专题02 名词和主谓一致（知识梳理+考点精讲精练+实战训练）（原卷版）- 【学考复习】2024年高中英语学业水平考试必备考点归纳与测试（新教材专用）.docx

优点英语专题02 名词和主谓一致1.热练掌握名词单数变复数的基本规则;2.掌握常考不可数名词的用法:3.根据句意或主谓一致原则确定名词的数4.掌握名词的格;5. 掌握主谓一致“3”原则 考点一 、可数名词的复数 (1)规则变化情况方法例词一般情况加sstudents，teachers，doc tors，tables以s，x，ch，sh结尾加es（如果词尾-ch发音为/k/，要+s, 如stomachs）glasses，dishes，boxes，watches 以辅音字母y结尾变y为i再加esfamilies，babies，armies，bodies以元音字母y结尾加sboys，toys，pianos，photos以f或fe结尾大都变f或fe为v，再加esthieves，wives，knives，shelves，lives少数加sbeliefs，proofs，roofs，chiefs以o结尾通常加sradios，videos，zoos，tobaccos有的加esheroes，potatoes，tomatoes注意：以o结尾的下列名词要加es，它们是黑人英雄在回声中吃土豆、西红柿，即Negroes，heroes，echoes，potatoes，tomatoes。但下列以o结尾的名词既可以加es，也可以加s，它们是：zeros(zeroes)零，mosquitos (mosquitoes)蚊子，volcanos(volcanoes)火山。以f或fe结尾的下列名词需要把f或fe去掉，加ves，树叶半数自己黄，妻子拿刀去割粮；架后窜出一只狼，就像小偷逃命忙。 在这些词中，由单数变复数时，须先将f或fe变为v再加-es变成复数，即：树叶 leaf - leaves, 半数half-halves, 自己selfselves; 妻子 wife-wives, 刀knife - knives, 长条面包loafloves; 架 shelf -shelves, 狼wolf -wolves, 小偷 thiefthieves;生命life-lives。相信证据在悬崖的顶房。在这些词中，由单数变复数时，直接在词尾加-s构成，即：相信（belief -beliefs）；悬崖（cliff - cliffs）证据（proof - proofs）上顶房（即房顶、屋顶 roof - roofs）名词前有man或woman修饰，变复数时，作定语的man 或woman和后面的名词都要变成复数。如：woman doctorwomen doctors(2)不规则变化常见单复数同形的名词Chinese 中国人；sheep 绵羊；deer鹿；series 系列；means 方式；works 工厂；fish 鱼；fruit 水果等。其中fish，fruit表示种类时，可加复数词尾，即fishes，fruits。自身有特殊变化的名词child孩子children man男人men tooth牙teeth foot脚，英尺feet mouse老鼠mice phenomenon现象phenomena medium传播媒介media考点二 、不可数名词具体化(1)通常只用作不可数名词的名词：advice建议， furniture家具， fun乐趣；information信息，news新闻， weather天气， progress进步，wealth财富，value价值等。(2)不可数名词具体化具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常考的有：单词抽象名词意义具体化名词意义success 成功成功的人或事pleasure乐趣令人高兴的事beauty美；美丽美丽的人或事物comfort安慰；慰藉令人感到安慰的人或事物danger危险危险的人或因素delight高兴令人高兴的事 failure失败失败的人或事物surprise惊奇令人惊奇的事情 shock震惊令人震惊的事情pride骄傲令人骄傲的事情Your contribution will certainly make the event a huge success.你的贡献一定会使这个事件很成功。物质名词具体化drink饮料two drinks 两杯饮料 coffee咖啡a coffee一杯咖啡 chalk 粉笔a chalk 一支粉笔 hair 头发a hair 一根头发抽象名词与a(an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。例如：Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough times.在那些艰难的时期，能够买得起一杯酒会是一件欣慰的事。考点三、 名词所有格(1)s所有格用and连接的并列名词的所有格要分两种情况，即表示各自的所有关系时，要分别在并列名词后加s 或；表示共同的所有关系时，只在最后一个名词后加s或。Toms and Jims rooms.汤姆和吉姆(各自)的房间。Tom and Jims room.汤姆和吉姆(共同)的房间。表示店铺、办公室或某人的家时，名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省略。at the barbers在理发店at the teachers在老师办公室(2)of所有格表示无生命的事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所有关系；名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of所有格。the content of the novel小说的内容the name of the girl over there那边那位女孩的名字(3)双重所有格指名词of名词所有格或名词of名词性物主代词。a play of Shakespeares(莎士比亚的一个戏剧)考点四 主谓一致1. 掌握主谓一致的三个原则：语法形态一致、逻辑意义一致和就近一致；2. 掌握主谓一致中的固定搭配； 3. 掌握定语从句中的主谓一致；4. 掌握倒装句、强调句中的主谓一致。语法一致：就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。1. 单数名词、不可数名词、不定式、动名词或从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数。主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数。 His father is working on the farm. Time is money. To finish all the work on time is impossible. Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes. The children are in the classroom 2 hours ago.由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多用单数但如果表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，谓语动词用复数。What I bought were 3 English books.What I say and do are helpful to you.2.由and 或both.and 连接起来的合成主语后面谓语动词用复数。Lucy and Lily are twins.She and I are friends.Both she and he are Young Pioneers.如果and所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，它后面的谓语动词就用单数。The writer and artist has come.由and 连接的并列单数主语前分别有each, every, no more than a(an), many a(an)修饰时，谓语动词用单数。Every student and every teacher was in the room.No boy and no girl likes it.3.主语后面有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than, more than, no less than, besides, including等引起的短语时，谓语动词的单复数由主语的单复数决定。Mr Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China.Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground.She, like you and Tom, is very tall.4.either, neither, each, every或no+单数neither/neither/none of 复数名词，还有some, any, no, every 构成的复合不定代词作主语，谓语动词用单数。Each of us has a new book.Everything around us is matter.Neither of the texts is interesting.None of us has been to South Africa.5.定语从句中，关系代词that, which, who 作主语时，谓语动词的数和先行词一致。He is one of my students who are working hard.He is the only one of my friends who is working hard.6.集体名词family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience等，指整体时，用单数；指集体的成员时，用复数。His family is a happy one.The whole family are watching TV.The population of China is 1400 million.(人口)One third of the population here are workers.(人)people, cattle, police作主语时，谓语动词用复数。7.由 a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of 名词，或者是分数/百分数名词构成的短语作主语，谓语动词的数由名词的单复数决定。The rest of the lecture is wonderful.A lot of time is wasted.A lot of people take part in the meeting.2/3 water is drunk by him.2/3 students are absent.8.倒装句中，谓语v.的数与其后的主语一致。On the wall are many pictures.Such is the result.Such are the facts.8.不定代词作主语1）. 当作主语的名词前有each，neither，either，every修饰或each，neither，either作主语时，谓语动词用单数。Each student has a book. 每一个学生都有一本书。Either answer is correct. 两个答案都是正确的。Neither parent is with him. 他的父母都没有和他在一起。Every minute is important to us. 每一分钟对大家都很重要。2）. 当复合不定代词someone，anyone，somebody，anybody，nobody，everybody，something，anything，nothing，everything等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。Somebody is waiting for you outside. 有人在外面等你。Is everybody here today? 今天大家都到了吗?Something is wrong with my watch. 我的手表出故障了。Nobody was away yesterday. 昨天没有人离开。考向二、 意义一致原则1. 表示时间、金钱、距离、重量等的复数名词作主语时，通常看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数。Ten years has passed quickly. 10年很快就过去了。Ten dollars is enough. 10美元就够了。100 kilometers is a long way. 100千米是一段很长的路。2. 加减乘除运算中的谓语动词用单数，其中加法与乘法也可用复数。Two and two is/are four. 2加2等于4。Six times one is/are six. 6乘以1等于6。3. many a/more than one+单数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。There is more than one answer. 有不止一个答案。Many a student has passed the exam. 许多学生通过了考试。4. one and a half+复数名词作主语时，谓语用单数。One and a half days is all I can spare. 一天半是我所能支配的全部时间。One and a half pears is left on the plate. 一个半梨被留在盘子里。5. the rest of. 短语作主语时，如果of后接复数名词，谓语用复数；如果of后接不可数名词，谓语用单数。The rest of the bikes are on sale. 余下的自行车降价出售。The rest of the bread is gone. 剩余的面包不见了。6. none of+复数名词作主语时，谓语动词既可以用单数也可以用复数。None of the dogs was/were there. 那儿没有狗。7. a number of+名词复数表示许多/大量的，其后的谓语动词用复数；the number of+名词复数表示的数量，其中心词为number，故谓语动词用单数。A number of farmers are standing over there. 许多农民站在那边。The number of the students in this school has reached over 2，000. 这所学校的学生数量已达到2 000多人。8. a lot of/lots of/plenty of+名词作主语，谓语动词由of后的名词来确定。如果of后是不可数名词，谓语动词用单数；如果of后是复数名词，谓语动词用复数。A lot of time is needed. 需要大量的时间。Plenty of workers are working. 许多工人在工作。9. 国名、人名、书名、报刊名、组织机构等专有名词作主语时，即使其形式上是复数，谓语动词也要用单数。The United States lies to the east of China. 美国在中国东方。(国名)Engels was good at learning foreign languages. 恩格斯擅长学外语。(人名)10. the+形容词作主语时，表示某类人，谓语动词用复数。The sick are taken good care of. 病人得到很好的照顾。The old are supposed to be spoken to politely. 跟老人讲话要有礼貌。11. 以-s结尾的12. 学科名词，如maths，physics，politics等和以-s结尾的抽象名词，如news，plastics等作主语时，谓语动词要用单数。Physics is very difficult for me to learn. 物理对我来讲很难学。The news was very exciting. 这条新闻十分激动人心。12. 单复数形式相同的名词，如Chinese，Japanese，sheep，deer等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数由名词前的修饰语来确定。A Chinese wants to see you. 一个中国人想见你。Ten sheep are eating grass there. 那边有10只绵羊在吃草。【注意】Chinese，Japanese，English等前加the表示一国人，作主语时，谓语动词用复数。The Chinese speak Chinese. 中国人说汉语。考向三、 就近一致原则就近一致：在英语句子中，有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致。（1）当两个主语由either or， neither nor，whether or ，not only but also连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语一致。Neither his parents nor I am able to persuade him to change his mind.他的父母和我都不能说服他改变注意。（2）there be句型的be动词单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。There are two pens，a book and three pencils on the desk. 书桌上有两支钢笔，一本书和三支铅笔。There is a book，two pens and three pencils on the desk. 书桌上有一本书，两支钢笔和三支铅笔。（3）在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。Here is a map and a handbook for you. 这是一张你的地图和一本手册。Such are the facts. 事实就是如此。（4）就远原则：谓语动词与前面主语一致。主语后面接连接性短语时，这种结构并不影响主语和谓语的关系，即谓语动词的数与主语的数保持一致。此类连接性短语有as well as，as much as，along with，with，like，rather than， together with，but，except，besides，including，in addition to等。your sister as well as your parents is very kind to me.你姐姐和你父母一样，对我很好。she，like you and betty，is very clever.像你和betty一样，她也很聪明。She as well as other students likes playing computer games. 她和其他学生都喜欢玩电脑游戏。He with his parents is working in the fields. 他正和他的父母在地里干活。Nobody but you and me knows it. 除了你和我，没人知道。一、根据汉语意思填写单词1（2021秋·吉林·高二统考学业考试）Tom worked hard to achieve his (梦想) of becoming a scientist. 2（2021秋·吉林·高二统考学业考试）My best friend and I are of an (年龄). 3（2022秋·云南·高二统考学业考试）You will receive a warm (欢迎) when you come to our school. 4（2022秋·云南·高二统考学业考试）The sports meeting will be held next （星期一）. 5（2020·安徽·高三统考学业考试）When it comes to job interviews, first i (印象) are important.三、选用适当的单词或短语补全句子（2022春·宁夏银川·高二学业考试）阅读下列各句，从每题所给的A和B两个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。6The doctors tried his best and (Asaved; Bsaving) the man in time.7Dont lose heart and keep on trying, and (Ayour; Byou) efforts will surely give you a surprise next time.8When you want to go shopping, think about what kind of clothes you (Areal; Breally) need.9Running is fun and I enjoy running three (Atime; Btimes) a week.10The Mid-Autumn Day is one of the most important (Afestivals; Bfestival) in China.四、用单词的适当形式完成句子11（2023春·广东佛山·高二统考学业考试）They are a sign of our wishes for health and (happy) in the coming year.12（2021秋·吉林·高二统考学业考试）Great (change) have taken place in China in the past ten years. 五、单句改错（2023·全国·高二学业考试）下列各句中都有一处错误，错误涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改，请按要求修改下列各句。增加：在缺词处加一个漏词符号（），并在其下面写出该加的词。删除：把多余的词用斜线（）划掉。修改：在错的词下画一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。13He advised me that to take off my coat.14Daddy returned from work, tiring and bored.15I have been looking forward to visit your new home.16We got up early in order catch the school bus.17One of my friend was taking care of me when I was in hospital.（2021秋·吉林·高二学业考试）下列各句均有一处错误，请指出并改正。18The railway station is at a distant of two miles away from our school.19You can even eat while watch the fish swim by.20People say that a person should be judged by his behave, not his words.21My heart was beating fast and I was a little out of breathe.22He has run out all the money his parents gave him.23It is bad manner to talk with your finger pointing at another person.24The biggest dolphins can measure four meters length.25Tom, as well as his parents, like hiking very much.26Marys confidence made good impression on everyone in the speech contest.27He has to take the responsible for everything.（2023·全国·高二学业考试）单句改错28I went to Egypt last year. It was worth visited.29It was at the school gate where I met my English teacher.30There is a lot of to explore at senior high school.31I plan to improve my speaking English.32She is sure to succeed because she never loses hearts.（2021秋·吉林·高二学业考试）单句改错33Chimelong Ocean Kingdom is one of the leading ocean-themed park in the world.34Traveling through space and visit a pirate ship are all possible at Disneyland.35When we grow up, we should dependent on ourselves rather than our parents.36He gave us many reasons in his eager to persuade us.37Many parents lack of patience to tell their children why they should behave as told.38During the Second World War, thousands of people flee the country.39Recently Ive read 4 books, of that two were written by him.40Guangzhou, locating on the east coast of China, is known as a sea port.41Tony is looking forward to meet the new exchange students.42I was totally confusing by so many questions.1They gave her the_ (choose), and she decided shd like a bike for her birthday. 2You have to get used to a whole new way of life, which can take up all the _ (concentrate) in the beginning. 3The technology for such a system has advanced greatly since its _ (appear) in the 1950s. 4_ (educate) shouldnt be measured only by the examination results. 5After _ (graduate) she was trained in traditional Chinese medicine for two years and a half. 6An African grey parrot called Alex was able to learn numbers and could do simple _ (calculate). 7With impressive views and a _ (combine) of both indoor and outdoor seating, it attracts a lot of tourists. 8However, _ (research) from Stanford University have found a possible answer.9The city has changed so much that it is beyond all _ (recognize).10The old man is said to have gone through varieties of_(suffer) during the war. 11I dont want to take away from his _ (achieve), but he couldnt have done it without my help. 12These charities depend on the compassionate feelings and _(generous) of the general public. 13Exports have increased by 66 percent since 1981, better than any of our six main _(compete). 14There are fewer_(opportunity) for new graduates this year. 15People who had seen him were able to give a_(describe). 16To our_(satisfy), he got first prize in the competition. 17Then there was an _ (explode) of bright colours and lively music, and the group jumped into action. 18Early _(detect) of cancers can greatly increase the chances of cure even if you dont have any symptoms yet.19Now a number of schools have psychological _(consult) to help students who are under psychological pressure. 20She goes to great_ (long) to keep her private life private. 21Some insects take on the colour of their _ (surrounding) to protect themselves. 22There was a gradual _ (extend) of the powers of central government. 23Students who graduate with working experience will be given _(prefer) over those who never work in any companies. 24I wonder if parents should always tell the _ (true) no matter the consequences. 25Toms little sister is a girl of great_(curious). She takes an interest in everything. 26The _ (research) examined various levels of noise on participants as they completed tests of creative thinking. 27Although popular _ (believe) regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. 28Mother reserved her _ (complain) about my messy room until my friend left. 29Social networking has been in _ (exist) for at least 150 years, and probably longer than that. 30It is reported that three _ (Canada) have been put into prison. 31Wed love to give full _(cover) to all parties and candidates. 32Public praise can be a supplementary means of _(motivate), since public r