高一英语暑假课（译林版2020必修第一册）unit2语法讲解.docx

高一英语暑假精品课(译林版2020必修第一册)unit2语法讲解1 .初步掌握必修一第二单元的语法知识点-英语的三大句式2 .能够运用该单元的语法正确做题的基础知识Unit 2英语的三大句式英语句子按其结构可以分为以下三类：简单句，并列句和复合句。简单句是指有一个主语和一个谓语动词，但可以有几个宾语，定语或状语的句子。 分为五种句子结构，在第一单元部分有讲解到具体是哪五种。基本结构一：主谓一主语+谓语(SV)基本结构二：主系表主语+连系动词+表语(SVP)基本结构三：主谓宾主语+谓语+宾语(SVO)基本结构四：主谓宾宾一主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语(SVOO)基本结构五：主谓宾补主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补语(SVOC)并列句是指包括两个或更多个独立的从句，用并列连词and,转折连词but,选 择连词or和因果连词so连接起来，并可以不用连词而用分号连接。常用并列关系的连词有:Though he is young, he knows a lot.Although I am tired, I must go on working.批注：although只能用在句首，而though既可以放句首也可以放句末。(2)although(though)不能和but用在同一个句子中。例如：Though it was raining hard, but he still went out.(X)应该说：Though it was raining hard, he still went out.或 It was raining hard, but he still went out.复合句之定语从句定语从句的含义在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句，通常紧跟在被修饰的词之后。被定语从句所修饰的词称为先行词。定语从句的分类定语从句的连接词分为关系代词that, who, whom, which, whose和关系副词where, when, whyo初中阶段我们主要能辨认和理解关系代词引导的限制性定语从句就 可以了。定语从句关系代词的用法1 .先行词指人(l)Do you know the girl (先行词)who/that is standing at the door?你认识站在门口的那个女孩吗？(2)The man that /who wrote the book is an English professor.写这本书的那个人是一位英语教授。关系代词指人，是从句的主语，用who或that,不可省。(3)She is the singer that /who/whom I met last week.她就是我上周遇见的那个歌手。关系代词指人，是从句的宾语，用who, that或者whom,可省。(4) This is the boy with whom I played basketball.这就是那个和我打篮球的男孩。关系代词指人，是从句中介词的宾语，且介词提前，只用whom,不可省。2 .先行词指物(l)Yesterday he swam across a river which/that is 100 meters wide.昨天他游过了一条100米宽的河。关系代词指物，是从句的主语，用which或that,不可省。(2)The letter that/which I received was from my father.我收到的那封信来自我的爸爸。关系代词指物，是从句的宾语，用which或that,可省。(3)This is the cage in which the parrot Polly lives.这就是鹦鹉Polly住的那个笼子。注意：无论先行词指人还是指物，who/that/which在定语从句中作主语时，都 不能省略。(2)关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，谓语动词的单复数应与先行词 保持一致。3 .先行词指物或指人，关系代词与其后面的名词存在物主关系，关系代词用whose oI know the girl whose hair is long,我认识那个长发女孩。Please pass me the book whose cover is red.请把那本红色封面的书递给我。4 .宜用that的情况(1)当先行词指物，又被the only、the very,形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。eg： America is the only foreign country that my father has ever visited.美国是我爸爸曾经游览过的唯一一个外国国家。The most beautiful park that I have visited is Beihai Park.我参观过的最美丽的公园是北海公园。(2)当先行词为 much, anything, everything, nothing, something 等不定代词时。eg： I have told them all (that) I know.我已经告诉了他们我所知道的一切。(3)当先行词中既有人又有物时。eg： The boy and the dog that are running in the street get wet all over.正在街上跑着的男孩和狗浑身都湿透了。(4)当主句中已有who, which 日寸。eg： Who is the boy that wears a pair of sunglasses?戴着一副太阳镜的男孩是谁？ Which is the book that you borrowed from Mike?哪一本是你从迈克那里借的书？ 5.关系词只能用which,而不用that的情况：a.先行词为that, those时'，用which,而不用that.例如：What9s that which is under the desk?在桌子底下的那些东西是什么？ b.关系代词前有介词时，which,而不用that.例如:This is the room in which he lives.这是他居住的房间。C.引导非限制性定语从句，先行词指事物时，用which,而不用that。例如：Tom came back, which made us happy.汤姆回1来了，这使我们很高兴。定语从句关系副词的用法1. when指时间，其先行词表示时间，when在定语从句中作时间状语。例如：This was the time when he arrived.这是他到达的时间。2. where指地点，其先行词表示地点，where在定语从句中作地点状语。例如：This is place where he works.这是他工作的地点。why指原因，其先行词是原因，why在定语从句中做原因状语。例如：Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school.没人知道他为什么上学总 迟到。and ”和,bothand"两个者E"； not only.but also”不但，而且”；neithernor”既不也不”，eitheror”或者或者”等。表示转折关系的连词有：but“但是"；while“而"；however“然而"；though (although)“虽然"等。要注意， but和though (although)在句中只能选用一个，句意不变。表示因果关系的并列连词：有so (所以)，for (因为)。for可译为“因为”，但只是为主句中所说的话提供 推断的理由加以解释，且for引导的句子往往放于主句之后，前面用逗号隔开。复合句类型比较多，有定语从句、状语从句和名词性从句。其中名词性从句又分 为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。我们可以具体看一下复合句的 考点有哪些。复合句之宾语从句宾语从句引导词及作用见下表：易错警示：whether和if通常可以通用，但下列情况下只能用whether,不能用if：(1)介词后面的宾语从句只用whether引导。与or not连用时，只用whether引导宾语从句。(3)后面跟to do不定式,只用whether引导。【知识梳理1】that引导的宾语从句如:"She is a good girl,“ the teacher told us =The teacher told us ( that ) she was a good girl.老师告诉我们她是一个好女孩。【知识梳理2】whether或if引导的宾语从句如:"Are you from Japan?” He asked me. =He asked me if/whether I was from Japan.他问我是不是来自日本。“Do you like watching TV?” He asked me. =He asked me if/whether I liked watching TV.他问我是否喜欢看电视。【知识梳理3】特别疑问词引导的宾语从句如:When did he leave for Japan? Could you tell me? =Could you tell me when he left for Japan?你能告诉我他什么时候去的日本吗？宾语从句要注意的几个问题：【知识梳理1】主句与从句时态一致的问题如果主句是现在的某种时态（包括一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时），那 么宾语从句的时态可根据实际情况而定。如果主句是过去的某种时态（包括一般过去时、过去进行时），那么宾语从句一 般要用过去的某种时态（包括一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成 时）。（3）如果宾语从句表示的是客观事实或真理，即使主句是一般过去时，从句也用 一般现在时态。如:He told me that the earth is round.（客观事实）【知识梳理2】宾语从句的语序问题宾语从句的语序要用陈述句语序。在把两个独立的句子连成一个含有宾语从句的 复合句时，要特别注意从句的语序，即按照主语、谓语的顺序。【知识梳理3】否定转移问题当主句的主语为第一人称，谓语动词是think, believe, suppose等时，要将宾语从 句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而宾语从句的谓语动词 用肯定式。如:I don't think he will come with you, will he?复合句之状语从句 时间状语从句(1)时间状语从句常用 when, as, while, before, after, since, till, until, as soon as 等连 词来引导。例如:It was raining hard when I got to school yesterday.While he was doing his homework, the telephone rang.As he walked along the lake, he sang happily.He had learned a little Chinese before he came to China.After he finished middle school, he went to work in a factory.在时间状语从句里，通常不用将来时态，用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如:ril ring you up as soon as I get to New York.I will tell him everything when he comes back.He won't believe it until he sees it with his own eyes.(3) not.until/ till直至U.才.till直至U为止until表示动作、状态的持续，强调“一直到为止”，或强调某个动作或状态一直持续到另一个动作或状态出现之前。常与表示延续性动作的动词连用。彳列：I waited until three o'clock, but he didn't come.not. until表示“到为止；直到才”，常与表示瞬间性动作的动词连用。例： The children didn't come home until it was dark.（5）when , while, as的区别和联系1）在when引导的时间状语从句中，动作可以是表示延续的（长动词），也可以是 表示瞬间的（短动词）；2） while引导的从句中，动作一定是表示延续的（长动词）.例：I was watching TV when Tom came in.Tom came in while I was watching TV.3） as用于表示同一个人的两种动作交替进行,指一边.一边.例：The girl sings as she goes to school.4）表示两个同步发生的动作或行为，意思是随着的发展例：As time went on / by, she became more and more beautiful .It's getting colder and colder as the winter comes.批注：while除了可以做“正当时候”之意，还可以表示转折，意思是“然而”。还 可以作名词讲，“片刻之意”。如：Some people waste food while others haven't enough.有些人浪费粮食，然而有些人 却吃不饱。I haven't seen her for a long while.我好久没有看见她 了。(6)since的考查 since引导的时间状语从句，表示主句动作开始的时间，译为“自以来"。主句 常用现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。此外也有：It has been.since从句；It is + 一段时间+since从句。例： He has taught us Maths since he came here.It's ten years since I worked in the hospital.Where have you been since I saw you last?批注：对since引导的时间状语提问要用how longo条件状语从句条件状语从句通常由if, unless引导条件状语从句时，一般遵循主将从现的原 则。如果主句是一般将来时，情态动词加动词原形或祈使句时，状语从句用一般 现在时。例： ril help you with your English if I am free tomorrow.Don't leave the building unless I tell you to.You mustn't be late, if you want to go there with me tomorrow.(2)“祈使句+ and (or)+陈述句”在意思上相当于一个带有条件状语从句的复合 句。例如：Hurry up, or you'll be late. =If you don't huny up, you'll be late.Study hard and you will pass the exam. =If you study hard, you will pass the exam.®unless=if.not., 如： You will get lost easily unless you have a map.=You will get lost easily if you don't have a map.if既有"如果”也有“是否”的意思。作“如果”讲时遵循主将从现的原则，作“是 否”讲时引导宾语从句。例：I don't know if he will come back tomorrow.I will go to Shanghai if I am free next week.原因状语从句(1)原因状语从句通常由because, since, as引导。例如:He didn't come to school because he was ill.As it is raining, we shall not go the zoo.Since you can't answer the question, I'll ask someone else.(2)because表示直接原因，语气最强。because引导的原因状语从句多放在主句之 后。回答由why提出的问题，只能用because。as和since语气较弱，一般用来 表示明显的原因。由as和since引导的原因状语从句多放在句首。例如：Why aren't you going there?Because I don't want to.As he has no car, he can't get there easily.Since we have no money, we can't buy it.(3)because和so不能同用在一个句子里。(4)because与because of的区别:because后只能接句子，而because of后面只能接 名词或名词短语，不能跟句子。例如:Because of the bad weather, we put off the sports meeting.Because it rained yesterday, we put off the sports meeting.结果状语从句 结果状语从句由so.that, such.that引导。例如:He is so poor that he can't buy a bike for his son.She is such a good teacher that everybody likes her.sothat与such.that的用法区别1）在由sothat引导的结果状语从句中，so是副词，与形容词或副词连用。其结构是:".so +形容词（副词）+ that +从句”。例 The hall is so big that it can hold 2,000 people.He spoke so rapidly that we could not clearly understand him.批注：若so后面的形容词后跟单数可数名词，也可用如下结构：so+形容词+a/ an +单数可数名词+ that从句例： This is so wonderful a film that I will never forget it.2）在由suchthat引导的结果状语从句中，such是形容词，它修饰的可以是单 数或复数可数名词，也可以是不可数名词；名词前面可以带形容词，也可不带。 如果是单数可数名词，前面需加不定冠词a或an。其结构有以下几种：such a / an +形容词+单数可数名词+ that从句such+形容词+复数可数名词/不可数名词+that从句彳列：It was such a hot day that nobody wanted to do anything.This book is written in such easy English that beginners can understand it.They are such fine teachers that we all hold them in great respect.3）如果名词前有many, much, little, few等词修饰时，只能用so,不用sucho彳列：Soon there were so many deer that they ate up all the wild roses.4） sothat和suchthat两种结构的互换 例：It was such a wonderful film that all of us wanted to see it again.=The film was so wonderful that all of us wanted to see it again.It is such an important match that nobody wants to miss it.=The match is so important that nobody wants to miss it.当that引导的结果状语从句为肯定句时，so.that.可以与be.enough to do转 换；当从句为否定句式，可以与或be not.enough to do转换，从而使 复合句变为简单句。例：Peter is so tall that he can reach the apple on the big tree.=Peter is tall enough to reach the apple on the big tree.The boy is so young that he can't look after himself.=The boy is too young to look after himself.=The boy is not old enough to look after himself.目的状语从句目的状语从句通常由so that, in order that （为了，以便）引导。例如：We started early so that we could catch the first train.He studies hard so that he could work better in the future.We used the computer in order that we might save time.Speak clearly so that they may understand you.（目 的状语从句）Jack is badly ill so that he has to rest.（结果状语从句）让步状语从句(1)让步状语从句通常由although, though等连词引导。例如: