原版英语RAZ 教案(Z1) Teotihuacan.pdf

Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.TeotihuacnA Reading AZ Level Z1 Leveled BookWord Count:1,817WritingResearch another ancient city in Mesoamerica and compare it to Teotihuacn.Write a report comparing dates,locations,and at least three important facts about each citys history.Social StudiesMake a museum of Teotihuacn artifacts with your class.Research an artifact and create an exhibit to teach others about your artifact.Connectionswww.readinga-Written by Elspeth LeacockLEVELED BOOK Z1LEVELED BOOK Z1Teotihuacnwww.readinga-Why are so many people intrigued by Teotihuacn?Focus QuestionWritten by Elspeth LeacockTeotihuacn CorrelationLEVEL Z1WXN/A60Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRATeotihuacnWorld Landmarks Level Z1 Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Elspeth LeacockAll rights reserved.www.readinga-alignedarchaeologistsartifactscaravansexcavationinnovationsMesoamericamillennium orientedrebellionrestorationzenithWords to KnowFront cover:The Pyramid of the MoonTitle page:A huge doorway in one of Teotihuacns many stone wallsPhoto Credits:Front cover,back cover:Jess Eloy Ramos Lara/Dreamstime;title page:ASK Images/Alamy Stock Photo;page 4:BeteMarques/iStock/Thinkstock;pages 6,13:DEA/ARCHIVIO J.LANGE/De Agostini/Getty Images;page 7:Dmitry Rukhlenko/123RF;page 8:Ivan Dmitri/Michael Ochs Archives/Getty Images;page 9(top):Visual&Written/Visual&Written/SuperStock;page 9(bottom):Chameleons Eye/REX/Shutterstock;page 10:jejim/iStock/Thinkstock;page 11:Richard Maschmeyer/robertharding/Getty Images;page 12:DEA/G.DAGLI ORTI/De Agostini/Getty Images;page 14:Danita Delimont/Alamy Stock Photo;page 15(left):R Sharp Chris/Science Source/Getty Images;page 15(right):Nik Wheeler/Corbis Documentary/Getty Images;page 16:Keystone-France/Gamma-Keystone/Getty Images;page 17:Luis Fernando Dafos/age fotostock/SuperStock;page 18(both):migstock/Alamy Stock Photo;page 19(both):REUTERS/Henry Romero3TeotihuacnTeotihuacnSOUTH AMERICANORTH AMERICATeotihuacnXitle(volcano)Popocatpetl(volcano)MEXICOUNITED STATESBELIZEPACIFIC OCEANGULF OF MEXICOGUATEMALAMexico CityHTeotihuacn Level Z1Table of ContentsInspiring Awe .4The Americas First Great City .6Pyramid of the Sun .7Pyramid of the Moon .9Solving the Mysteries .11Centuries of Greatness .13Collapse .16Teotihuacn Today .17Discoveries Continue .19Glossary .204Inspiring AweAlmost two thousand years ago where modern-day Mexico is located,an ancient people built the great pyramids of Teotihuacn(tay-oh-tee-wah-KAHN).No one knows for sure who built these enormous structures,but we do know the site was designed to inspire awe and has done so for over a millennium.The Avenue of the Dead,which leads to the pyramids,is as wide as an eleven-lane highway.On both sides of the avenue stand massive stone temples and palaces.When the Aztec people came upon the ruins in 1320,they named them Teotihuacn,which means“the place where the gods were created.”Later,when the Spanish first gazed upon the pyramids,they questioned who built them.Locals said it was a race of giants who came from the heavens long ago.To this day,tourists and scientists examine the pyramids of Teotihuacn and wonder about their creators.Pyramid of the SunPyramid of the MoonThe largest structures at Teotihuacn are the Pyramid of the Sun and the Pyramid of the Moon.5Teotihuacns Ceremonial CenterTeotihuacns Ceremonial CenterAvenue of the DeadPyramid of the SunCitadelPalace of the Quetzalpapalotl (ket-sahl-pah-PAH-loht-l)Plaza of the MoonPlaza of the ColumnsYahualo PalaceZacuala PalaceSan Juan RiverThe Pyramid of the Moon is 20,280 square meters(217,686 sq.ft.)at the base and rises 43 meters(141 ft.).The Pyramid of the Sun is the third-largest pyramid in the ancient world.The Avenue of the Dead is 95 meters(312 ft.)wide in some places.Pyramid of the MoonThe Citadel measures about 400 meters (1,300 ft.)per side.Teotihuacn Level Z1Temple of Quetzalcoatl(ket-sahl-KOH-aht-l)6The Americas First Great CityTeotihuacn is known around the world for its massive pyramids.The ancient city was one of the worlds early urban centers,and at its zenith it was one of the biggest.With a population of one to two hundred thousand people,it was the largest city in the Americas and probably the sixth largest on Earth.Every building,avenue,road,and plaza in this well-planned city is aligned to a grid.The citys builders even changed the course of the San Juan River to flow across the Avenue of the Dead at a right angle to conform to the grid.Since Teotihuacn was a religious and trade center,the citys innovations in agriculture,art,architecture,housing,and even fashion influenced Mesoamerica for centuries.From the top of the Pyramid of the Moon,visitors can see the vast Avenue of the Dead,which was named by the Aztecs,who mistook the structures next to the avenue for tombs.7Pyramid of the SunTeotihuacn Level Z1Pyramid of the SunWith a base of about 220 by 230 meters(720 by 760 ft.)and a height of more than 66 meters(216 ft.),the Pyramid of the Sun is the largest structure in the ancient city and the third-largest ancient pyramid in the world.The builders positioned it to be exactly at the point on the horizon where the Sun sets on August 13,so it is oriented 15.5 degrees east of true north.The Avenue of the Dead and the whole city were built with that same orientation.No one knows for sure why this was done.One theory is that the builders wanted to align structures with the movements of the Sun.In 1971,archaeologists discovered a cave underneath the pyramid.Evidence suggests that the people of Teotihuacn believed that caves were where the gods were born.Artifacts found in the cave showed that it was used as a sacred shrine before the pyramid was built.8Building the Pyramid of the Sun may have begun around 100 ce and took more than one hundred years.Workers hauled 764,000 cubic meters(about 1 million cu.yd.)of heavy rock and other materials by hand,without the aid of wheelbarrows or animals,to build the stepped platforms.Thousands of people worked to gather broken pottery and other rubble.They filled the core of each platform with rubble and sealed the walls with clay bricks.On the surface,they laid stone blocks and covered them with a thick layer of plaster.Finally,artists painted the pyramid with brilliant murals.Teotihuacn has more temples and palaces than any other site in Mesoamerica.A close-up of the Palace of Quetzalpapalotl shows the intricacy of carvings.9Teotihuacn Level Z1Pyramid of the MoonNot far from the Pyramid of the Sun is the Pyramid of the Moon,the second-largest structure in Teotihuacn.It sits on a rise at the top of the Avenue of the Dead.Framing it from behind is Cerro Gordo,or“Fat Hill,”an oversized hill whose streams were important sources of the precious water that sustained the city.In front of the pyramid is a huge plaza flanked by platforms that were once topped with temples.The Plaza of the Moon could easily hold thousands of Teotihuacns citizens.Local and visiting leaders could witness ceremonies in grand comfort from the many temple platforms.The Great Goddess Statue(right),which is associated with rainwater,was originally located in front of the Pyramid of the Moon(below).Now it is housed in the National Museum of Anthropology in Mexico City.10How the Pyramid of the Moon GrewHow the Pyramid of the Moon GrewNo records of the ceremonies have been discovered,but archaeologists have uncovered the remains of people buried within the pyramid.The people were bound,sacrificed,and buried with valuable objects made of jade and obsidian,a glass-like volcanic rock used to make sharp blades for tools and weapons.Researchers also found the remains of sacrificed animals respected as powerful killers,such as pumas,rattlesnakes,and a wolf,as well as birds of prey,such as eagles,a falcon,and an owl.Evidence suggests that the people of Teotihuacn believed that if they made these sacrifices,the gods would bring rain.Archaeologists discovered that the Pyramid of the Moon was rebuilt repeatedly,perhaps eight times.The first structure,begun around 1 ce,was just a small platform.After 350 years,it had become a stepped pyramid about 46 meters(151 ft.)high with a temple on top.11Teotihuacn Level Z1Solving the MysteriesThe people who planned and built Teotihuacn are a mystery.Today we call those people Teotihuacanos,as the Aztecs did,but we do not know what the people called themselves or what they called their city.We do not even know what language they spoke,where they were from,or the names of any of their rulers.This is because Teotihuacanos used glyphsa form of picture writingto name people and places,but no one has figured out how to read or interpret them yet.Instead,archaeologists have been studying the structures to find out about the people who lived there.The first Teotihuacano settlers arrived around 400 bce,and their community remained small for hundreds of years.The location of Teotihuacn in the northeastern region of the Basin of Mexico was good for farming.The wide,flat basin has good soil and is supplied with water from the mountains around it.These factors created ideal conditions for growing corn,beans,squash,tomatoes,avocados,and chili peppers to feed a growing population.A mural from the site shows a rain god and a priest.12FarmingFarmingThe citys location was also great for trade due to a break in the nearby mountains that allowed merchant caravans to pass in and out of the basin.The people of Teotihuacn exchanged goods with the great Maya civilization to the south and the Gulf Coast cultures to the east.Merchants exchanged goods such as cotton and shells from these other regions for valuable obsidian from Teotihuacn.These advantages enabled Teotihuacn to growslowly.Then,in the first century ce,the nearby volcano Popocatpetl(poh-poh-kah-TEH-pet-l)erupted,causing tens of thousands of people to relocate.Many of them came north to Teotihuacn.A second great wave of immigrants came after the eruption of nearby Xitle(SHEET-lay)around 320 ce.The population of Teotihuacn grew with these waves of immigrants,who brought unique skills and cultures that further enriched the city.Evidence suggests that Teotihuacanos turned nearby wetlands into farms with raised beds.Canoes used in the channels between the beds transported produce into the city.13Teotihuacn Level Z1Centuries of GreatnessBy the year 200 ce,Teotihuacns population was so large that a massive and innovative building program began.The plan included more than two thousand apartment compounds,all built along the city grid.These new,interesting structures were built for everyonefarmers,merchants,and laborers,including immigrantsnot just the wealthy.They were large,spacious,expertly built of stone,and painted with bright murals.Teotihuacn ruins include stone walls of temples and other buildings.14The compound wall had only one grand door,but inside were beautiful courtyards,communal kitchens,a temple,and fifty or more rooms that housed between sixty and one hundred people.Fresh water was brought in from a reservoir,and drains took away wastewater.Ordinary people lived very well in Teotihuacn.As the city developed,more immigrants came.Some evidence suggests that potters came from southern Mexico to live and work in one neighborhood.Skilled textile workers from the Gulf Coast came and settled in another neighborhood.There was a Maya neighborhood,too.All the neighborhoods competed to make the finest goods and offer the rarest imports.Part of a mural from a compound in Teotihuacn shows a chanting priest.15Teotihuacn Level Z1Some of these immigrants brought feathers,shells,incense,and cacao beans for making chocolate to Teotihuacn.The city became a center for art and luxury goods of all kinds.By 500 ce,Teotihuacn had grown to cover 20 square kilometers(8 sq.mi.),and its trade routes reached as far as modern-day Honduras and Guatemala.Although Teotihuacn was a wealthy city,archaeologists found no signs of military structures.At first they wondered if the kingdom could have been a peaceful one.Today we know different.Murals show that warriors were plentiful and effective.Both commoners and wealthy men participated in battles in large numbers.They had deadly weapons and large shields and dressed as deadly animals.A carving of a warrior found at Teotihuacn(above).Sculptors carved the 4-ton(3.6 metric ton)stone heads on a temple built in 200 ce(right).16CollapseAfter thriving for more than 650 years,a period of lengthy droughts,crop failures,and hunger among poor people may have occurred,resulting in a population decline.Researchers think the Teotihuacanos may have overused resources such as wood.Then,in 550 ce,outsiders attacked and burned the temples and palaces.Statues in the ceremonial center of the city were destroyed.Invaders may have been to blame,but there may have been a rebellion from within.Teotihuacn continued to be occupied,but as a much smaller town.The great pyramids and temples were nearly completely abandoned and fell into ruin for more than a thousand years.In 1895,the ruins of Teotihuacn were overgrown with plants before excavation began.17Teotihuacn Level Z1Teotihuacn TodayArchaeologists began a major restoration of Teotihuacn in 1905 with the removal of tons of dirt and weeds from the Pyramid of the Sun.Throughout the 1900s,other major structures were slowly restored.Today,millions of visitors every year come to explore the ancient city and climb the 248 steep steps to the top of the Pyramid of the Sun for a thrilling view.For safety,tourists are no longer allowed beyond the first platform of the Pyramid of the Moon,but even that provides a grand view looking down on the plaza and the length of the Avenue of the Dead.As visitors explore,they may see archaeologists hard at work continuing the excavation and preservation of Teotihuacn.Only 5 percent of the city has been scientifically excavated so far.In 1987,Teotihuacn was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site,and today it is the most studied site in Mesoamerica.Each step of the Pyramid of the Sun is about 30 centimeters(1 ft.)high.18The millions of visitors who hike to many ruins and archaeological zones in and around the city cause a lot of wear on the site.So do natural factors such as rain and wind.New developers are another destructive threat to the site.In 2004,one developer received permission to build on ground that was once part of the great city.By law,the company was bound to report any artifacts dug up during construction.It found artifacts but didnt report them.Instead,the company used heavy machines to dig and threw away priceless artifacts to save time,resulting in years of legal battles.In the museum(above),visitors can see beautiful artifacts,such as this incense burner(right),that have been unearthed at Teotihuacn.19Teotihuacn Level Z1Discoveries ContinueIn 2013,archaeologists sent a robot carrying a camera through a small tunnel to a chamber under the Temple of Quetzalcoatl to take pictures.The photos showed a chamb