2024年高考英语一轮基础复习之词类综合与名词知识精讲素材.docx

2024年高考英语一轮基础复习之词类综合与名词知识精讲一、词类:按照词的意义、句法作用和形式把词分成若干类，称为词类。英文通常有十类词：名词noun(n.)表示人或物的名称worker,desk主、宾、表、定、补、 同代词pronoun(pron.)代替名词或数词等l,they, some主、宾、表、定、同数词numeral(num.)表示数目或顺序three, fourth主、宾、表、定、 同bez want, study谓语动词作谓语动词verb(v.)表示动作或状态to lean, learning非谓语动词作主 learned宾、表、定、补、状形容词adjective(adj.)质和特征表示人或事物的性fine.small, bad表、定、补、状副词adverb(adv.)质状态特征表示动作特征或性quite, there, very表、状冠词article(art.)特指表示名词的泛指或a, an, the介词preposition(prep.)其他词的关系表示名词或代词与on,in,about, of连词conjunction(conj)连接词 与词、与短语、句子与句子短语 and,if,so, or感叹词interjection(interj)或语气表示说话时的感情oh, aha, ouch表示。如the son of the old man who lived in the country monkey's tail / the tail ofthe monkeythe story of the brave two sisters3.双重所有格，由" of+名词+，s”或“of+名词性物主代词”构成。表示所属物的名词前有冠词、不定代词或数词时(如:a,someEOjthe,anyQrefew 等)a friend of her mother's = one of her mother's friends a photo of mine = one of my photosMiss Smith is a friend of Mary's mother's.被修饰的名词前有指示代词时或用来表示赞扬或厌恶等感情色彩时。如：Everyone loves the little son of his sister's.We all dislike thnt pride ofTom's.我们都讨厌汤姆那种骄傲态度。巩固精练01.Oh.John.you gave us!A. How a pleasant surprise B.How pleasant surpriseC.What a pleasant surprise D.What pleasant surprise()2.food you've cooked!A. How a nice B. What a nice C.How nice D.What nice()3._terrible weather we've been having these days!A.How a B.What a C.How D. What()4.We have worked out the plan and now we must put it intoA.fact B.reality C.practice D.deed()5.Miss Smith is a friend of.A. Maryfs mother's B.Mary's motherC. mother's of Mary D.Mary mother's()6. If these trousers are too big, buy a smaller_.A. set B. one C.copy D.pair()7.He dropped theand broke it.A. cup of coffee B. coffee's cup C.cup coffee D.coffee cup()8.-Hi,havens seen you for ages. You look fine.A. Great B.Thanks C. Oh, no D.Not at all()9.He gained his by printing_of famous writers.A.wealth; work B.wealths; works C.wealths:work D.wealth;works()10.TH look into the matter as soon as possible. Just have a little-.A.wait B.time C.patience D.rest)11. If by any chance someone comes to see me, ask him to leave a_.A. message B. letter C.sentence D. notice()12. Youll find this map of great in helping you to get round London.A. price B.cost C.value D.usefulness()13.We all know that_ speak louder than words.A.movements B.performance C.operations D.actions()14.One of the advantages of living on the top floor of a highrise is that you can get a goodA. sight B.scene C.view D.look()15.The_is just around the corner and you won't miss it.A. bicycle's shop B.bicycle shop C. bicycles shop D.bicycles' shop()16.No matter what you do, you should put your into it.A. mind B.heart C. brain D.thought()17.There are usually at least two_ of looking at every question.A.means B.directions C.views D.ways()18.The manager has got a good business so the company is doingwell.A.idea B.sense C.thought D.thinking()19-l'm sorry I stepped outside for a smoke I was very tired.-There is nofor this while you are on duty.A.reason B.excuse C.cause D.explanation()20.The face of four famous American presidents on Mout Rushmore can be seen from a of 60 miles.A.length B.distance C.way D.space()21. Donft leave matches or cigarettes one the table within_ of little children.A.hand B.reach C. space D.distance()22.-Brad was Jane's brother!he reminded me so much of Jane!A. No doubt B. Above all C.No wonder D.Of course ()23. The environmentalists said wild goats'on the vast grasslands was a good indication of the better environment.A. escape B.absence C.attendance D.appearance()24.In dealing with public relations, we should make every effort to prevent the_ in perso nality.A.contact B.contrast C.connection D.conflict()25. Chinese arts have won the_of a lot of people outside China.A.enjoyment B.appreciation C.entertainment D.reputation)26.1 keep medicines on the shelf, out of the children,s_A. reach B.hand C.hold D.place()27._ with other countries, China has little natural resources, because population isthe biggest in the world.A.Compared; Chinese B.Comparing; ChineseC.Compared; China's D.Compare; China's()28.The speaker spoke up so that we could hear hisA. sound B.voice C. noise D.cry()29. An animal usually has one stomach, but a cow hasA.four-stomach B.four-stomaches C. four stomaches D.four stomachs()30.work has been done to stop the pollution.A.Many B.A great manyC. A large number of D. A great deal of()31. Before we moved into the new house, we bought many_A.furniture B.furniture piecesC.fumitures D. pieces of furniture()32. speak English and_speak German.A.Englishman; German B.Englishmen; GermansC.An Englishman;a German D.Englishmen; German()33. All thein the hospital got a present on the eighth of March.A.women doctors B.woman doctors C. women doctor D.woman doctor()34. Ann has many friends. Alice is one of herA. girls friends B.girl friends C.girl friend D. girls friend()35.-Where is your sister?-At_.A.Mr Smithfs B.Mr Smith C.the Mr Smith's D.the Mr Smith()36.They go travelling because theyll have three holiday.A.week B.week's C.weeks' D.weeks()37. Tom and I are getting tired of.A. that bad temper of him B. his that bad temperC. that bad temper of his D. that his bad temper()38.-Whose book is it?-It'sbook.A. somebody else's B.somebody elseC. somebody's else's D.somebody's else()39.Look! These are_.A. mouse's tails B.mice tails C. mice's tails D. mice's tail()40.1 looked at the dictionary, but it wasn't reallyA. much used B.able to use C.of useful D. of much use二、短语:本身有一定意义但不能构成一个句子的一组词称为短语。常见的有：介词短语:不定式短语:分词短语:动名词短语:形容词短语三、句子成分:指各类词在句中的作用1 .主语:句子要说明的人或物，一般置句首。作主语的有名词、代词、 数词、不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）和名词从句。2 .谓语:说明主语的动作或状态，一般置主语之后。谓语由动词担任。3 .宾语:及物动词或介词涉及到的人或物称为宾语。宾语有直接宾语和 间接宾语。名词、代词宾格、数词、不定式、动名词、宾语从句等可 作宾语。4 .宾语补足语（宾补）:宾语后补充说明宾语的动作、性状的成分称宾 补。可作宾补的有名词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词和副词等。5 .复合宾语:人们通常将宾语和它的补足语统称为复合宾语。6 .定语:指用来修饰名词或代词的成分。可作定语的有形容词、分词、 代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式、动名词、定语从句等。单词 作定语一般前置，短语及从句作定语后置。7 .状语:指修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的成分。可作状语的有副 词、介词短语、不定式、分词、状语从句等。8 .表语:指系动词后说明主语的身份、性质或状态的成分。可作表语的 有:名词（短语）、代词、数词、分词、介词短语、不定式、动名词等。9 .同位语:指对前面的名词或代词作进一步说明的成分。名词、数词、 代词或从句可作同位语10 .插入语:句中插入的一个与句义无直接关系而又对句子作一些解 释的附加成分。一般用返号与主句隔开。常用的有：1 think,you know,for example, to tell you the truth 等。Maggie has been fortunate to find a job she loves and. B, she gets well paid for it.A. sooner or later B.what's more C. as a result D. more or less11 .同源宾语有些不及物动词后可有一个与该动词意义相似的名词。 这种名词叫做同源宾语。例如:He died a worthy death,他死得有价 值。We live a happy life.我们过着幸福的生活。12 .独立成分与其类型句子中与句子其他成分无语法关系的单词、短 语和短句,叫独立成分。独立成分常用退号、破折号或括号与句子其 余部分分开。独立成分包括感叹词、肯定词(yes)和否定词(no)、呼语 和插入语等。四、句子的类型：(一)按照句子使用的目的来分句子有四类：L陈述句:用来说明一个事实或陈述说话人的见解，句末用句号，常读降 调。2、疑问句用来提出问题，句末用问号。包括:一般、特殊、选择和反 意疑问句。3 .祈使句:用来表示命令、请求、号召等。谓语用动词原形，读降调, 句末用感叹号或句号。祈使句的主语you常略，但如强调对方或表达 某种情绪时可加主语或呼语。You be quiet!你给我安静点。Alice, you feed the bird today, will you?4 .感叹句:表示喜、怒、哀、乐等情绪。读降调，多用what或how引 出。句末用感叹号。（二）按照句子的结构来分有三类：1、简单句:指句子中只有一个主谓结构的句子。可有多个并列的主语 或谓语。 Tom, Peter and I got up and went out of the room.2 .并列句:指由并列连词and,or,buLso等连接的多个简单句。He was too busy so he didn't come to help you.3 .复合句:指由一个主句和一个或多个从句构成的句子。If he comes, I'll tell him what you have done一、名词知识精讲一、名词分为可数名词和不可数名词两大类。不可数名词一般没有单复数之分，主要有专有名词、物质名词和抽 象名词。常考的有：advice,news.progress,money, furniture, fun.weather, information,luck,housework,wood,rice,grass,soap,medicine.work,bread,meat,wealth,music 等。可数名词有单、复数之分，但下列名词常以复数形式出现。manners（礼乾）.goods）货物）,sands（河滩）,ashes（灰烬）,glasses）眼 镜）zmake preparations for（准 备）,congratulations（祝 贺）drinks（饮 料）,works）工厂；著作）,tears（眼泪 regards（问候）,thanks（谢 谢）,trousers（裤子）,clothes（衣服）.sports（运动）,plastics（塑料制 品）,means（方法;手段）部分词可教、不可数意义不同。如:a paper（报纸）,paper（纸）;word（消 息）,a word（词）。 He gained his wealth by printing works of famous writers.修饰可数名词常见的有:a number of,many a good/ great many, a few, quite a few修饰不可数名词常用的有:a great deal of,a large amount of, much, a little, a bit, a litle bit两者均可修饰的有:nosom巳any plenty of,a lot of, lots of,a variety of, a large quantity of.quantities of二、抽象名词具体化，不可数名词与可数名词的转化也是高考常考知 识点。1部分抽象名词前有形容词修饰时，常加冠词。a bright future,have a good / nice / wonderful time,a great help.a good educations wonderful supper/lunch/dinner2与动词同形的名词构成的短语常加冠词have a look, go for a walk, have a smoke, make an answer.have a break3.部分情绪或心理活动的情感名词，表示抽象概念时，不可数;表示具 体的事时，可数surprise （U）惊奇,诧异 in surprise（C）令人惊奇的事 What a surprise!pity （U）怜悯,同情 have pity on sb.（C）可惜的事，憾事I'sapitypleasure （U）愉快，高兴 with pleasure（C）乐事、乐趣 It is a pleasure.failure（失败）a failure（失败者）success（成功）asuccess成功的人/事experience（经验）an experience（经历）wonder（惊奇）a wonder（奇迹）must（必须）amust（必要的事）beauty（美丽）a beauty（美人）Oh,John. What a pleasant surprise you gave me!Many people agree that a knowlege of English is a must in trade todayJumping out of_C_ airplane at ten thousand feet is quite_ exciting experience.A./;the B./; an C.an:an D.the; the三、名词直接作定语与名词所有格作定语不一样，名词作定语主要有:L表示类别：coffee cup（咖啡杯）man doctor（男医生）girl friend（女朋友）English lesson（英语课）Doctor Zhang（张医生）Nobel Prize（诺贝尔奖） street light（路灯）college student（大学生）shoe store（鞋店）2 .表示原材料：stone house（石头房子）straw hat（草帽）wood desk（木桌）paper money（纸币）3 .表示用途：lunch room（午餐室）sports field（运动场）注意:名词作定语一般用单数,但某些名词作定语须用复数形式：a clothes shop（服装店）a sports meeting（运动会）a sales girl（售货员）a goods train（货物列车）2man.woman通常与名词一起变复数：men teachers（男教师）women drivers（女司机）所有格作定语与名词直接作定语意义不一样。a man driver（男司 机）aman' sdriver（男士的司机）四同义、近义名词的用法和区别也是常 考点。Chinese/China's/of ChinaChinese除“汉语;中国人”外可作形容词，作前置定语，说明中心词 的性质、属性、起源。高英语语法精讲精练即说明中华民族的特征风格、传统特色Chinese words 汉字 Chinese meal 中餐 Chinese medicine 中药Chinese green tea 中国绿茶 the Chinese pcople/nation 中华民族2Chinas表示与中心词的所属关系如主权、领属、拥有、所有等关系。China's capitalChina's first railway Chinn's foothall tean3ofChina 般作 后置定语。a map of China / the Great Wall of China （表所属关系）the north of China / the whole of China(表局部与整体关系)the Country of China(同位关系)©China直接作定语通常为习惯搭配或表所属。China grass 线麻 China ink 墨 China rose 月季花China sea中国海China Unicom中国联通China Mobile中国移动China Telecom 中国电信五、be+of+名词这一结构常用来描写一个人或一件物的特征，在向中做表语，也可以 做定语。此句式常用于以下两种情况：l.be+of+名词(size,shape, colour, length,width,depth, weight,height.kind. type.age等)表示主语与其它事物的尺寸、年龄、体重、颜色等相同 或不同，在这一句式中，名词前可用different或the same修饰 They are of the same height.I'm of your age. (=We are of the same age.Coins are of different sizes, weights, shapes and of different metals.2.be+of+抽象名词(importanceuse,value.helpjnterest 等)。在此句式中， 抽象名词前可用great,no, little,some,any, not much等来修饰，表示不 同的程度，此时。f不能省略。of+抽象名词可转化为该名词的形容词 形式 Sports and games are of great importance.(=Sports and games are very important.六、名词的所有格。1在词尾加为表示“所属，所有”D有生命的或被看作有生命的名词的所有格一般在该词尾加's如the worker's name, the government's plan.Women's Day表示国家、城市、时间、度量、天体、价值等无生命的名词的所有 格力口七。如:China's industry, the earth 's satellite, the Party's policy, today's newspaper, two miles' walk表示某店铺、某人的家或省略上 文提到的名词时，名词所有格后面的中心词常省略。如the Wangs'at my uncles' the barber'sHe bought a bike at Black's. The book is Tom's.表示多人共同拥有的同一物，在最后一个词尾加3表示多人各自拥 有时，须分别加'Mary and Jane'sroom.（共同拥有）Li Hua's and Zhang Ying's bikes.（分另U拥有）以s结尾的复数名词一般加”以S结尾的专有名词加”或“ 'S”。 如：the bovs' desks the teachers' book Engels's works/Engels' works Dickens' / Dickens's book复合名词、不定代词、相互代词或以整体 形式出现的名词一般在最末单词后加“'s”如:my daughter-in-law's house somebody else's bike whose else car （=who else's car）2.用of表示所有格无生命的名词一般用of表示所属关系。如:the lights of the street, the park's of the city, the新动力英语高中英语语法精讲精练 map of the country某些有生命的名词的所有格两者均可，但修饰语较长时，频用of