定语从句讲义-高三英语一轮复习.docx

定语从句限定性定语从句中的关系代词定语从句：一个句子跟在一个名词或代词后，对这个名词（代词）进行修饰限定的句子就叫定语从句，被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词；定语从句结构=先行词+关系词+从句关系词的种类关系代词：Who , whom , which x that,在从句中可作主语或宾语例：The book that I bought yesterday was written by Lu Xun.（我 昨天买的那本书是鲁迅写的）表所属的关系代词：whose ,译为的在从句中作定语例 1 : Do you know the girl whose skirt is white?（你知道那个穿 白色裙子的女孩吗？）例：He changed his mind, which made me very angry.他改变了主意，这使我很生气。（which指代前面的整个主句）例 2 : Did you read the book whose cover is red?(你读过红色封面 的那本书吗？)关系副词:why=for which ,where=in/ at/ on which ,when=during/ on/ in which ,在从句中作状语when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.(2) The time when we got together finally came.where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.(2) I don' t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由介词+关系代词引导的从句替换(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.(3) Great changes have taken place in the city in which./where I was born.关系词在句中作用有3种：连接作用，连接主句和定语从句指代前面的先行词在定语从句中|旦当成分关系词的选择定语从句会不会用，关键在于选对关系词，关系词的选择要依据2种情 况来定：1 .看先行词(被定语从句修饰的词)先行词是"物"可能用 which , that, whose , where , when , why 等先行词是人“可能用who , whom , that, whose等2 .看关系词在定语从句中所担任的句子成分先行词是人且关系词在从句中作主语，用who/thatHe is a man who never breaks his word.他是个从不食言的人先行词是人且关系词在从句中作宾语，用whom/that先行词是物且关系词在定语从句中作主语，用thatwhich.The dog that/ which won the race is John' s.比赛获胜的那头狗是 约翰的先行词是物且关系词在从句中作宾语，用that,which ,也可以省略The letter(that /which) I received yesterday was from my brother. 我昨天收到的那封信是我兄弟寄来的。记住：关系代词作宾语或表语是可以省略的，作主语是不能省略的，因 为主语后直接是动词，省略的话就出现先行词直接接从句动词的语法错 误。举例：Is there anything that you want to say?中的 that 就可 以省略。而 He is the headmaster of this school who also teaches Chemistry.中的who就不能省略。先行词是人或物，关系词在从句中作定语表所属关系，用whose引导定语从句例：That is a book whose cover is blue.那是一本封面是蓝色的书.（先行词是物 book,所属关系词whose在定语从句中做定语修饰 cover）注意：表示所属关系不仅仅是人，物的也是可以的，比如房子的窗户在定语从句中有三个说法the house whose window=the window of which=of which the windowo这个就叫做所属关系，因此所属关系除了 whose以外就有两个，对人是 of whom,对物是 of which例：Whose可以代替人或物，但代替物时；whose + n.可用the + n. + of which或 of which + the +n.代替。例.I like study in this school, whose faculty and facilities are top-notch=I like study in this school, of which the faculty and facilities are top-notch=I like study in this school, the faculty and facilities of which are top-notch关系词的选择总结如下：限定性定语从句中的关系代词作宾语作定语1先行词是人Whom/that（可省略）whose先行词是物Which/that（可省略）whose先行词是人和物thatwhose知乎至二元曳先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，则用关系副词引导定语从句（充 当状语）I don't know the reason why he was late.我不知道他为什么迟到This is the place where we have lived for 5 years,这就是我们曾住 过五年的地方I'll never forget the day when I met Mr Li for the first time.我永 远不会忘记我第一次见到李先生的那一天注意：如果从句中的谓语动词是及物动词且后面无宾语，那么，即使先行词是表时间、地点或理由的名词，也不能用关系副词（when , why , where ),而要用可作宾语的关系代词that或which ,同学们千万千 万要记住哦！ 如：This is the house Which /that he has lived in 15 years.(不能 用Where he has lived in 15 year.)o因为此处live为及物动词,及 物动词必须要接宾语，而where为副词只能做状语，必须要用能做宾 语的that或which代替必须用that引导的情况先行词是不定代词 all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything 等例：All that we have to do is to practise English.我们要做的就是 练习英语先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰例：The first letter that I got from him will be kept.我从他那里得 到的第一封信将会被保存下来先行词被 all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some 等修饰例：I've eaten up all the food that you gave me.先行词被 the only, the very, the same, the last 修饰时先行词既有人又有物时 例:They talked about persons and things that they met.当句中已有wh。时，为避免重复用that如 : Who is the man that is giving us the class?限定与非限定定语从句定语从句可分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句限定性定语从句：例：I like the book which he bought yesterday.（我喜欢他昨天买的 书）非限定性定语从句：例：He hasjust come back from New York, which is a very big city in the United Stateso（他刚从纽约回来，那是美国的一座大城市） 使用非限定性定语从句的情况：当先行词为专有名词或其他具有独一无 二性质的普通名词时，通常要用非限制性定语从句，而不用限制性定语 从句。限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句的区别: 形式上：非限定性定语从句关系词的前面一定有逗号隔开，而限定性定语从句没有功能上：非限定性定语从句起补充说明作用，缺少影响全句的理解。限定性定语从句用于对先行词的意义进行修饰、限制和识别，如果 去掉，就会造成句意不完整或概念不清。如People who take physical exercise live longer.进行体育锻炼的人活得长些His daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week. 他女儿现在在波士顿，下星期回来。关系词不同：关系词that和why只用于限定性定语从句中,通常不用 于非限定性定语从句；另外，在限定性定语从句中，关系词在从句中作 宾语时可以省略，而在非限定性定语从句中关系词J。先行词不同：限定性定语从句的先行词只能是或,而非限定性 定语从句的先行词则可以是名词或代词，也可以是短语或句子。例：Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous.彼得开车很快，这 是很危险的。（which 指 drive to。fast）