into遇见，碰见；look for寻找；put away收好，收拾。根据后文的宾语difficulties，可知是“遇上困难”，故选B。12.句意：但是我同样相信我是朝着正确的道路在前行。room房间；hall大堂；path道路；street街道。根据语境，可知此处表示朝着正确的道路在走，故选C。13.句意：我开始定期锻炼，每餐吃得少而健康。healthy健康的；delicious美味的；expensive昂贵的；heavy重的。根据前文“I also took some practical steps to lose weight”说是在减肥，可知是吃得健康，故选A。14.句意：一年后，我达到了我的目标。set设立；reached达到；missed错过；dropped丢掉。根据后文“I lost 150 pounds and raised $ 50,000”，可知目标达成，故选B。15.句意：我感觉通过做一些有意义的事，自己似乎重获新生了。stressful压力的；painful痛苦的；meaningful有意义的；peaceful和平的。根据前文作者成功减肥且帮助别人，可知做的是有意义的事，故选C。题组C 培优拔尖练一 阅读理解A Fat people are always looking for ways to be slim without giving up their favourite food or taking a lot of exercise. Here is some good news for them. This is not a diet. Its a simple way to become s