Week 14 商务合同的翻译 (专科).pptx
商务合同的翻译Translation of Business ContractContentsContentsv1.1.商务合同的基础知识v2.2.词汇特点及翻译要点v3.3.句法特点及翻译要点v4.4.练习1.1.商务合同的基础知识第一节 商务合同的基础知识一、概念与文体二、分类与结构三、商务合同的主要内容1.商务合同的基础知识1.商务合同的基础知识一、一、概念与文体(1)(1)v虽然国内外对合同的定义各不相同,但都有一个共同点:A contract is an agreement,which legally binds the parties concerned。比如,99年中国合同法规定,Contacts referred to in this Law are agreements establishing,modifying and terminating结束 the civil rights民事权利 and obligations between subjects of equal footing平等地位,that is,between natural persons,legal persons or other organizations。v在由Steven H.Gifts编著的“Law Dictionary”中,contract被定义为“a promise,or a set of promises,for breach of which the law gives remedy补救办法,or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty.”v根据这一定义,合同是一种承诺,违反承诺可以得到法律救助,在某种意义上,法律将履行该承诺看作是一种补偿。综上可见,合同是平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的法律协议。商务合同的基础知识v二、二、分类与结构分类与结构(1)(1)根据当事人之间的权利和义务关系,主要可做如下分类:Contracts for International Sale of Goods(销售或购货)Contracts for International Technology Transfer(技术转让)Contracts for Sino-foreign Joint Ventures(合资或合营)Contracts for International Engineering Projects(工程)Contracts for Compensation Trade(补偿贸易)Contracts for Sino-foreign Cooperation Development of Natural Resources(自然资源开发合作)Contracts for Foreign Labor Services(劳动服务)Contracts for International Leasing Affairs(租赁)Contracts for Sino-foreign Credits and Loans(信贷)Contracts for International Build-Operate-Transfer(建设,运营,转让),等。商务合同的基础知识v二、分类与结构二、分类与结构(2)(2)按照格式的繁简程度的不同,国际商务合同可以采取正式 合 同(ContractContract)、协 议 书(AgreementAgreement)、确 认 书(ConfirmationConfirmation)、备忘录(MemorandumMemorandum)、定单(OrderOrder)等书面形式。在合同签订和履行过程中,当事人之间往来的信函、电子邮件、电报等也是合同的组成部分,同样具有一定的法律效力。但是,为了顺利、准确无误地完成合同的履行,保护当事人各方的合法权益,所有商业往来应以合同、协议书和确认书的订立为前提和基础。商务合同的基础知识v二、分类与结构二、分类与结构(3)(3)v从结构上看,国际商务合同一般包含如下四个部分1,具体说明如下:v(一)合同名称(Title):即合同标题,表明合同的内容和性质。v(二)前文(Preamble):前言即合同总则,其主要内容有:具有法人资格的当事人的名称(字号)或姓名、国籍、业务范围、法定住址、合同签订日期和地点,就感爱好问题的约因,愿意达成协议的原则及授权范围。v通常包括下列内容:vTitle 合同名称vNumber of the Contract 合同号码vDate of Signing 签约日期vSigning Parties 签约当事人vPlace of Signing 签约地点vEach Partys Authority 当事人的合法依据vRecitals of Whereas Clause 缔约缘由Case 1Case 1vCommercial contractno.:_date:_the buyer:_cable address:_telex:_the seller:_cable address:_telex:_vThis contract is made by and between the buyer and the seller,whereby the buyer agrees to buy and the seller agrees to sell the undermentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions stated below:v商业合同合同号:_日期:_买方:_电报:_电传:_卖方:_电报:_电传:_按本合同条款,买方同意购入、卖方同意出售下述货品,谨此签约。v(三)正文(Main Body):A.一般条款(General Terms and Conditions);B.特殊条款(Other Conditions)。v(1)商品名称:Name of Commodity:v(2)数 量:Quantity:v(3)单 价:Unit price:v(4)总 值:Total Value:v(5)包 装:Packing:v(6)生产国别:Country of Origin:v(7)支付条款:Terms of Payment:v(8)保 险:insurance:v(9)装运期限:Time of Shipment:v(10)起 运 港:Port of Lading:v(11)目 的 港:Port of Destination:Case 2Case 2vClaims:v Within 45 days after the arrival of the goods at the destination,should the quality,Specifications or quantity be found not in conformity with the stipulations of the contract except those claims for which the insurance company or the owners of the vessel are liable,the Buyers shall,have the right on the strength of the inspection certificate issued by the C.C.I.C and the relative documents to claim for compensation to the Sellersv索赔:在货到目的口岸45天内如发现货物品质,规格和数量与合同不附,除属保险公司或船方责任外,买方有权凭中国商检出具的检验证书或有关文件向卖方索赔换货或赔款Case 3Case 3v Force Majeure:v The sellers shall not be held responsible for the delay in shipment or non-deli-very of the goods due to Force Majeure,which might occur during the process of manufacturing or in the course of loading or transit.The sellers shall advise the Buyers immediately of the occurrence mentioned above the within fourteen days there after.the Sellers shall send by airmail to the Buyers for their acceptancea certificate of the accident.Under such circumstances the Sellers,however,are still under the obligation to take all necessary measures to hasten the deliveryof the goods.不可抗力:由于人力不可抗力的原由发生在制造,装载或运输的过程中导致卖方延期交货或不能交货者,卖方可免除责任,在不可抗力发生后,卖方须立即电告买方及在14天内以空邮方式向买方提供事故发生的证明文件,在上述情况下,卖方仍须负责采取措施尽快发货。Case 4Case 4v Arbitration:vAll disputes in connection with the execution of this Contract shall be settled friendly through negotiation.in case no settlement can be reached,the case then may be submitted for arbitration to the Arbitration Commission of the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade in accordance with the Provisional Rules of Procedure promulgated by the said Arbitration Commission.the Arbitration committee shall be final and binding upon both parties.and the Arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing parties.仲裁:凡有关执行合同所发生的一切争议应通过友好协商解决,如协商不能解决,则将分歧提交中国国际贸易促进委员会按有关仲裁程序进行仲裁,仲裁将是终局的,双方均受其约束,仲裁费用由败诉方承担。v(四)结尾条款(WITNESS Clause):A.结尾 语;B.签 名(Signature);C.盖 印(Seal)。Final Clauses合同的结尾v合同的结尾,也称合同最后条款,写在合同的结尾部分。结尾条款主要应明确的内容有:合同使用的文字及其效力(languages in which the contract is to be written and its validity)。除了明确使用的文字及其效力外,有时还应订立对合同进行修改或补充的内容。如果合同中订有附件,应在合同中另立一章列出附件的具体内容,并明确在合同的结尾部分规定附件为本合同不可分割的组成部分。v根据中华人民共和国合同法第32条规定:“当事人采用合同书形式订立合同的,自双方当事人签字或者盖章时合同成立”(If the parties enter into a contract in written formThe contract shall go into effect when the parties sign or stamp it)。国际商务合同的成立一般是以签字为成立要件而不是以盖章为成立要件的。所以,在合同的结尾部分还应明确规定:合同在双方授权代表签字后正式生效。vTranslate the following into Chinese:2.2.合同英语的词汇特点及翻译要点2.合同英语的词汇特点及翻译要点v商务合同属于庄重文体,用词极其考究,具有特定性和严肃的风格。总体上看,合同的词汇特点体现在以下两大方面:v一、用词专业,具有法律意味(professional or legal)v二、用词正式、准确(formal and accurate)v一、用词专业,具有法律意味(professional professional or or legallegal)v(一)根据不同的专业来确定词义。比如:v1)The premium rates vary with differed interests被保险的货物insured.2)If the buyer fails to pay any account when due,the buyer shall be liable to pay the seller overdue interest一方由于未能支付到期的应付款项而向另一方支付的利息on such unpaid amount from the due date until the actual date of payment at the rate of five percent per annum,such overdue interest shall be paid upon demand of the seller.3)The articles of our immediate interest对什么产品、品牌感兴趣are your “CHON-HOI”brand Agricultural Washing Machines.v以上三句均含有“interest”一词,但是由于行业背景的不同,其意义也大相径庭。第一句出自保险业,意思是“被保险的货物”;第二句源于国际贸易,意思是“一方由于未能支付到期的应付款项而向另一方支付的利息”;而第三句属于营销业,此时的interest则应译成“对什么产品、品牌感兴趣”。由此可见,在合同翻译过程中,要特别注意专业性的问题。第二节 合同英语的词汇特点及翻译要点v一、用词专业,具有法律意味(professional or legalprofessional or legal)v(二)注意合同本身的术语(二)注意合同本身的术语v 合同自身也有大量具有法律特性的合同术语。比如,“权 利 和 义 务”(rights and obligations)、“仲 裁”(arbitration)、“终 止”(termination)、“不 可 抗 力”(force majeure)、“管辖”(jurisdiction)等。这些专业或法律术语的语义相对固定单一,通常无法用其他词语代替,任何人在任何情况下都必须对它们作同一解释。所以在翻译的过程中,译者要对这些词语在一般文体中和法律文体中的意义进行区分。例如:(二)注意合同本身的术语v请再看以下几例:v4 4)Contractor Contractor shall shall assure assure full full responsibility responsibility for for the the entire entire project project work work until until its its acceptance.acceptance.(初始译文:在项目接收之前,承包方应对工程承担全部责任。)v5 5)Full Full set set clean clean on on board board marine marine Bill Bill of of Lading Lading issued issued to to the the order order ofof the the shipper shipper and and blank blank endorsed.endorsed.(初始译文:承运人签发的全套整洁、已装船的海运提单,空白背书。)v6 6)The The payment payment shall shall be be made made by by confirmedconfirmed.irrevocable irrevocable and and documentarydocumentary L LC.C.(初始译文:付款方式为经确认的、不可撤销的、书面信用证。)v在以上三句中,acceptance、clean、to the order of、confirmed和documentary的翻译均未能完全真实表示合同意思,这些词的中文完整意思分别是“验收”、“清洁”、“以为抬头”、“保兑的”和“跟单”。由以上各例可见,由于对商务合同中专业词汇的错误理解和翻译,从而传达了一种错误信息从而可能引发法律纠纷。第二节 合同英语的词汇特点及翻译要点v一、用词专业,具有法律意味(professional or professional or legallegal)v(三)注意一些以herehere、therethere或wherewhere等作前缀的副词。v这些虚词的使用使得句子简练、严谨,从而显示出该类语言正规、严肃、权威等文体特征。一个简单的理解方法是:herehere代表thisthis,即“本文件(合同,协定等);there);there代表thatthat,即“另外的文件(合同,协定等);where);where代表what/whichwhat/which。比如:Case 6Case 6vExcept as herein otherwise provided,the following terms shall have the following meanings.v除本合同中另有规定外,下列词语应具有以下含义.v(该划线的短语常用于合同定义条款的开头。)Case 7Case 7vThe undersigned hereby certify that the goods to be supplied are made in USA.v下列签署人兹保证所供应之货物系在美国国内制造。Case 8Case 8vThis Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller,whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the undermentioned commodity subject to the terms and conditions stipulated below.买卖双方同意按下述条款购买出售下列商品并签订本合同。第二节 合同英语的词汇特点及翻译要点v一、用词专业,具有法律意味(professional or legalprofessional or legal)v(四)注意maymay、shallshall、shouldshould、willwill、may notmay not、shall notshall not等词语的法律内涵vMayMay、shallshall、shouldshould、willwill、may may notnot、shall shall notnot等词的确很常见,但是在合同中这些词具有特殊的意义,所以翻译起来要极其谨慎,避免引起纠纷。va.May:在在表表示示合合同同上上的的权权利利(Right)、权权限限(Power)或或特特权权(Privilege)的的场场合合中中使使用用。若若表表示示某某种种权权利利在在法法律律上上具具有有强强制制性性的时候,更多的是的时候,更多的是“be entitled”。vb.Shall:在在合合同同中中并并不不是是单单纯纯的的将将来来时时,一一般般用用它它来来表表示示法法律律上上可可以以强强制制执执行行的的义义务务(Obligation)。如如未未履履行行,即即视视为为违违约约,并并构构成成某某种种赔赔偿偿责责任任。所所以以,shall在在译译文文里里,通通常常表表示示“应应该该”或或“必须必须”,当然,也有不翻译的时候。例如:,当然,也有不翻译的时候。例如:Case 9Case 9vThe quality and prices of the commodities to be exchanged between the ex-importers in the two countries shall be acceptable to both sides.v货物的质量和价格必须使进出口双方都能接受。Case 10Case 10vThe formation of this contract,its validity,interpretation,execution and settlement of the disputes shall be governed by related laws of the Peoples Republic of China.v本合同的订立、效力、解释、履行和争议的解决均受中华人民共和国法律的管辖。shall没有译出。Case 11Case 11vThe board meeting shall be convened召开,召集 and presided主持会议 over by the Chairman.Should the chairman be absent,the vice-Chairman shall,in principle,convene and preside over the board meeting.v董事会会议应由董事长召集、主持;若董事长缺席,原则上应由副董事长召集、主持。vShould:在合同中通常只用来表示语气较弱的假设,多翻译成“万一”或“如果”,极少译成“应该”。Case 12Case 12vOn the FOB basis,the Buyer shall book shipping space in accordance with the date of shipment specified in the contract.v按照FOB条件,由买方负责根据合同规定的装运日期洽定舱位。v(Will:一般使用在没有法律强制的情况下,也用做表示承担义务的声明,但语气和强制力比Shall弱。May not(或shall not):用于禁止性义务,即“不得做什么”。)v同under、pursuant to一样,上例中的in accordance with是法律文件中常用的词汇,均作“根据”、“按照”解,比according to正式。v二、用词正式、准确(formal and accurateformal and accurate)v(二)注意词语并列的现象(juxtaposition)v国际商务合同力求正式而准确,避免可能出现的误解或分歧,所以同义词(近义词)并列的现象十分普遍。有时候是出于严谨和杜绝漏洞的考虑,有时候也属于合同用语的固定模式。比如,terms在合同中一般指付款或费用(手续费、佣金等有关金钱的)条件,而conditions则指其它条件,但是“terms and conditions”常常作为固定模式在合同中出现,就不宜分译成“条件和条款”,而直接合译成“条款”。再如:限定时间 v英译与时间有关的文字,都应非常严格慎重地处理,因为合同对时间的要求是准确无误。所以英译起止时间时,常用以下结构来限定准确的时间。vParty A shall be unauthorized to accept any orders or to collect any account on and after September 20.v(用双介词英译含当天日期在内的起止时间。)v自 9月 2O日起,甲方已无权接受任何定单或收据。vOur terms are cash within three months,i.e.on or before May 1.v我公司的条件是,3个月内,即不得晚于 5月 1日,支付现金。vParty B shall ship the goods within one month of the date of signing this Contract,i.e.not later than December 15.vNot(no)later than用“not(no)later than+日期”英译“不迟于某月某日”。v本合同签字之日一个月内,即不迟于 12月 15日,你方须将货物装船。vThis credit expires till January 1(inclusive)for negotiation in Beijing.(or:This credit expires till and including January 1 for negotiation in Beijing.)v如果不包括 1月 1日在内,英译为 till and not including January 1。v(include的相应形式常用 include的相应形式:inclusive、including和 included,来限定含当日在内的时间。)限定金额v政确使用货币符号英译金额必须注意区分和正确使用各种不同的货币名称符号。“$”既可代表“美元”,又可代表其他某些地方的货币;而“”不仅代表“英镑”,又可代表其他某些地方的货币。必须注意:当金额用数字书写时,金额数字必须紧靠货币符号,例如:Can$891,568,不能写成:Can$891,568。另外,翻译的还要特别注意金额中是小数点(.)还是分节号(,),因为这两个符号极易引起笔误,稍有疏忽,其后果是不堪设想的。vParty A shall pay Party B a monthly salary of US$500(SAY FIVE HUNDRED US DOLLARS ONLY).聘方须每月付给受聘方美元 500元整。v英译金额须在小写之后,在括号内用大写文字重复该金额,即使原文合同中没有大写,英译时也有必要加上大写。在大写文字前加上“SAY”,意为“大写”;在最后加上“ONLY”意思为“整”。必须注意:小写与大写的金额数量要一致。3.3.合同英语的句法特点及翻译要点3.合同英语的句法特点及翻译要点v 如果说商务合同的用词具有专业、准确、正式的特点,那么商务合同的句法则有结构严谨、句式较长的特点。句子的状语(从句)和定语(从句)等附加成分很多,且往往位置明显,对主句意义进行解释、限制或补充,一则可以体现这种文体庄严的风格、严谨的结构和清晰的逻辑;二则便于排除被曲解、误解而出现歧义引发争端的可能性,维护双方的合法权益。虽然商务合同英文中的句法特点有很多,比如多用陈述句、多用现在时、多用被动语态、多用名词性结构等等,但本节结合翻译难点,重点探讨长句,尤其是条件从句的特点和翻译方法。v一、长句及其翻译v二、条件句及其翻译第三节 合同英语的句法特点及翻译要点v一、长句及其翻译v 与普通英语相比较而言,商务合同英语中的句子结构就其长度和使用从句的连续性要复杂得多。分析合同长句的基本方法是:首先,要找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语,即句子的主干结构;其次,要找出句子中所有的谓语结构、非谓语结构、介词短语和从句的引导词,然后再分析从句和短句的功能,即:是否是主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句或状语从句等,以及词、短语和从句之间的关系。最后,分析句子中是否有固定搭配、插入语等其他成分。Case 18Case 18vThe Buyer may,within 15 days after arrival of the goods at the destination,lodge a claim against the Seller for short-weight being supported by Inspection Certificate issued by a reputable public surveyor.v货物抵达目的港15天内,买方可以凭有信誉的公共检验员出示的检验证明向卖方提出短重索赔。v这是一个简单长句,其主干为The Buyer maylodge a claim。修饰谓语动词的状语有三个,分别表示时间(within 15 days after arrival of the goods at the destination)、方式(being supported by Inspection Certificate issued by a reputable public surveyor)和原因(for short-weight)。诸多状语尽管在原文中位置灵活,然而在译文里,须按照汉语的行文规范适当进行调整:方式状语一般应置于动词之前;其他状语可以灵活处理,如本句中的时间状语可以提前至句首。Case 19Case 19vIf a Party breaches any of the representations or warranties given by it in Articles 18.1 or repeated in 18.2,then in addition to any other remedies available to the other Party under this contract or under Applicable Laws,it shall indemnify and keep indemnified the other Party and the company against any losses,damages,costs,expenses,liabilities and claims that such Party or the Company may suffer as a result of such breach.如果一方违反任何其根据第18.118.1条或18.218.2条所作的陈述及担保或重述,则另一方除根据本合同或相关法律寻求任何可能的救济之外,违约方应当赔偿另一方或合营公司因此种违反而招致的任何损失、损害、费用、开支、责任或索赔。v本句的主干是it shall indemnify and keep indemnified.against.the other Party and the company。If引导的是条件从句,条件句的宾语部分跟随后置定语(given by it in Articles 18.1 or repeated in 18.2)。in addition to 引导的是增补成分,其核心词remedies也跟了后置定语(available to the other Party under this contract or under Applicable Laws)。That引导的则是后置定语修饰紧邻的五个名词。基于以上分析,再结合汉语的行文习惯(条件在前,结构在后以及定语在所修饰的核心词之前),即可翻译成文。v二、条件句及其翻译v商务合同主要约定合同各方应享有的权利和应履行的义务,但由于这种权利的行使和义务的履行均赋有各种条件,所以条件句的大量使用成为商务合同的一个特点。条件句多由下列连接词引导:if,if,in in the the event event of,of,in in case case(of),(of),should,should,provided provided(that),(that),subject to,unless otherwisesubject to,unless otherwise等。比如:v23)If the third party accuses the Party B of infringement,Party B shall take up the matter(如果第三方指控乙方侵权,乙方应负责)v24)In the event of any loss caused by the delay in the delivery,the Representative can claim a compensation from the Manufacturer with a certificate and detailed list registered by the administration authorities of the Representatives site.(若因任何交货延误导致的代理方损失,代理方可凭代理方所在地行政当局登记的损失清单向制造方索赔,但须出具证明。)v25)In case the Contract terminates prematurely,the Contract Appendices shall like wise terminate.(如果本合同提前终止,则合同附件也随之终止。)v26)Should all or part of the contract be unable to be fulfilled owing to the fault of one party,the breaching party shall bear the responsibilities thus caused.Should it be the fault of both parties,they shall bear their respective responsibilities according to actual situations.v(由于一方的过失,造成本合同不能履行或不能完全履行时,由过失一方承担违约责任。若属双方过失,则根据实际情况,由双方分别承担各自应负的违约责任。)v27)Either Side can replace the representatives it has appointed provided that it submits a written notice to the other Side.v(任何一方都可更换自己指派的代表,但须书面通知对方。)v28)Subject to the conditions hereinafter set forth,Party B will protect(在下列情况下,乙方将保证)v29)The terms CFR,or CIF shall be subject to the International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms(INCOTERMS 2000)provided by the International Chamber of Commerce unless otherwise stipulated herein.(除非另有规定,“CFR”和“CIF”均应 依 据 国 际 商 会 制 定 的 2000年 国 际 贸 易 术 语 解 释 通 则(INCOTERMS 2000)办理。)v归纳上述各例,除了句(Either Side can replace the representatives it has appointed provided tha