【版】中考英语二轮复习：阅读理解 解题技巧（实用必备！）.docx

【通用版】中考英语二轮复习：阅读理解解题技巧阅读是语言学习中不可缺少的重要一环，纵观近几年的中考试题，不难发现阅读理解题 在各地中考试卷中所占比重较大。所以，做好阅读理解题，是获得英语中考高分的关键！ 了 解中考英语阅读理解的命题特点，掌握解题技巧是提高中考成绩的有效途径。命题特点L文体多样，题材各异，偏重生活化阅读文体包括议论文、记叙文、应用文等；题材包括日常生活、传说、人物传记、社会 文化、新闻、史地、科普、政治经济等。语言地道纯正，原汁原味，具有鲜明的英语语 言文化特点，有较丰富的文化蕴涵，重视社会热点问题，追踪科技前沿，具有浓厚的时 代及生活气息。2 .坚持把阅读技能作为考查目标中考阅读理解既考查考生对文章字面意思的理解能力，又考查考生对文章寓意的理解能 力，包括对文章中叙述的具体事实的理解能力（如时间、地点、人物、事件等），根据上下文 对某些词义、句义的推断理解能力以及对文章的主旨大意、作者观点、态度的理解及逻辑推 理和判断能力。3 .适当增加生词量，考查推断词义能力要求考生必须根据上下文或整篇文章才能做出推断，检测考生利用构词法等知识及根据上下 文猜测词义的能力，进而在较高级的措辞中探察作者的隐含意思。4 .试题考点设计合理，干扰项设置水平高试题设计符合考生的认知水平，有效地避免违背生活常识和语段本意的偏题、怪题；题干简 洁明晰，既避免长句、难句，又避免生硬的套语；选项表意清楚，逻辑合理，答案唯一，避 免模棱两可的选项设计。5 .设题的难度普遍加大原来经常出现的正误判断题越来越少，选择题则由过去设计的五个W （即what, when, where, why, who）的浅层次理解过渡到找出文章中的主旨，推理判断和理解深层次含义。主 要考查：1）掌握所阅读材料的主旨大意和说明主旨大意的具体事实与细节；2）不仅理解阅 读材料的字面意思，也理解文章的深层含意；3）理解阅读材料中的句子、段落的含义，并 能依据文章整篇的脉络进行推理与判断。你要在读书的过程养成一边看一边总结的习惯，思考文章中的信息揣摩作者的思想，领 悟作者的意图。下结论的题目通常有如下的几种方式进行提问：1. You can tell that.2. We know that.3. The passage suggests that4. Most people probably don't5. Something could （might） be.6. Something . because.7. If something something.例如：WHY TS GOODA dog will play with you and love you more than any other pet.WHY TS BADIt takes a lot of time and energy to care for a dog. Dogs bark. Some people are allergic（过敏） to them.NEEDSDogs, especially large ones, need room to run around. Every day you'll need to: feed your dog twice, walk it at least once, and let it outside four or five times to poop。厂 pee（大1、便）. Long-haired dogs need to be brushed often, and most dogs must be bathed one month or so. If you take a trip, you'll have to bring your dog along or ask your friends to take care of it.COSTThe prices of dogs are different. Tt can cost anywhere from a free mutt to more than $500 for a pure-bred dog（杂种狗）.You'll also need to buy a license and a /eas/z（皮带），and take the dog to a pet hospital if it is ill. It costs anywhere from $225 to $1,150 a year, depending on how much food it eats.BOTTOM LINEIf you're active, this may be the pet for you. However, young dogs even need more attention.1. The passage suggests that.A. how to choose a pet dogB. if a dog is the right pet for youC. it is expensive to keep a dogD. dogs are our best friends2. From the passage, we learned that.A. a pet dog can take vacation with youB. a pure-bred dog doesn't need a licenseC. you should take care of dogs, especially young onesD. mutts eat less, but pure-bred dogs eat more分析：1 .此题是考查作者意见结论的选择题。文章的结构比较清晰，从不同的角度分析了狗 是否是你理想中的宠物，因此答案选择B。2 .此题是考查读者受益结论的选择题。文章分析了养狗作为宠物的益处、弊端、花销, 以及狗的需要。每一段都表明了狗是需要人关心的，最后一段更是深化了这一结论。因此答 案选择Co小试牛刀National flowers are one of the symbols of a country. In 1986, the USA chose the rose as its national flower. The rose has been around for about 35 million years and grows naturally throughout North America. The petals and hips q/rose（玫瑰的花瓣和浆果）have been used in medicine since ancient times.Roses are red, pink, white, or yellow and have a wonderfully rich, almost exciting smell. The red rose is a symbol of love and beauty around the world. Each of the 50 states also has its own state flower, including the rose in New York, the Oklahoma rose in Oklahoma, the Cherokee rose in Georgia, and the wild prairie rose in Iowa and North Dakota.From the passage, we can learn that.A. people can't eat rose in the pastB. the rose is a symbol of the USAC. yellow roses mean loveD. the state flowers are the same分析：答案是B。通过题干可以看出这道题考查的是读者获益结论。从文章第一段最后一句可 以看出，玫瑰从古代就被用作药物，所以选项A是错误的。全文的第一句是文章的总述， 结合第一句和全文可以得出选项B是正确的。C选项比较容易看出是错的，选项D是干扰 项，关键是要弄清state flower和national flower的区别。4识别事实和观点解态度观点题学会识别文章中的内容是事实还是观点可以帮助我们进行批判地阅读，这是阅读的一种 基本技能。那么如何区分事实和观点呢？事实是客观存在或发生的，可以用来核查其真实性。 比如：There are more than 2,000 students in the school ；观点是作者的看法、意图与态度，即 作者本人在文章字里行间所表达的情感或看法，通常有think, believe这样的线索词。值得注意的是，观点是主观的,不能被证明的。因此，studies show, evidence shows等 这样的表达之后跟的也是事实。一般来讲，文章中事实与观点是交叉出现的，需要仔细归纳和判断。事实细节题常见的表现形式：事实细节题通常包含what, where, which, why, who, when, how, how many, because, reason, result, true, not true 等这样的词语。常见的提问法如下：1. According to the passage, who (what / where / which / when / why / how / etc.).?2. The study shows that.3. From the first paragraph, we learn that.4. The real cause (原因)of / reason for . is that.5. What does the example of. show?6. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?观点态度题常见的表现形式：观点态度题考查目标比较明确，题干一般都含有according to the writer / author, attitude, opinion, believe, consider等这样的词语。常见的提问法如下：1. What is the purpose of the text?2. What is the opinion of the writer in this passage?3. What is the writer's attitude to .?4. What does the author mean by saying .?做这一类题必须弄清文章中哪些是作者用于支持或反驳某种看法的客观事实和论据，哪 些是作者个人的观点和看法。注意由表及里地准确把握字里行间的意思，切勿用自己的主观 想法或观点代替作者的思想观点。另外要特别注意那些描写环境气氛的语言，以及表达感情 和态度观点的词语。小试牛刀Hello, I'm Tim. The rules in my middle school are very strict, but I think they are very good.Following the rules is everyone's duty. Rules keep students from having fights, skipping 。如ses（逃课），smoking, and destroying things at school. Some students break the water pipes and windows in the men's room. Each of the men's rooms in this school has broken windows. But most of students follow the rules. If you don't, you will be punished. For example, the first time you get into a fight at school, the school will ask your parents to come and take you home. The second time, you have to leave the school.I like the rules at my school, because they make the school safe and clean, and they also make a great environment for studying.1. If you get into a fight at school and it is the first time,.A. you have to clean the men's roomB. you have to leave the schoolC. your parents have to come to schoolD. you should follow the school rules 2. Which of the following is Tim's opinion?A. Every men's room in the school has broken windows.B. The school rules make the school a better place.C. Some students in the school break the water pipes.D. Good school rules are always strict.Keys: 1. C 2. B分析：1 .本题考查的是事实。根据第二段倒数第二句可知第一次打架的后果是“askyour parents to come and take you home”。故答案选 Co2 .本题考查作者的观点。首先分析所给选项，判断选项是陈述事实还是表达观点。陈 述事实的可直接排除，然后判断表达的观点态度是否与作者观点一致。A项（学校里没有一 个男厕所的窗户是完好的）和C项（学校里有些学生总弄破水管）均属陈述事实，可排除;D项（好的校规往往是严格的校规）虽然是表述观点，但作者并未提及；B项（校规使学校 变得更美好）是表述观点，并且符合作者的观点。故答案选B。3利用识别因果关系解题原因（cause）是指事情发生的起因，结果（effect）是指发生了什么事情。比如“He walked slowly because his left leg was badly hurt.”这句话中"his left leg was badly hurt"是因，而"he walked slowly”则为果。通常我们可以通过线索词区分事件的原因和结果，如because, for this reason和since这样 的词都表明原因，而so和as a result这样的词则表明结果。当然,有时候一个原因会导致很多 结果,而一个结果也可能是由多个原因造成的。考试中通常会考查语篇中两个事件的内在因果关系，一般分为显性原因考点（有线索词 提示因果关系）和隐性原因考点（句子之间有因果关系，但无线索词）。语篇中出现的格式可能 是先因后果或先果后因，但一般情况下,题干中是由果推因。考查因果关系常见的提问方式有以下几种：1. Why was .?2. What caused .?3. People don't. because.4. What was the effect of.?例如：Plastic bags harm the environment because they take a long time to decompose（分解）and can endanger wildlife.The UK follows behind other countries in reducing the use of plastic bags. But last year seven supermarkets in the UK said they had tried to cut the number of bags given to customers.In May 2006, 718 million bags were given out, but by May 2009 the number had become about 372 million. This is almost half of the number in 2006.Although plastic bags don't make up much of the rubbish in the UK, people still think this plan is important. Environment SecretaryHilary Benn, said, nThis is a great achievement. It means that several hundred million fewer bags are going into landfill（废料填埋）every month/* 1. Why do plastic bags harm the environment?A. Because the supermarkets give them to customers for free.B. Because they take a long time to decompose and can endanger wildlife.C. Because they don't make up much of the rubbish in the UK.D. Because people should reduce the number of plastic bags that they use.2. Hilary Benn said “this is a great achievement”, because. A. fewer bags are going into landfill every monthB. this plan is very importantC. plastic bags harm the environmentD. the UK follows behind other countriesKeys:l. B 2. A分析:L本题考查显性因果关系，可从文中直接找到答案，比较简单。由文章开头第一句可知答 案选B02.本题属于隐性原因考点，将题干中的关键词“a great achievement”带回原文,结合上 下文可知后面的"It means”一句是其原因,因此选A。小试牛刀I was unlucky today. I woke up at 11:00 a.m. on the floor. I don't know how I got there, but I did. The power went off last night and my alarm clock didn't work. So instead of getting up at 7:00 a.m., I got up at 11:00 a.m. The sad thing was that a great soccer game was on at 7:00 a.m. and I wanted to watch it. I thought I was going mad. I ran downstairs and I missed the first step and fell down the stairs. I was too angry to eat, so I turned on the computer and the TV. I hoped to catch the 双精彩场面）of the game. Luckily, the game was still on. They were just about to show the winning goal when I sat down and missed the chair. I hit the floor like a rock. Picking myself up off the floor I heard, "Goal! And the Wizards have won the championship!" 1. Why did the writer get up at 11:00 a.m. and not at 7:00 a.m.?A. Because he was too tired to get up early. B. Because his alarm clock didn't work.C. Because his went to bed too late the day before.D. Because his didn't like getting up early at the weekend.2. The writer was angry, because.A. his favorite team didn't win the gameB. he didn't have time to eat breakfastC. he missed the game and fell down the stairsD. he didn't like watching soccer gamesKeys:l. B 2. C分析:1.本题考查显性因果关系，较为简单。因为有表明结果的线索词“so、所以前面的一句 自然就是答案所在,因此选B。2.本题是通过因果关系进行推理的选择题。通过"I was too angry”一句前面的内容可知，他因为起晚已经错过了一场精彩的足球比赛,下楼时，又因为踩 空台阶摔了一跤,可判断答案选Co2利用对比与对法解阅读理解题对比与对照是一种常见的阅读理解题。把两种相反、相对的事物或同一事物相反、相对 的两个方面放在一起，用比较的方法加以描述或说明,指出其相同点(对比)和不同点(对照)。 作者在写作时经常把两个或更多的人或事物放在一起进行对比或对照，展现出其相同点或不 同点。文章首先向读者介绍两种事物或事物的两个方面，然后通过对比或对照的方式来说明 它们之间的相似或不同之处。这种文章一般有两种写作方式:一种是分开比较，即先论述A事 物或事物的A方面,再论述B事物或事物的B方面，为“A+B”模式；另一种为交替比较，即对 事物的几个方面进行逐项比较，为”A/ B +A/ B”模式。对比与对照题的题干主要表现形式:对 比(Comparison):1. What's the same between A and B?2. Similarly, both A and B .3. A and B . in the same way.4. Just as A, B .5. In comparison, which of the following is TRUE?对照(Contrast):1. Whafs the difference between A and B?2. Unlike A, what does B do?3. In contrast to A, B .4. What does A do on the contrary?5. A is . but B is .解答技巧：对比和对照有助于读者在更宽广的范围内理解作者的意图，提高阅读效果。做此类题，首先 分析题干考查的是对比还是对照。其次是找出表示对比和对照的词语，用来进行对比的词语 通常有:in the same way, likewise, similarly, equally, in comparison, just as 等。用来对照的词语 通常有 whereas, in contrast, on the other hand, instead, however, nevertheless, unlike, on the contrary, while等。最后通过分析原文和题干，确定最佳答案。例如：Scott and Jim are two of my friends. They are different in many ways. First of all, Scott is 167cm tall while Jim is 157cm. Next, Scott likes fruit and vegetables and his weight 1 is 48kg. On the other hand2, Jim likes meat and he is 58kg. Thirdly, Scotfs hair is long and straight, but Jim's is short and curly. Fourthly, Scott is quiet and shy. Unlike Scott, Jim is funny and active. Lastly, Scott always looks on the bad side of things; in contrast with Scott, Jim always looks on the bright side of things. Scott and Jim are very different, but they are both my best friends.1. What is the same between Scott and Jim?A. They are both taller than the writer.B. They both have long black hair.C. They are both positive.D. They are both the writer's good friends.2. How is Jim different from Scott?A. Jim is taller than Scott.B. Jim is as heavy as Sco注.C. Jim is more active than Scott.D. Jim is much clever than Scott.Keys:l. D 2. C 分析：第1题考查的是两个好朋友的共同点,属于对比题。第2题考查的是两个朋友的区别，属于 对照题。文章开头说斯科特和吉姆都是自己的朋友，然后从身高、体重、发型乃至性格和心 态各方面进行对比，说明两人的区别，最后再次强调虽然他们各有特点，区别很大，但都是自己 的好朋友。因此可以判断两人的共同点是:They are both the writer's good friends；而区别方面, 斯科特又高又瘦，性格内向，而吉姆又矮又胖，爱说爱笑，故"Jim is more active than Scott.”一项 正确。小试牛刀I have two brothers, Tom and David. My younger brother Tom is a junior school student. But he doesn't go to school. He studies at home instead 1. He is home-schooled. There are some home-schooled kids here but he still prefers the house and his books. He doesn't like to communicate with people; rather, he likes to （观察）.So he is good at study and he often has some interesting stories to tell.David, my other brother, studies in a public school. In fact, he likes to go to public school, partly for social reasons, partly because he thinks it will be easier for study. He has many friends at school and can spend more time with them. But he is not good at schoolwork. Every day, we have to help him with his homework. So, I don't really think that putting him in a public school was the best idea for him.1. Unlike Tom who is home-schooled, David.A. goes to public schoolB. prefers the house and plays thereC. spends little time with his friendsD. is good at study2. Just as Tom has many interesting stories, David.A. has much schoolworkB. has many friendsC. helps others in learningD. spends lots of time on studyKeys:l. A2. B 分析：1 .通过题干可判断此题考查对照。由第二段第一句可知大卫在公立学校上学，与题干中的 “Tom is home-schooled”相对照。因此选 A。2 .通过题干中的just as可判断此题考查对比，文章第一段中提到汤姆“has many interesting stories”,而第二段中对应的有大卫"has many friends at school”这样的语句,可判断应该选B。1利用提干定位和跳读捕捉信息法解细节题细节题就是指那些针对文章细节描写或与文章主旨大意、情节发展相关的事实所设置的 问题。这类题主要测试考生获取信息及对文章所提供信息的理解能力。这类题是每年中考考 试的重头戏,现在我们就针对细节题的不同类型谈谈其解题技巧。一、寻找信息题题干定位法寻找信息题通常考查考生对于某些重要信息迅速、准确的寻找能力。提问常常用特殊疑问 词what, when, where, who, whose, how, why等引出。做这样的题，有时候不需要阅读全文，可 以采用“题干定位法”，即先弄清楚题干问什么，然后针对题干的提问，直接到文中寻找信息。二、语义转换题一一跳读捕捉信息法这是做事实细节题最基本也最常用的方法。题干通常考查考生对某句话或某几句话 的理解，或对某一个或几个信息的捕捉能力。其常见的提问方式为:(1) The writer mentions all of the following EXCEPT.(2) Which of the following is TRUE / NOT true according to the pas-sage?(3) Which of the following statements is mentioned / NOT mentioned in the third paragraph?针对这样的题目，同学们只要根据题干内容从原文中找到相关语句,然后进行理解分析， 就可以确定答案了。要注意的是，不要孤立地理解单个句子，而要结合上下文语境来理解。 例如：I went back to my hometown in China from the USA to see my family. Many changes have happened here. Vm surprised to see all these changes but I like them. Every day, I see many cars on the street. I remember only a few people had cars ten years ago. But now, nearly every family has one, or even more! Ten years ago, people in our town went to the big cities to work. But, now, nearly everyone can find a job here. That is because many villagers have started their own business. There are more than 100 companies in the town. Now, this town is famous for its steel industry. The changes in my hometown have amazed me. To start my own business after graduation seems like a good idea!6.体现当代英语特点，“深层”处理得当阅读语段体现出当代英语的特点：用词浅显简练，生动活泼，语句富于变化，避免冗长沉重。 常用词的深层或引申意义处理得当。总之，各地在命题中始终坚持“稳中求变，变中求新，稳定中求发展”的指导思想，难度稳中 求升。测试点的语言层次及问题的设置继续向语篇深层转移，适当平衡了语言能力的难度、 深度和广度，反映教学改革的基本精神，充分体现中考的最新命题趋向。解题技巧在了解近年中考阅读理解命题特点的基础上，同学们还要掌握阅读理解题的一些解题技巧。 阅读短文应遵循由整体到细节的原则，按“全文、段落、句子、词语”的步骤阅读文章。可采 用速读、细读和复读的三步法找到最佳答案。1 .先看题干，带着问题读文章即先看试题，再读文章。阅读题干，明确提问指向。弄清问题是针对一句话还是一段话设计 的，还是要求理解整篇文章