人教高中英语3　UNIT 5　 Section Ⅲ　Discovering Useful Structures (2).doc

Section Discovering Useful Structures过去分词作表语和状语1(教材P52)Born(bear) in the USA on 2 January 1970, Whitacre began studying music at the University of Nevada in 19882(教材P52) Moved(move) by this music, he said, “It was like seeing color for the first time”3(教材P56)I was very afraid and I felt so alone and discouraged(discourage)4(教材P58)Encouraged(encourage) by this first performance and the positive reaction of the audience, I have continued to play the piano and enjoy it more every day过去分词作表语1过去分词可放在连系动词be, get, feel, remain, seem, look, become等之后作表语，表示主语所处的状态Tom was astonished to see a snake moving across the floor汤姆很惊讶地看到一条蛇正爬过地板。Finally the baby felt tired of playing with those toys终于婴儿厌倦了玩那些玩具。2过去分词作表语时与被动语态的区别过去分词作表语时，强调主语所处的状态；而动词的被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，强调动作。The library is now closed(状态)图书馆现在关闭了。The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday(动作)昨天我妹妹把杯子打碎了。3感觉类及物动词的现在分词与过去分词作表语的区别过去分词作表语多表示人自身的感受或事物自身的状态，常译作“感到的”；现在分词多表示事物具有的特性，常译作“令人的”。We were amazed at what he said at the meeting我们对他在会上讲的话很是惊讶。His words were discouraging, which made many people discouraged他的话令人泄气，使得很多人灰心丧气。英语中有很多与感觉有关的及物动词，其现在分词表示主动意义，即“令人有某种感觉的”，多用来修饰物；其过去分词表示被动意义，即“人被引起某种感觉的”，多用来指人、人的声音或表情等。常用的这类词有：The man standing there looks frightening, and the little boy is frightened站在那里的那个人看起来很可怕，小男孩吓着了。The news was exciting and we were excited the whole night这则消息令人激动，我们激动了整整一晚上。【典例1】(2018·全国卷)I quickly lower myself，ducking my head to avoid looking directly into his eyes so he doesnt feel _(challenge)解析：考查词性转换之动词变为形容词。连系动词feel后要接形容词作表语。challenged adj受到挑战的；challenging adj困难的，富有挑战性的。 由语境可知，填challenged。答案：challenged过去分词作状语过去分词作状语的类型过去分词作状语，可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式/伴随和结果，相当于一个状语从句。其逻辑主语为主句的主语，且与主句主语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系。1过去分词作时间状语过去分词作时间状语时，相当于时间状语从句。可在过去分词前加上连词“when, while, until”等，使其时间意义更明确。Looked at from a distance, the painting seems much more beautifulWhen it is looked at from a distance, the painting seems much more beautiful当从远处看时，这幅画似乎更美了。Asked for his views about his teaching job, Philip said he found it very interesting and rewardingWhen he was asked for his views about his teaching job, Philip said he found it very interesting and rewarding当被问到对教学工作的看法时，菲利普说他发现它既有趣又有意义。2过去分词作原因状语过去分词作原因状语时，可转换为由since, because或as引导的原因状语从句，这类状语多放在句子的前半部分。Worried about the exam, I was unsettled in these daysBecause I was worried about the exam, I was unsettled in these days由于担心考试，我这几天感到不安。3过去分词作条件状语过去分词作条件状语时，可转换为if, once或unless等引导的条件状语从句。Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fastIf they are grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast如果种在肥沃的土壤里，这些种子能长得很快。Given a few minutes, Ill finish the reportIf I am given a few minutes, Ill finish the report再给我几分钟的时间，我就会完成这个报告。4过去分词作让步状语过去分词作让步状语时，相当于一个以though/although引导的让步状语从句。Encouraged by his parents, he still has no confidence in overcoming the difficultiesThough he was encouraged by his parents, he still has no confidence in overcoming the difficulties尽管受到了父母的鼓励，他仍然没有信心克服困难。Invited by him, I wont take part in the partyThough I was invited by him, I wont take part in the party即使被他邀请，我也不会参加聚会。5过去分词作方式/伴随状语过去分词作方式或伴随状语时，通常不能转换为状语从句，但可用并列分句代替。The patient got off the bed, supported by the nurseThe patient got off the bed, and he was supported by the nurse那个病人在护士的搀扶下下了床。She accepted the gift, deeply movedShe accepted the gift, and she was deeply moved她接受了礼物，深深地被感动了。值得注意的是，有些过去分词(短语)因来源于系表结构，作状语时不强调被动而重在描述主语的状态。这样的过去分词(短语)常见的有：lost(迷路); seated(坐); hidden(躲); lost/absorbed in(沉溺于); dressed in(穿着); tired of(厌烦)。Lost in thought, he didnt hear the bell由于陷入沉思之中，他没有听到铃声。【典例2】(2018·北京卷)Ordinary soap，_(use) correctly, can deal with bacteria effectively解析：考查非谓语动词作状语。句意：普通的香皂，只要使用正确，就可以有效除菌。use与其逻辑主语为被动关系，故填过去分词used。答案：used过去分词与现在分词作状语的区别过去分词与句子的主语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系，即表示被动；现在分词与句子的主语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，即表示主动。分词作状语记忆口诀分词作状语，主语是问题。前后两动作，共用一主语。主语找出后，再来判关系。主动用­ing，被动用­ed。Used for a long time, the book looks old(动宾关系)由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去陈旧。Using the book, I find it very useful(主谓关系)在使用这本书时，我发现它很有用。【典例3】(2018·全国卷)Everyone was silent, _(wait) to see who would be called upon to read his or her paragraph aloud解析：考查非谓语动词作状语。主语Everyone与wait为主动关系，故用现在分词作状语，故填waiting。答案：waiting 单句语法填空1Yesterday we were deeply moved(move) by the movie directed by Zhang Yimou2I am very delighted(delight) at the news that my brother got the first place in the long­distance race3We were all inspired by the inspiring speech made by the well­known teacher(inspire)4My parents were satisfied(satisfy) with the plan for our summer vacation5Tony is really amusing and tells jokes when he thinks were getting bored(bore)6Guided(guide) by an artist, the girl made great progress7Though defeated(defeat) many times, the man didnt lose heart8Worried(worry) about their childrens safety, parents together with the teachers went into the mountains in search of the lost(lose) students9Praised(praise) by the head teacher, Amy was excited all day10Completely examined(examine) by the doctors, MrLee went back to work right now 句型转换1When it is seen from the hill, the town looks more beautifulSeen_from_the_hill,_the town looks more beautiful2When he was asked about the accident, MrBlack burst into tearsWhen_asked about the accident, MrBlack burst into tears3MrYang, who was deeply moved, thanked the kids again and againMrYang，deeply_moved,_thanked the kids again and again4I have read the book twice, which was written by a famous British writerI have read the book written_by a famous British writer twice5As they were influenced by the warm­hearted workers example, the couple did countless good deedsInfluenced_by the warm­hearted workers example, the couple did countless good deeds 单句语法填空1(2017·全国卷)In their spare time, they are interested(interest) in planting vegetables in their garden2We all felt excited(excite) that Wu Dajing won the first gold medal for our country at the 2018 Pyeongchang Winter Olympics3We feel honoured(honour) to have you here in our English Week Activities4Greatly touched(touch) by the teachers words, he did a lot of things to help classmates5Hearing(hear) the bell, the students began to enter the classroom6Divided(divide) into three groups, the students began to discuss the topic left over last time7Offered(offer) an important role in a new movie, Andy has a chance to become famous8Supported(support) by his brothers, he could continue his study in the university9Seen(see) from the top of a thirty­storey building, Beijing looks more splendid10Given(give) enough water and sunlight, the plant will grow to three metres11Faced(face) with a difficult situation, Arnold decided to ask his boss for advice12Judging(judge) from the number of cars, there were many people at the meeting 阅读理解Since I was born, I have been listening to music all the timeNot just any music, but the right kind of musicIt may seem strange to say that, but hearing good music played well by a big music group is something that a lot of people no longer experienceMost people are musically illiterate(了解不多的) simply because they have never had any chance to listen to good musicMany people are unfamiliar with the sound of a symphony orchestra(交响乐团)They only hear orchestra music while watching ads and filmsBut to me a symphony orchestra is the biggest instrument in the worldTo hear a full symphony orchestra on stage and to feel the power of the soundit is like a big waveIt is an amazing experience and it is one that I was lucky enough to grow up withMy mother was a well­known singerShe had been a member of the Vienna State Opera and the Budapest State Opera and as a baby I was taken along to concerts and stagesI was not necessarily listening to classical music but always good music played wellMy mother was the sixteenth child in her familyShe was the youngest and by the time she was born, her oldest sister also had a child with whom she shared a bedWith so many loving families around her, my mother grew up happily to be a cheerful womanBecause I lost my father when I was very young, I do not remember much about himWhat I do know is largely what I have been told by my motherI am like him in many waysHe was obviously a very serious man, always appearing sadI seem to have inherited(继承) something of that from himFortunately, I inherited far more of my mothers happinessa real show business personality(性格)【解题导语】本文是一篇记叙文。妈妈作为音乐工作者让作者有机会欣赏高质量的音乐作品。1Why does the author think that most people are musically illiterate?AThey are not interested in musicBThey dont listen to music very oftenCThey cant tell good music from bad musicDThey have no chance to listen to well­played musicD解析：细节理解题。由第二段中的Most people are musically illiterate(了解不多的) simply because they have never had any chance to listen to good music可知，多数人都没有机会接触高质量高水准的音乐作品。2What does the author think of hearing a symphony orchestra on stage?AIt inspires him to get on stage one dayBIt makes him feel like getting stuck in a big waveCIts very different from hearing orchestra music in filmsDIt can create the same feeling as watching powerful adsC解析：细节理解题。由第二段中的They only hear orchestra music while watching ads and filmsit is like a big wave可知，现场听交响乐表演和听电影中的交响乐体验是完全不同的。3What can be learned about the author as a baby?AHe helped his mother a lotBHe learned music from his motherCHe went to his mothers workplaceDHe listened to classical music every dayC解析：细节理解题。由第三段中的as a baby I was taken along to concerts and stages可知，作者常常被妈妈带到工作的地方。4What would the author probably like to do in the future?ATo be a teacherBTo be a stage playerCTo be an ad designerDTo be a businessmanB解析：推理判断题。由最后一段中的a real show business personality可知，作者有可能成为舞台表演者。 七选五Deciding whether or not to take part in an extracurricular(课外的) activity can be a challenge(挑战)Before signing up to play on the volleyball team, first consider the advantages and disadvantages of such a decision1_ Students are successful when they take part in many activitiesThey do well in their classes and feel more connected to schoolResearch shows that students in extracurricular activities have better attendance and gradesExtracurricular activities also help students make new friends and lasting relationships2_ Even though we became friends a long time ago, we are still close todayWhile these activities have many advantages, students should consider the downside as well3_ Extracurricular activities can be too much for students who do not practise good time managementStudents need to be good at managing their time between different activitiesAnother downside to extracurricular activities involves transportation4_ This situation limits studentsextracurricular choices to those outside the school and closer to homeA few of my classmates joined the schools cultural clubThey later discovered that it met after schoolThese students dropped out of the club because they had to catch their busesOnly you can decide if extracurricular activities are right for youActivities outside the school can help you succeed in many areas of your life5_ Are you up for a challenge?AWe were both in the eight­and­under age groupBSome clubs or sports meet before or after schoolCOne downside is that it can create a busy life for studentsDMany students are tired from all the things they have to doETaking part in extracurricular activities has many advantagesFI met my best friend when we were on the YMCA swim teamGHowever, you need good time management skills to deal with a busy life【解题导语】本文是一篇议论文。要不要参加课外活动对于许多学生来说是个需要权衡利弊的问题。1E解析：本空为本段的主题句，本段主要阐述了参加课外活动的学生们在学习方面表现更突出，即参加课外活动的好处。2F解析：本空是对前一句的举例说明，且下一句中的we became friends与F项中的I met my best friend在语意上相关。3C解析：由本空前一句可知，本段开始阐述参加课外活动的弊端；而本空后面的内容是对本空的进一步解释说明，阐述的是其中一个弊端，即让学生们更繁忙。4B解析：B项内容与下一句形成因果关系，本空后面的This situation指代B项内容。5G解析：本空前一句与G项内容形成转折关系，即课外活动虽有好处，但学生们需要恰当巧妙地安排时间，以应对繁忙的生活。 语法填空Traffic jams(堵塞) are a common problem in larger citiesIn some cities, traffic jams get so bad during rush hours that it is sometimes 1_(fast) to walk than to driveTraffic accidents are also a problemSadly these problems are not easy to solveHowever, a traffic system(系统) being tested in several cities in Northern Europe has led to some surprising 2_(result)The system 3_(call) “shared­streets”It is a system that has very few traffic lawsAs a result, shared­street areas have no traffic lights or street signsAlthough most people would expect this to cause the number of traffic jams and accidents 4_(go) up, until now 5_ has been a great drop in bothOne reason 6_(be) that the shared streets­system encourages people to be more 7_(care)Without traffic rules, people slow down and pay more attention 8_ each otherNormal traffic systems, on the other hand, depend on signs, 9_ people often miss or dont follow, leading to accidentsAlso, the shared streets system decreases(减少) traffic jams because without fixed(固定的) parking spaces, it is easier for cars to move around 10_(free) when there is a lot of traffic1faster解析：考查形容词比较级。设空处所在句意为“在高峰期有时步行比开车还快”，设空处应用fast的比较级，故填faster。2results解析：考查名词复数。设空处作宾语，表示“结果”，由其前的some可知，此处应用名词复数，故填results。3is called解析：考查一般现在时的被动语态。system与call构成逻辑上的被动关系，且此处介绍的是一般情况，故应用一般现在时的被动语态。4to go解析：考查动词不定式作宾补的用法。cause sthto do sth意为“使某物做某事”。5there解析：考查there be结构。both在此指代traffic jams和accidents，设空处所在句意为“到目前为止，交通堵塞和交通事故都有大幅度的减少”，故填there。there be表示“存在”。6is解析：考查主谓一致。此处描述的是客观情况，应用一般现在时，因为主语是One reason，故填is。7careful解析：考查形容词作表语的用法。more与设空处作表语，由slow down可知，设空处表示“小心的”，故填形容词careful。8to解析：考查介词。设空处所在句意为“没有交通规则，人们往往会放慢速度，注意其他车辆”，故填介词to。pay attention to意为“注意”。9which解析：考查关系代词。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，补充说明先行词signs，故填which。10freely解析：考查副词。设空处作状语修饰move around，表示“自由地”，故填副词freely。